{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:47:13Z","timestamp":1792079233084,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007219","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007219","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Biochem Biotechnol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-026-05912-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:29:59Z","timestamp":1788845399000},"page":"8351-8373","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization and Immunomodulatory Activity of a Sulfated Polysaccharide from Natto-Derived Bacillus subtilis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Aitian","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanfang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuchang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanning","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjing","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caifeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongyi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deming","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"5912_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1323","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.173006.2","volume":"14","author":"D Maulina","year":"2026","unstructured":"Maulina, D., Mun\u2019im, A., Bayu, A., Setiawan, H., & Hashim, N. M. (2026). Sulfated Exopolysaccharides from Porphyridium purpureum: A Review of Extraction, Structural Characterization, and Chemical Properties for Advanced Applications. F1000Research, 14, 1323.","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"5912_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.109","volume":"153","author":"M Alavi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Alavi, M., Tabarsa, M., You, S., & Gavlighi, H. A. (2020). Structural characteristics, molecular properties and immunostimulatory effects of sulfated polysaccharide from freshwater Myriophyllum spicatum L. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 153, 951\u2013961.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2015.12.065","volume":"140","author":"P Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin, P., Zhang, L., Yuan, P., Kang, Z., Du, G., & Chen, J. (2016). Efficient biosynthesis of polysaccharides chondroitin and heparosan by metabolically engineered Bacillus subtilis. Carbohydrate Polymers, 140, 424\u2013432.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70121","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.70121","volume":"7","author":"F Zhao","year":"2026","unstructured":"Zhao, F., Li, C., Zhang, X., Zhu, K., Zhao, C., Gong, D., Zhu, L., Li, Y., Cao, J., & Nie, S. (2026). Sulfated Polysaccharides in the Hallmarks of Metabolic Syndrome: Functions and Mechanisms. Food Frontiers, 7, e70121.","journal-title":"Food Frontiers"},{"key":"5912_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaisuwan, W., Jantanasakulwong, K., Wangtueai, S., Phimolsiripol, Y., Chaiyaso, T., Techapun, C., Phongthai, S., You, S., Regenstein, J. M., & Seesuriyachan, P. (2020). Microbial exopolysaccharides for immune enhancement: Fermentation, modifications and bioactivities. Food Bioscience, 35, 100564.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100564"},{"key":"5912_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.044","volume":"123","author":"Z Ghlissi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghlissi, Z., Krichen, F., Kallel, R., Amor, I. B., Boudawara, T., Gargouri, J., Zeghal, K., Hakim, A., Bougatef, A., & Sahnoun, Z. (2019). Sulfated polysaccharide isolated from Globularia alypum L.: Structural characterization, in vivo and in vitro anticoagulant activity, and toxicological profile. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 123, 335\u2013342.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gunasekaran, S., Govindan, S., & Ramani, P. (2021). Sulfated modification, characterization and bioactivities of an acidic polysaccharide fraction from an edible mushroom Pleurotus eous. (Berk.) Sacc. Heliyon, 7(1), e05964.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e05964"},{"key":"5912_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.06.199","volume":"136","author":"L Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang, L., Huang, M., Shen, M., Wen, P., Wu, T., Hong, Y., Yu, Q., Chen, Y., & Xie, J. (2019). Sulfated modification enhanced the antioxidant activity of Mesona chinensis Benth polysaccharide and its protective effect on cellular oxidative stress. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 136, 1000\u20131006.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.12.030","volume":"476","author":"X Song","year":"2015","unstructured":"Song, X., Zhang, Y., Yin, Z., Zhao, X., Liang, X., He, C., Yin, L., Lv, C., Zhao, L., Ye, G., Shi, F., Shu, R., & Jia, R. (2015). Antiviral effect of sulfated Chuanmingshen violaceum polysaccharide in chickens infected with virulent Newcastle disease virus. Virology, 476, 316\u2013322.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"5912_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.139516","volume":"294","author":"X Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, X., Shen, A., Xiao, M., Li, S., & Yang, W. (2025). New insights on health benefits, interactions with food components and potential application of marine-derived sulfated polysaccharides: A review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 294, 139516.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"5912_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10126-015-9615-2","volume":"17","author":"M Tabarsa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tabarsa, M., Park, G. M., Shin, I. S., Lee, E., Kim, J. K., & You, S. (2015). Structure-activity relationships of sulfated glycoproteins from Codium fragile on nitric oxide releasing capacity from RAW264.7 Cells. Marine Biotechnology (NY), 17(3), 266\u2013276.","journal-title":"Marine Biotechnology (NY)"},{"key":"5912_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.064","volume":"155","author":"D Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang, D., Lin, F., Huang, Y., Ye, J., & Xiao, M. (2020). Separation, purification, structural analysis and immune-enhancing activity of sulfated polysaccharide isolated from sea cucumber viscera. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155, 1003\u20131018.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.100","volume":"186","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Wang, S., Feng, W., Zhang, Z., & Li, H. (2021). Structural characterization and immunomodulatory activities of two polysaccharides from Rehmanniae Radix Praeparata. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 186, 385\u2013395.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.119054","volume":"283","author":"F Esposito","year":"2022","unstructured":"Esposito, F., Vessella, G., Sinquin, C., Traboni, S., Iadonisi, A., Colliec-Jouault, S., Zykwinska, A., & Bedini, E. (2022). Glycosaminoglycan-like sulfated polysaccharides from Vibrio diabolicus bacterium: Semi-synthesis and characterization. Carbohydrate Polymers, 283, 119054.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, H., Liu, H., Song, W., Zhu, L., Zhang, T., Li, R., & Yin, X. (2020). Structure, antioxidant and immunostimulatory activities of the polysaccharides from Sargassum carpophyllum. Algal Research, 49, 101853.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2020.101853"},{"key":"5912_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.141","volume":"120","author":"Y Cai","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cai, Y., Chen, P., Wu, C., Duan, J., & Bai, H. (2018). Sulfated modification and biological activities of polysaccharides derived from Zizyphus jujuba cv. Jinchangzao International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120, 1149\u20131155.","journal-title":"Jinchangzao International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"5912_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2008.04.041","volume":"74","author":"WJ Mao","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mao, W. J., Fang, F., Li, H. Y., Qi, X. H., Sun, H. H., Chen, Y., & Guo, S. D. (2008). Heparinoid-active two sulfated polysaccharides isolated from marine green algae Monostroma nitidum. Carbohydrate Polymers, 74(4), 834\u2013839.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144856","volume":"317","author":"P Kalita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kalita, P., Pathak, M. P., Barbhuiya, P. A., & Nongkhlaw, F. T. (2025). Natural sulfated polysaccharides as biomacromolecule in management of metabolic disorders: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 317, 144856.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.143","volume":"133","author":"S Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, S., Qiu, M., Zhang, Q., Wu, J., Huimin, X., & Chen, J. (2019). Chain structure and immunomodulatory activity of a fructosylated chondroitin from an engineered Escherichia coli K4. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 133, 702\u2013711.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561119","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1561119","volume":"12","author":"X Dong","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dong, X., Qiu, Y., Jia, N., Wu, Y., Nie, Q., Wen, J., Zhao, C., & Zhai, Y. (2025). Recent advances of edible marine algae-derived sulfated polysaccharides in antiviral treatments: challenges vs. opportunities Frontiers in Nutrition, 12, 1561119.","journal-title":"opportunities Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"5912_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concordio-Reis, P., Alves, V. D., Moppert, X., Guezennec, J., Freitas, F., & Reis, M. A. M. (2021). Characterization and biotechnological potential of extracellular polysaccharides synthesized by Alteromonas strains isolated from French Polynesia marine environments. Marine Drugs, 19(9), 522.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19090522"},{"key":"5912_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"John, R. M., Raj, A. L. T., Dinakarkumar, Y., Selvaraj, A., & Radhakrishnan, M. (2025). Review on seaweed derived sulfated and non-sulfated marine polysaccharides as multifunctional food ingredients: Structure\u2013function relationships, bioactivities and applications in functional foods. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 330(2), 148071.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.148071"},{"issue":"2","key":"5912_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-015-6991-5","volume":"100","author":"G Squillaci","year":"2016","unstructured":"Squillaci, G., Finamore, R., Diana, P., Restaino, O. F., Schiraldi, C., Arbucci, S., Ionata, E., La Cara, F., & Morana, A. (2016). Production and properties of an exopolysaccharide synthesized by the extreme halophilic archaeon Haloterrigena turkmenica. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(2), 613\u2013623.","journal-title":"Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"5912_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.217","volume":"141","author":"Z Xu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Chen, G., Xue, L., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Xiang, H., Li, J., & Zheng, K. (2019). Isolation, structural characterizations and bioactivities of exopolysaccharides produced by Bacillus licheniformis. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 141, 298\u2013306.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2017.06.039","volume":"173","author":"W Tang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tang, W., Dong, M., Wang, W., Han, S., Rui, X., Chen, X., Jiang, M., Zhang, Q., Wu, W., & Li, W. (2017). Structural characterization and antioxidant property of released exopolysaccharides from Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus SRFM-1. Carbohydrate Polymers, 173, 654\u2013664.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.166","volume":"159","author":"LEC Costa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Costa, L. E. C., Brito, T. V., Damasceno, R. O. S., Sousa, W. M., Barros, F. C. N., Sombra, V. G., J\u00fanior, J. S. C., Magalh\u00e3es, D. A., Souza, M. H. L. P., Medeiros, J. V. R., de Paula, R. C. M., Barbosa, A. L. R., & Freitas, A. L. P. (2020). Chemical structure, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of a sulfated polysaccharide from Gracilaria intermedia algae. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 159, 966\u2013975.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"issue":"1","key":"5912_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2174\/1875398100801010031","volume":"1","author":"SB Frazier","year":"2008","unstructured":"Frazier, S. B., Roodhouse, K. A., Hourcade, D. E., & Zhang, L. (2008). The quantification of glycosaminoglycans: A comparison of HPLC, carbazole, and Alcian Blue methods. Open Glycoscience, 1(1), 31\u201339.","journal-title":"Open Glycoscience"},{"issue":"7","key":"5912_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)93575-1","volume":"243","author":"H Saito","year":"1968","unstructured":"Saito, H., Yamagata, T., & Suzuki, S. (1968). Enzymatic methods for the determination of small quantities of isomeric chondroitin sulfates. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 243(7), 1536\u20131542.","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"key":"5912_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.03.062","volume":"33","author":"Y Ren","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ren, Y., Zheng, G., You, L., Wen, L., Li, C., Fu, X., & Zhou, L. (2017). Structural characterization and macrophage immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Gracilaria lemaneiformis. Journal of Functional Foods, 33, 286\u2013296.","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Foods"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5912_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1002\/fbe2.12036","volume":"1","author":"T Miyazawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Miyazawa, T., Abe, C., Bhaswant, M., Ikeda, R., Higuchi, O., & Miyazawa, T. (2022). Biological functions of compounds from Bacillus subtilis and its subspecies, Bacillus subtilis natto. Food Bioengineering, 1(3\u20134), 241\u2013251.","journal-title":"Food Bioengineering"},{"key":"5912_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.07.048","volume":"152","author":"O Abdelhedi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Abdelhedi, O., Nasri, R., Souissi, N., Nasri, M., & Jridi, M. (2016). Sulfated polysaccharides from common smooth hound: Extraction and assessment of anti-ACE, antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Carbohydrate Polymers, 152, 605\u2013614.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwg082","volume":"13","author":"I Barbosa","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barbosa, I., Garcia, S., Barbier-Chassefi\u00e8re, V., Caruelle, J. P., Martelly, I., & Papy-Garc\u00eda, D. (2003). Improved and simple micro assay for sulfated glycosaminoglycans quantification in biological extracts and its use in skin and muscle tissue studies. Glycobiology, 13, 647\u2013653.","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"5912_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.026","volume":"166","author":"R Sathishkumar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sathishkumar, R., Kannan, R., Jinendiran, S., Sivakumar, N., Selvakumar, G., & Shyamkumar, R. (2021). Production and characterization of exopolysaccharide from the sponge-associated Bacillus subtilis MKU SERB2 and its in-vitro biological properties. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 166, 1471\u20131479.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.016","volume":"131","author":"KS Sran","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sran, K. S., Bisht, B., Mayilraj, S., & Roy Choudhury, A. (2019). Structural characterization and antioxidant potential of a novel anionic exopolysaccharide produced by marine Microbacterium aurantiacum FSW-25. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 131, 343\u2013352.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju, S., Cao, Z., Wong, C., Liu, Y., Foda, M. F., Zhang, Z., & Li, J. (2019). Isolation and optimal fermentation condition of the Bacillus subtilis subsp. natto strain WTC016 for nattokinase production. Fermentation, 5(4), 92.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation5040092"},{"key":"5912_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Bilal, M., Liu, S., Zhang, J., Lu, H., Luo, H., Luo, C., Shi, H., Iqbal, H. M. N., & Zhao, Y. (2020). Isolation, identification and antimicrobial evaluation of bactericides secreting Bacillus subtilis Natto as a biocontrol agent. Processes, 8(3), 259.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8030259"},{"key":"5912_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118613","volume":"273","author":"AM Vieira","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vieira, A. M., Zahed, F., Crispim, A. C., Bento, E. S., Franca, R. F. O., Pinheiro, I. O., Pardo, L. A., & Carvalho, B. M. (2021). Production of levan from Bacillus subtilis var. natto and apoptotic effect on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 273, 118613.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"issue":"7","key":"5912_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4337","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02422-3","volume":"203","author":"SS Mohamed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohamed, S. S., Ibrahim, A. Y., Asker, M. S., Mahmoud, M. G., & El-Newary, S. A. (2021). Production, structural and biochemical characterization relevant to antitumor property of acidic exopolysaccharide produced from Bacillus sp. NRC5. Archives of Microbiology, 203(7), 4337\u20134350.","journal-title":"Archives of Microbiology"},{"key":"5912_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.140","volume":"161","author":"F Pei","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pei, F., Ma, Y., Chen, X., & Liu, H. (2020). Purification and structural characterization and antioxidant activity of levan from Bacillus megaterium PFY-147. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 161, 1181\u20131188.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(96)00079-3","volume":"31","author":"H Rougeaux","year":"1996","unstructured":"Rougeaux, H., Pichon, R., Kervarec, N., Raguenes, G., & Guezennec, J. (1996). Novel bacterial exopolysaccharides from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Carbohydrate Polymers, 31, 237\u2013242.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2015.12.066","volume":"85","author":"P Seedevi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seedevi, P., Moovendhan, M., Vairamani, A., & Shanmugam, A. (2016). Structural characterization and biomedical properties of sulfated polysaccharide from the gladius of Sepioteuthis lessoniana (Lesson, 1831). International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 85, 117\u2013125.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lo, T. H., Zheng, X., Chen, K., He, J., Yang, X., Shen, Y., Yang, X., & Wu, M. (2026). Two low molecular weight-polysaccharides isolated from the edible fungus Sarcodon imbricatus: Isolation, characterization, immunomodulatory and intestinal barrier-protective effects. Carbohydrate Polymers, 38, 125161.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2026.125161"},{"key":"5912_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.04.125","volume":"115","author":"A Sila","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sila, A., Bougatef, F., Capitani, F., Krichen, F., Mantovani, F., Amor, I. B., Galeotti, F., Maccari, F., Nedjar, N., Volpi, N., & Bougatef, A. (2018). Studies on European eel skin sulfated glycosaminoglycans: Recovery, structural characterization and anticoagulant activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 115, 891\u2013899.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.10.093","volume":"206","author":"Y Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen, Y., & Xue, Y. (2019). Optimization of microwave assisted extraction, chemical characterization and antitumor activities of polysaccharides from Porphyra haitanensis. Carbohydrate Polymers, 206, 179\u2013186.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.02.043","volume":"129","author":"M Cui","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cui, M., Wu, J., Wang, S., Shu, H., Zhang, M., Liu, K., & Liu, K. (2019). Characterization and anti-inflammatory effects of sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gelidium pacificum Okamura. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 129, 377\u2013385.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochx.2021.100168","volume":"12","author":"T Hong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hong, T., Yin, J. Y., Nie, S. P., & Xie, M. Y. (2021). Applications of infrared spectroscopy in polysaccharide structural analysis: Progress, challenge and perspective. Food Chemistry X, 12, 100168.","journal-title":"Food Chemistry X"},{"key":"5912_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/537202","volume":"2013","author":"L Pereira","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pereira, L., Gheda, S. F., & Ribeiro-Claro, P. J. A. (2013). Analysis by vibrational spectroscopy of seaweed polysaccharides with potential use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry, 2013, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"International Journal of Carbohydrate Chemistry"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"5912_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2010.11.006","volume":"72","author":"SS Bandyopadhyay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bandyopadhyay, S. S., Navid, M. H., Ghosh, T., Schnitzler, P., & Ray, B. (2011). Structural features and in vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from Sphacelaria indica. Phytochemistry, 72(2\u20133), 276\u2013283.","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"5912_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.10.032","volume":"186","author":"Y Chen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., Nie, S., Li, C., & Xie, M. (2015). Sulfated modification of the polysaccharides from Ganoderma atrum and their antioxidant and immunomodulating activities. Food Chemistry, 186, 231\u2013238.","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"5912_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.045","volume":"155","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu, Y., Hu, C. F., Feng, X., Cheng, L., Ibrahim, S. A., Wang, C. T., & Huang, W. (2020). Isolation, characterization and antioxidant of polysaccharides from Stropharia rugosoannulata. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 155, 883\u2013889.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR51","first-page":"30","volume":"1","author":"EI Nep","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nep, E. I., & Conway, B. R. (2010). Characterization of grewia gum, a potential pharmaceutical excipient. Journal of Excipients and Food Chemicals, 1, 30\u201340.","journal-title":"Journal of Excipients and Food Chemicals"},{"key":"5912_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115038","volume":"223","author":"H Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Huang, L., Zhou, L., Wang, P., Chen, X., & Ding, K. (2019). A galactoglucan isolated from Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma. and its bioactivity on intestinal bacteria strains. Carbohydrate Polymers, 223, 115038.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"issue":"4","key":"5912_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2012.02.048","volume":"88","author":"MHPB Vettori","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vettori, M. H. P. B., Franchetti, S. M. M., & Contiero, J. (2012). Structural characterization of a new dextran with a low degree of branching produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides FT045B dextransucrase. Carbohydrate Polymers, 88(4), 1440\u20131444.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2023.02.008","volume":"128","author":"M Jin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jin, M., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Huang, Q., Chen, H., & Ye, M. (2023). Characterization, chemical modification and bioactivities of a polysaccharide from Stropharia rugosoannulata. Process Biochemistry, 128, 30\u201339.","journal-title":"Process Biochemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"5912_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwm139","volume":"18","author":"EH Farias","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farias, E. H., Pomin, V. H., Valente, A. P., Nader, H. B., Rocha, H. A., & Mour\u00e3o, P. A. (2008). A preponderantly 4-sulfated, 3-linked galactan from the green alga Codium isthmocladum. Glycobiology, 18(3), 250\u2013259.","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"5912_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.080","volume":"199","author":"RA Rodriguez Sanchez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rodriguez Sanchez, R. A., Matulewicz, M. C., & Ciancia, M. (2022). NMR spectroscopy for structural elucidation of sulfated polysaccharides from red seaweeds. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 199, 386\u2013400.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.12.013","volume":"159","author":"N Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li, N., Liu, X., He, X., Wang, S., Cao, Z., Xia, H., Xian, L., Qin, W., & Mao, W. (2017). Structure and anticoagulant property of a sulfated polysaccharide isolated from the green seaweed Monostroma angicava. Carbohydrate Polymers, 159, 195\u2013206.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.094","volume":"151","author":"M Asgher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asgher, M., Urooj, Y., Qamar, S. A., & Khalid, N. (2020). Improved exopolysaccharide production from Bacillus licheniformis MS3: Optimization and structural\/functional characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 151, 984\u2013992.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H., Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Li, X., Li, Z., Man, C., Zhang, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2025). Structural characterization of the exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens JM033 and evaluation of its ability to regulate immunity and intestinal flora. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 306, 141052.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141052"},{"key":"5912_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhowmik, B., Afrin, S., Jui, A. H., Bhuiyan, R. H., Rashid, M. M., Miah, M. A. S., & Bhuiyan, M. N. I. (2024). Exploring the purification, characterization, and industrial applications of Exopolysaccharide (EPS) from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BDIFST240014. Molecular Biology Reports, 52(1), 51.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-10173-9"},{"key":"5912_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1038\/s44385-026-00072-y","volume":"3","author":"A Block","year":"2026","unstructured":"Block, A., Liu, X., Zhang, D., & Adebowale, K. (2026). Engineering macrophages for cancer immunotherapy: emerging insights and therapeutic potential. npj Biomedical Innovations, 3, 18.","journal-title":"npj Biomedical Innovations"},{"issue":"12","key":"5912_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","volume":"8","author":"DM Mosser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mosser, D. M., & Edwards, J. P. (2008). Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8(12), 958\u2013969.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunology"},{"key":"5912_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.090","volume":"107","author":"G Chen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen, G., Fu, Y., Yang, W., Hu, Q., & Zhao, L. (2018). Effects of polysaccharides from the base of Flammulina Velutipes stipe on growth of murine RAW264.7, B16F10 and L929 cells. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 107, 2150\u20132156.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"5912_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Song, L., Wang, H., Liu, H., Yu, H., Wang, X., Li, R., Liu, T., & Li, P. (2019). Partial characterization, the immune modulation and anticancer activities of sulfated polysaccharides from filamentous microalgae Tribonema sp. Molecules, 24(2), 322.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24020322"},{"key":"5912_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.048","volume":"131","author":"TG Sahana","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sahana, T. G., & Rekha, P. D. (2019). A bioactive exopolysaccharide from marine bacteria Alteromonas sp. PRIM-28 and its role in cell proliferation and wound healing in vitro. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 131, 10\u201318.","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"issue":"9","key":"5912_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3253","volume":"16","author":"S Arandjelovic","year":"2015","unstructured":"Arandjelovic, S., & Ravichandran, K. S. (2015). Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells in homeostasis. Nature Immunology, 16(9), 907\u2013917.","journal-title":"Nature Immunology"},{"issue":"4","key":"5912_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-013-9626-y","volume":"36","author":"J Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu, J., Li, M., Liu, L., An, Q., Zhang, J., Duan, D., Liu, Z., & Luo, C. (2013). Nitric oxide and interleukins are involved in cell proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophages activated by Viili exopolysaccharides. Inflammation, 36(4), 954\u2013961.","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"5912_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.06.071","volume":"198","author":"F Wu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wu, F., Zhou, C., Zhou, D., Ou, S., Liu, Z., & Huang, H. (2018). Immune-enhancing activities of chondroitin sulfate in murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Carbohydrate Polymers, 198, 611\u2013619.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2014.02.079","volume":"106","author":"W Zheng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zheng, W., Zhao, T., Feng, W., Wang, W., Zou, Y., Zheng, D., Takase, M., Li, Q., Wu, H., Yang, L., & Wu, X. (2014). Purification, characterization and immunomodulating activity of a polysaccharide from flowers of Abelmoschus esculentus. Carbohydrate Polymers, 106, 335\u2013342.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Polymers"},{"key":"5912_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2025.123556","volume":"369","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Yu, Z., & Lu, Y. (2025). To explore the influencing factors of clinical failure of anti-tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) therapy in sepsis. Life Sciences, 369, 123556.","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"issue":"8","key":"5912_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V77.8.1627.1627","volume":"77","author":"CA Dinarello","year":"1991","unstructured":"Dinarello, C. A. (1991). Interleukin-1 and interleukin-1 antagonism. Blood, 77(8), 1627\u20131652.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10","key":"5912_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","volume":"6","author":"T Tanaka","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tanaka, T., Narazaki, M., & Kishimoto, T. (2014). IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 6(10), a016295.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology"},{"key":"5912_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161067","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1161067","volume":"14","author":"V Carlini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Carlini, V., Noonan, D. M., Abdalalem, E., Goletti, D., Sansone, C., Calabrone, A., & Albini, A. (2023). The multifaceted nature of IL-10: Regulation, role in immunological homeostasis and its relevance to cancer, COVID-19 and post-COVID conditions. Frontiers in Immunology, 14, 1161067.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"5912_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2012.02.028","volume":"356","author":"RT Figueiredo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Figueiredo, R. T., Bittencourt, V. C. B., Lopes, L. C. L., Sassaki, G., & Barreto-Bergter, E. (2012). Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) recognize polysaccharides of Pseudallescheria boydii cell wall. Carbohydrate Research, 356, 260\u2013264.","journal-title":"Carbohydrate Research"},{"key":"5912_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1093\/glycob\/cwn085","volume":"18","author":"VH Pomin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pomin, V. H., & Mourao, P. A. (2008). Structure, biology, evolution, and medical importance of sulfated fucans and galactans. Glycobiology, 18, 1016\u20131027.","journal-title":"Glycobiology"},{"key":"5912_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.13.4.523","volume":"13","author":"AO Tzianabos","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tzianabos, A. O. (2000). Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biologic function. Clinical microbiology reviews, 13, 523\u2013533.","journal-title":"Clinical microbiology reviews"}],"container-title":["Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05912-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05912-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05912-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T15:16:13Z","timestamp":1792077373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05912-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["5912"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12010-026-05912-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0273-2289","1559-0291"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0273-2289","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0291","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 August 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 September 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}