{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T06:41:22Z","timestamp":1772606482390,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1504742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010180","name":"Emporia State University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-017-1132-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]],"date-time":"2017-09-07T01:01:05Z","timestamp":1504746065000},"page":"342-350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["[Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]NO3\u00b7H2O (Cr3) Toxicity Potential in Bacterial and Mammalian Cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"183","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Vincent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"1132_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(00)00624-0","volume":"20","author":"JB Vincent","year":"2001","unstructured":"Vincent JB (2001) The bioinorganic chemistry of chromium(III). Polyhedron 20:1\u201326","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"1132_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1021\/ar990073r","volume":"33","author":"JB Vincent","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vincent JB (2000) Elucidating a biological role for chromium at a molecular level. Acc Chem Res 33:503\u2013510","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"key":"1132_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.19.1.279","volume":"19","author":"HC Lukaski","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lukaski HC (1999) Chromium as a supplement. Annu Rev Nutr 19:279\u2013302","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"1132_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-010-0734-y","volume":"16","author":"KR Bona Di","year":"2011","unstructured":"Di Bona KR, Love S, Rhodes NR et al (2011) Chromium is not an essential trace element for mammals: effects of a \u201clow-chromium\u201d diet. J Biol Inorg Chem 16:381\u2013390","journal-title":"J Biol Inorg Chem"},{"key":"1132_CR5","first-page":"1","volume":"1043","author":"European Food Safety Authority","year":"2009","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2009) Scientific opinion of the Panel on Additives and Products Used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) on a request from the European Commission on the safety and efficacy of chromium methionine (Avail \u00aeCr) as feed additive for all species. EFSA J 1043:1\u201369","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"1132_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3845","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2014.3845","volume":"12","author":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies","year":"2014","unstructured":"EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (2014) Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for chromium. EFSA J 12:3845","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"1132_CR7","first-page":"2000","volume":"257","author":"F Mirasol","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mirasol F (2000) Chromium picolinate market sees robust growth and high demand. Chem Mark Rep 257:2000","journal-title":"Chem Mark Rep"},{"key":"1132_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2014.06.020","volume":"28","author":"JB Vincent","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vincent JB (2014) Is chromium pharmacologically relevant? J Trace Elem Med Biol 28:397\u2013405","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"1132_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-013-9863-9","volume":"157","author":"CH Bailey","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bailey CH (2014) Improved meta-analytic methods show no effect of chromium supplements on fasting glucose. Biol Trace Elem Res 157:1\u20138","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"1132_CR10","first-page":"89","volume":"4","author":"D Stalling","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stalling D, Vincent JB (2006) A case study for how not to perform nutritional research. Curr Topics Nutraceutical Res 4:89\u2013112","journal-title":"Curr Topics Nutraceutical Res"},{"key":"1132_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.9.15.8529845","volume":"9","author":"DM Stearns","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stearns DM, Wise JP Sr, Patierno SR et al (1995) Chromium picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. J FASEB 9:1643\u20131648","journal-title":"J FASEB"},{"key":"1132_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2005.05.003","volume":"43","author":"P Whittaker","year":"2005","unstructured":"Whittaker P, San RHC, Clarkeb JJ et al (2005) Mutagenicity of chromium picolinate and its components in Salmonella typhimurium and L6187Y mouse lymphoma cells. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1619\u20131625","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"1132_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20081","volume":"77","author":"MM Bailey","year":"2006","unstructured":"Bailey MM, Boohaker JG, Sawyer RD et al (2006) Exposure of pregnant mice to chromium picolinate results in skeletal defects in their offspring. Birth Defects Res 77:244\u2013249","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"1132_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8124-9","volume":"124","author":"MM Bailey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bailey MM, Boohaker JG, Jernigan PL et al (2008) Effects of pre- and postnatal exposure to chromium picolinate or picolinic acid on neurological development in CD-1 mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 124:70\u201382","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"1132_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1021\/bi963154t","volume":"36","author":"CM Davis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davis CM, Vincent JB (1997) Chromium oligopeptide activates insulin receptor tyrosine kinase activity. Biochemist 36:4382\u20134385","journal-title":"Biochemist"},{"key":"1132_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(97)00169-1","volume":"16","author":"KH Sumrall","year":"1997","unstructured":"Sumrall KH, Vincent JB (1997) Is glucose tolerance factor an artifact produced by acid hydrolysis of low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance? Polyhedron 16:4171\u20134177","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"1132_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5316","DOI":"10.1021\/ic970568h","volume":"36","author":"CM Davis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Davis CM, Royer AC, Vincent JB (1997) Synthetic multinuclear chromium assembly activates insulin receptor kinase activity: functional model for low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance. Inorg Chem 36:5316\u20135320","journal-title":"Inorg Chem"},{"key":"1132_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clodfelder BJ, Gullick BM, Lukaski HC et al Oral administration of the biomimetic Cr3 increases insulin sensitivity and improves blood plasma variables in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats. J Biol Inorg Chem 10:119\u2013130","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-004-0618-0"},{"key":"1132_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/bdrb.20140","volume":"83","author":"MM Bailey","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bailey MM, Sturdivant J, Jernigan PL et al (2008) Comparison of the potential for developmental toxicity of prenatal exposure to two dietary chromium supplements, chromium picolinate and [Cr3O(O2CCH2CH3)6(H2O)3]+, in mice. Birth Defects Res 83:27\u201331","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"1132_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:98:2:159","volume":"98","author":"BJ Clodfelder","year":"2004","unstructured":"Clodfelder BJ, Chang C, Vincent JB (2004) Absorption of the biomimetic chromium cation triaqua-\u03bc3-oxo-\u03bc-hexapropionatotrichromium(III) in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 98:159\u2013169","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"1132_CR21","unstructured":"Earnshaw A, Figgis B, Lewis J (1966) Chemistry of polynuclear compounds. Part IV. Magnetic properties of trimeric chromium and iron compounds. J Chem Soc (A):1656\u20131663"},{"key":"1132_CR22","first-page":"41","volume":"152","author":"R Press","year":"1990","unstructured":"Press R, Gellar J, Evans G (1990) The effects of chromium picolinate on serum cholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects. West J Med 152:41\u201345","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"1132_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2891","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-5387(99)00208-9","volume":"18","author":"N Chakov","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chakov N, Collins R, Vincent JB (1999) A re-investigation of the electronic spectra of chromium(III) picolinate complexes and high yield synthesis and characterization of Cr2(m-OH)2(pic)4\n*5H2O (Hpic=picolinic acid). Polyhedron 18:2891\u20132897","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"1132_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3408","DOI":"10.1021\/ic00068a007","volume":"32","author":"A Bergen Van den","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van den Bergen A, Colton R, Percy M, West BO (1993) Electrospray mass spectrometric study of [M3O(RCOO)6L3]+ cations (M=chromium, iron; L=H2O, MeOH, py). Inorg Chem 32:3408\u20133411","journal-title":"Inorg Chem"},{"key":"1132_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(01)00147-6","volume":"479","author":"Y Yang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yang Y, Fix D (2001) Reduction of ENU-induced transversion mutations by the isoflavone genistein in Escherichia coli. Mutat Res 479:63\u201370","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR26","first-page":"139","volume":"246","author":"BH Li","year":"1991","unstructured":"Li BH, Larsen V, Bockrath PR (1991) Diverse backmutations at an ochre defect in the tyrA gene sequence of E. coli B\/r. Mutat. Res 246:139\u2013149","journal-title":"Res"},{"key":"1132_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(80)90134-7","volume":"73","author":"R Bockrath","year":"1980","unstructured":"Bockrath R, Harper D, Kristoff S (1980) Crowding depression of UV-mutagenesis in E. coli. Mutat Res 73:43\u201358","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(00)00064-6","volume":"455","author":"K Mortelmansa","year":"2000","unstructured":"Mortelmansa K, Zeiger E (2000) The Ames Salmonella\/microsome mutagenicity assay. Mutat Res 455:29\u201360","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR29","first-page":"28","volume-title":"UKEMS Sub-committee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing. Report: Part III. Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data","author":"GAT Mahol","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mahol GAT, Green MHL, Middleton B et al (1989) Analysis of data from microbial colony assays. In: Analysis of data from microbial colony assays. In: Kirkland DJ (ed) UKEMS Sub-committee on Guidelines for Mutagenicity Testing. Report: Part III. Statistical Evaluation of Mutagenicity Test Data. Cambridge Univ Press, Cambridge, pp 28\u201365"},{"issue":"7","key":"1132_CR30","first-page":"1","volume":"3","author":"CB Klein","year":"2000","unstructured":"Klein CB, Broday L, Costa M (2000) Current protocol in toxicology. Genet Toxicol 3(7):1\u20133.7.16","journal-title":"Genet Toxicol"},{"key":"1132_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1021\/tx9900167","volume":"12","author":"JK Speetjens","year":"1999","unstructured":"Speetjens JK, Collins RA, Vincent JB et al (1999) The nutritional supplement chromium(III) tris(picolinate) cleaves DNA. Chem Res Toxicol 12:483\u2013487","journal-title":"Chem Res Toxicol"},{"key":"1132_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00378-5","volume":"180","author":"D Bagchi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bagchi D, Stohs SJ, Downs BW et al (2002) Cytotoxicity and oxidative mechanisms of different forms of chromium. Toxicology 180:5\u201322","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"1132_CR33","first-page":"335","volume":"97","author":"D Bagchi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bagchi D, Bagchi M, Balmoori J et al (1997) Comparative induction of oxidative stress in cultured J774A.1 macrophage cells by chromium picolinate and chromium nicotinate. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 97:335\u2013346","journal-title":"Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol"},{"key":"1132_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.78.2.1001","volume":"78","author":"JE Repine","year":"1981","unstructured":"Repine JE, Pfenninger OW, Talmage DW et al (1981) Dimethyl sulfoxide prevents DNA nicking mediated by ionizing radiation or iron\/hydrogen peroxide-generated hydroxyl radical. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78:1001\u20131003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1132_CR35","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Guide to short-term tests for detecting mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals","author":"International commission for orotection against environmental mutagens and carcinogens","year":"1985","unstructured":"International commission for orotection against environmental mutagens and carcinogens (1985) Guide to short-term tests for detecting mutagenic and carcinogenic chemicals. World Health Organization, Geneva, pp 57\u201367"},{"key":"1132_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<202::AID-EM7>3.0.CO;2-Q","volume":"35","author":"L M\u00fcller","year":"2000","unstructured":"M\u00fcller L, Sofuni T (2000) Appropriate levels of cytotoxicity for genotoxicity tests using mammalian cells in vivo. Environ Mol Mutagen 35:202\u2013205","journal-title":"Environ Mol Mutagen"},{"key":"1132_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(01)00301-1","volume":"513","author":"DM Stearns","year":"2002","unstructured":"Stearns DM, Silveira SM, Wolf KK et al (2002) Chromium(III) tris(picolinate) is mutagenic at the hypoxanthine (guanine) phosphoribosyltransferase locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res 513:135\u2013142","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-002-0357-z","volume":"7","author":"KR Manygoats","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manygoats KR, Yazzie M, Stearns DM (2002) Ultrastructural damage in chromium picolinate-treated cells: a TEM study. J Biol Inorg Chem 7:791\u2013798","journal-title":"J Biol Inorg Chem"},{"key":"1132_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.09.001","volume":"587","author":"R Gudia","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gudia R, Slesinski RS, Clarkea JJ et al (2005) Chromium picolinate does not produce chromosome damage in CHO cells. Mutat Res 587:140\u2013146","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.04.001","volume":"585","author":"RS Slesinski","year":"2005","unstructured":"Slesinski RS, Clarke JJ, San RHC, Gudi R (2005) Lack of mutagenicity of chromium picolinate in the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene assay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutat Res 585:86\u201395","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.020","volume":"610","author":"VH Coryell","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coryell VH, Stearns DM (2006) Molecular analysis of hprt mutations induced by chromium picolinate in CHO AA8 cells. Mutat Res 610:114\u2013123","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR42","unstructured":"Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (2003) Safe Upper Levels for Vitamins and Mineral (\nhttps:\/\/cot.food.gov.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/vitmin2003.pdf\n\n; assessed 8 June 2017)"},{"key":"1132_CR43","unstructured":"Expert Group on Vitamins and Minerals (2004) Statement on the mutagenicity of trivalent chromium and chromium picolinate (\nhttp:\/\/tna.europarchive.org\/20110116113217\/http:\/\/wwwadvisorybodies.doh.gov.uk\/Com\/chromium.htm\n\n; accessed 8 June 2017)"},{"key":"1132_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2006.11.008","volume":"45","author":"MA Andersson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Andersson MA, Grawe KVP, Karlsson OM et al (2007) Evaluation of the potential genotoxicity of chromium picolinate in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 45:1097\u20131106","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"1132_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3766","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0636646100","volume":"100","author":"DDD Hepburn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hepburn DDD, Xiao J, Bindom S et al (2003) Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate causes sterility and lethal mutations in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:3766\u20133771","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1132_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2006.06.019","volume":"610","author":"DM Stallings","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stallings DM, Hepburn DD, Hannah M et al (2006) Nutritional supplement chromium picolinate generates chromosomal abberrations and impedes progeny development in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 610:101\u2013113","journal-title":"Mutat Res"},{"key":"1132_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.12.1449","volume":"17","author":"NA Lee","year":"1994","unstructured":"Lee NA, Reasner CA (1994) Beneficial effect of chromium supplement on serum triglyceride levels in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 17:1449\u20131452","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"1132_CR48","first-page":"269","volume-title":"Modern nutrition in health and disease","author":"FH Nielsen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nielsen FH (1994) Chromium. In: Modern nutrition in health and disease, 8th edn. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 269\u2013285","edition":"8th"},{"key":"1132_CR49","volume-title":"(2013) the bioinorganic chemistry of chromium","author":"JB Vincent","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vincent JB (2013) (2013) the bioinorganic chemistry of chromium. Wiley, Chichester"},{"key":"1132_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.01.006","volume":"47","author":"MD Stout","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stout MD, Nyska A, Collins BJ et al (2009) Chronic toxicology and carcinogenicity studies of chromium picolinate monohydrate administered in feed to F344\/N rats and B6C3F1 mice for 2 years. Food Chem Toxicol 47:729\u2013733","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"key":"1132_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8163-2","volume":"125","author":"N Imamolglu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Imamolglu N, Uyamak F, Guclu BK et al (2008) Effects of chromium picolinate on micronucleus frequency and morphology of lymphocytes in calves. Biol Trace Elem Res 125:133\u2013140","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"1132_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4299","DOI":"10.1021\/ic7024389","volume":"47","author":"A Nguyen","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nguyen A, Mulyani I, Levina A, Lay PA (2008) Reactivity of chromium(III) nutritional supplements in biological media: an X-ray absorption spectroscopic study. Inorg Chem 47:4299\u20134309","journal-title":"Inorg Chem"},{"key":"1132_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200460113","volume":"43","author":"I Mulyani","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mulyani I, Levina A, Lay PA (2004) Biomimetic oxidation of chromium(III): does the antidiabetic activity of chromium(III) involve carcinogenic chromium? Angew Chem Int Ed 43:4504\u20134507","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"key":"1132_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1693(97)05739-3","volume":"268","author":"A Parand","year":"1998","unstructured":"Parand A, Royer AC, Cantrell TL et al (1998) DNA cleavage by a trinuclear chromium complex. Inorg Chim Acta 268:211\u2013219","journal-title":"Inorg Chim Acta"},{"key":"1132_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.12.022","volume":"48","author":"H Staniek","year":"2010","unstructured":"Staniek H, Krejpcio Z, Iwanik K (2010) Evaluation of the acute oral toxicity class of tricentric chromium(III) propionate complex in rat. Food Chem Toxicol 48:859\u2013864","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-017-1132-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-017-1132-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-017-1132-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T08:09:20Z","timestamp":1583309360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-017-1132-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1132"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-017-1132-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-4984","1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4984","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 June 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 August 2017","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2017","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"J.B.V. is the inventor or co-inventor of 7 patents involving the use of Cr compounds as nutritional supplements or therapeutic agents, including 6 patents involving Cr3; The University of Alabama is currently not licensing any of these patents nor producing any Cr compound for sale.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}