{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T17:17:31Z","timestamp":1793726251691,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02546-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T22:03:16Z","timestamp":1609970596000},"page":"4101-4108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Olfactory Disturbances as Presenting Manifestation Among Egyptian Patients with COVID-19: Possible Role of Zinc"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"199","author":[{"given":"Aida A.","family":"Abdelmaksoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali A.","family":"Ghweil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2698-9438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed H.","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Rashad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashraf","family":"Khodeary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaky F.","family":"Aref","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mennatallah Ali Abdelrhman","family":"Sayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud K.","family":"Elsamman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shamardan E. S.","family":"Bazeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2546_CR1","unstructured":"WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available https:\/\/covid19.who.int\/. Accessed October 11, 2020"},{"key":"2546_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2003121","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2003121","volume":"25","author":"ET Eurosurveillance","year":"2020","unstructured":"Eurosurveillance ET (2020) Updated rapid risk assessment from ECDC on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: increased transmission in the EU\/EEA and the UK. Euro Surveill 25:2003121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.10.2003121","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"2546_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wu Z, McGoogan JM (2020) Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2020.26","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26"},{"issue":"1","key":"2546_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-198801000-00017","volume":"98","author":"WS Cain","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cain WS, Gent JF, Goodspeed RB, Leonard G (1988) Evaluation of olfactory dysfunction in the Connecticut Chemosensory Clinical Research Center. Laryngoscope 98(1):83\u201388","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"5","key":"2546_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.127.5.497","volume":"127","author":"T Miwa","year":"2001","unstructured":"Miwa T, Furukawa M, Tsukatani T, Costanzo RM, DiNardo LJ, Reiter ER (2001) Impact of olfactory impairment on quality of life and disability. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127(5):497\u2013503","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"issue":"1","key":"2546_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200101000-00002","volume":"111","author":"AM Seiden","year":"2001","unstructured":"Seiden AM, Duncan HJ (2001) The diagnosis of a conductive olfactory loss. Laryngoscope 111(1):9\u201314","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"6","key":"2546_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.128.6.635","volume":"128","author":"AF Temmel","year":"2002","unstructured":"Temmel AF, Quint C, Schickinger-Fischer B, Klimek L, Stoller E, Hummel T (2002) Characteristics of olfactory disorders in relation to major causes of olfactory loss. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128(6):635\u2013641","journal-title":"Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"2546_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9121286","volume":"9","author":"I Wessels","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wessels I, Maywald M, Rink L (2017) Zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function. Nutrients 9:1286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9121286","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"2546_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2020.06.016","volume":"130","author":"F Lozada-Nur","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lozada-Nur F, Chainani-Wu N, Fortuna G, Sroussi H (2020) Dysgeusia in COVID-19: possible mechanisms and implications. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 130(3):344\u2013346","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"2546_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060624","volume":"9","author":"NZ Gammoh","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gammoh NZ, Rink L (2017) Zinc in infection and inflammation. Nutrients 9:624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9060624","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2546_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102222","volume":"18","author":"M Maywald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maywald M, Wessels I, Rink L (2017) Zinc signals and immunity. Int J Mol Sci 18:2222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms18102222","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.05.008","volume":"34","author":"L Huang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Huang L, Tepaamorndech S (2013) The SLC30 family of zinc transporters \u2013 a review of current understanding of their biological and pathophysiological roles. Mol Asp Med 34:548\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2012.05.008","journal-title":"Mol Asp Med"},{"key":"2546_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2012.05.011","volume":"34","author":"J Jeong","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jeong J, Eide DJ (2013) The SLC39 family of zinc transporters. Mol Asp Med 34:612\u2013619. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mam.2012.05.011","journal-title":"Mol Asp Med"},{"key":"2546_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-017-0571-7","volume":"68","author":"J Olechnowicz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Olechnowicz J, Tinkov A, Skalny A, Suliburska J (2018) Zinc status is associated with inflammation, oxidative stress, lipid, and glucose metabolism. J Physiol Sci 68:19\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12576-017-0571-7","journal-title":"J Physiol Sci"},{"key":"2546_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12040","volume":"67","author":"LA Braun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Braun LA, Rosenfeldt F (2013) Pharmaco-nutrient interactions - a systematic review of zinc and antihypertensive therapy. Int J Clin Pract 67:717\u2013725. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ijcp.12040","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"2546_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2040S","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230G","volume":"89","author":"NM Lowe","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lowe NM, Fekete K, Decsi T (2009) Methods of assessment of zinc status in humans: a systematic review. Am J Clin Dermatol 89:2040S\u20132051S. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27230G","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2546_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.014","volume":"49","author":"H Lian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lian H, Zang R, Wei J, Ye W, Hu MM, Chen YD, Zhang XN, Guo Y, Lei CQ, Yang Q, Luo WW, Li S, Shu HB (2018) The zinc-finger protein ZCCHC3 binds RNA and facilitates viral RNA sensing and activation of the RIG-I-like receptors. Immunity 49(3):438\u2013448.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.08.014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2546_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","volume":"124","author":"S Akira","year":"2006","unstructured":"Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O (2006) Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell 124:783\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2546_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21850","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21850","volume":"6","author":"H Yasuda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Yasuda H, Tsutsui T (2016) Infants and elderlies are susceptible to zinc deficiency. Sci Rep 6:21850. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/srep21850","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2546_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1991.02160080029016","volume":"145","author":"HH Sandstead","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sandstead HH (1991) Zinc deficiency. A public health problem? Am J Dis Child 145:853\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archpedi.1991.02160080029016","journal-title":"Am J Dis Child"},{"key":"2546_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.003210","volume":"4","author":"AS Prasad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Prasad AS (2013) Discovery of human zinc deficiency: its impact on human health and disease. Adv Nutr 4:176\u2013190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3945\/an.112.003210","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"2546_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1039\/c3mt00353a","volume":"6","author":"H Haase","year":"2014","unstructured":"Haase H, Rink L (2014) Multiple impacts of zinc on immune function. Metallomics. 6:1175\u20131180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c3mt00353a","journal-title":"Metallomics."},{"key":"2546_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-014-0503-z","volume":"51","author":"A Malik","year":"2014","unstructured":"Malik A, Taneja DK, Devasenapathy N, Rajeshwari K (2014) Zinc supplementation for prevention of acute respiratory infections in infants: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatr 51:780\u2013784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13312-014-0503-z","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"2546_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001176","volume":"e1001176","author":"AJ te Velthuis","year":"2010","unstructured":"te Velthuis AJ, van denWorm SH, Sims AC, Baric RS, Snijder EJ, van Hemert MJ (2010) Zn(2+) inhibits coronavirus and arterivirus RNA polymerase activity in vitro and zinc ionophores block the replication of these viruses in cell culture. PLoS Pathog e1001176:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001176","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2546_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109180","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109180","volume":"9","author":"J Xue","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xue J, Moyer A, Peng B, Wu J, Hannafon BN, Ding WQ (2014) Chloroquine is a zinc ionophore. PLoS One 9:e109180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0109180","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2546_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","volume":"55","author":"CA Devaux","year":"2020","unstructured":"Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D (2020) New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 55:105938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"1","key":"2546_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1067.4","volume":"28","author":"R Speth","year":"2014","unstructured":"Speth R, Carrera E, Jean-Baptiste JA, Linares A (2014) Concentration dependent effects of zinc on angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 activity (1067.4). FASEB J 28(1):1067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1067.4","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"2546_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.4140\/TCP.n.2016.267","volume":"31","author":"M Pisano","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pisano M, Hilas O (2016) Zinc and taste disturbances in older adults: a review of the literature. Consult Pharm 31:267\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4140\/TCP.n.2016.267","journal-title":"Consult Pharm"},{"key":"2546_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.28692","volume":"130","author":"LA Vaira","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G (2020) Anosmia and ageusia: common findings in COVID-19 patients. Laryngoscope 130:1787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/lary.28692","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"issue":"1","key":"2546_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-020-00245-9","volume":"7","author":"YY Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang YY, Jin YH, Ren XQ, Li YR, Zhang XC, Zeng XT, Wang XH, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Novel Coronavirus Management and Research Team (2020) Updating the diagnostic criteria of COVID-19 \u201csuspected case\u201d and \u201cconfirmed case\u201d is necessary. Mil Med Res 7(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40779-020-00245-9","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"key":"2546_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Medicine. GOoNHCOoSAoTC. Notice on the issuance of a program for the diagnosis and treatment of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (trial sixth edition). (2020-02-19) [EB\/OL] http:\/\/yzssatcmgovcn\/zhengcewenjian\/2020-02-19\/13221html","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020200257"},{"issue":"1","key":"2546_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-020-00661-z","volume":"10","author":"L Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li L, Li R, Wu Z, Yang X, Zhao M, Liu J, Chen D (2020) Therapeutic strategies for critically ill patients with COVID-19. Ann Intensive Care 10(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13613-020-00661-z","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"2546_CR33","unstructured":"COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines. National Institutes of Health. Available at https:\/\/www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/. Accessed [17 July, 2020]"},{"key":"2546_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S263489","volume":"13","author":"AA Ghweil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghweil AA, Hassan MH, Khodeary A, Mohamed AO, Mohammed HM, Abdelazez AA, Osman HA, Bazeed SES (2020) Characteristics, outcomes and indicators of severity for COVID-19 among sample of ESNA Quarantine Hospital\u2019s Patients, Egypt: a retrospective study. Infect Drug Resist 13:2375\u20132383","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"2546_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-018-0258-7","volume":"33","author":"HMA El-Masry","year":"2018","unstructured":"El-Masry HMA, Sadek AA, Hassan MH, Ameen HH, Ahmed HA (2018) Metabolic profile of oxidative stress and trace elements in febrile seizures among children. Metab Brain Dis 33:1509\u20131515","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"2546_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02063-5","volume":"198","author":"HM Sakhr","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sakhr HM, Hassan MH, Desoky T (2020) Possible associations of disturbed neurometals and ammonia with glycaemic control in type 1 diabetic children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Trace Elem Res 198:68\u201376","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"2546_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.08.008","volume":"153","author":"AE Ahmed","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ahmed AE, Hassan MH, Rashwan NI, Sayed MM, Meki AMA (2018) Myocardial injury induced by scorpion sting envenoming and evidence of oxidative stress in Egyptian children. Toxicon 153:72\u201377","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"2546_CR38","first-page":"17","volume":"11","author":"AE Ahmed","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ahmed AE, Abd-Elmawgood EA, Hassan MH (2017) Circulating protein carbonyls, antioxidant enzymes and related trace minerals among preterms with respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Diagn Res 11:17\u201321","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"2546_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saleem TH, Okasha M, Ibrahim HM, Abu El-Hamd M, Fayed HM, Hassan MH (2020) Biochemical assessments of seminal plasma zinc, testis-expressed sequence 101 and free amino acids and their correlations with reproductive hormones in male infertility. Biol Trace Elem Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02310-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02310-9"},{"issue":"6","key":"2546_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.012.","volume":"26","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang X, Jia X, Li J, Hu K, Chen G, Wei J, Gong Z, Zhou C, Yu H, Yu M, Lei H, Cheng F, Zhang B, Xu Y, Wang G, Dong W (2020) Risk factors for disease severity, unimprovement, and mortality in COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China. Clin Microbiol Infect 26(6):767\u2013772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.04.012.","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"2546_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994.","volume":"180","author":"C Wu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, Xia J, Zhou X, Xu S, Huang H, Zhang L, Zhou X, Du C, Zhang Y, Song J, Wang S, Chao Y, Yang Z, Xu J, Zhou X, Chen D, Xiong W, Xu L, Zhou F, Jiang J, Bai C, Zheng J, Song Y (2020) Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 180(7):934\u2013943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"18","key":"2546_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","volume":"382","author":"WJ Guan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, Liang WH, Ou CQ, He JX, Liu L, Shan H, Lei CL, DSC H, Du B, Li LJ, Zeng G, Yuen KY, Chen RC, Tang CL, Wang T, Chen PY, Xiang J, Li SY, Wang JL, Liang ZJ, Peng YX, Wei L, Liu Y, Hu YH, Peng P, Wang JM, Liu JY, Chen Z, Li G, Zheng ZJ, Qiu SQ, Luo J, Ye CJ, Zhu SY, Zhong NS, China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382(18):1708\u20131720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"2546_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu K, Chen Y, Lin R, Han K (2020) Clinical features of COVID-19 in elderly patients: a comparison with young and middle-aged patients. J Inf Secur. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2020.03.005"},{"key":"2546_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017.","volume":"94","author":"J Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, Pu K, Chen Z, Guo Q, Ji R, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhou Y (2020) Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 94:91\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.017.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2546_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"m1327","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1327","volume":"369","author":"E Mahase","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahase E (2020) Covid-19: death rate is 0.66% and increases with age, study estimates. BMJ 369:m1327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.m1327","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10229","key":"2546_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054e62","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","volume":"395","author":"F Zhou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, Fan G, Liu Y (2020) Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 395(10229):1054e62. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"7","key":"2546_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-0576","volume":"43","author":"Q Cai","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cai Q, Chen F, Wang T, Luo F, Liu X, Wu Q, He Q, Wang Z, Liu Y, Liu L, Chen J, Xu L (2020) Obesity and COVID-19 severity in a designated hospital in Shenzhen, China. Diabetes Care 43(7):1392\u20131398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc20-0576","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"2546_CR48","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): people who are at higher risk for severe illness. 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/people-at-higher-risk.html. Accessed April 8, 2020"},{"issue":"15","key":"2546_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3","volume":"69","author":"S Garg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Garg S, Kim L, Whitaker M, O\u2019Halloran A, Cummings C, Holstein R, Prill M, Chai SJ, Kirley PD, Alden NB, Kawasaki B, Yousey-Hindes K, Niccolai L, Anderson EJ, Openo KP, Weigel A, Monroe ML, Ryan P, Henderson J, Kim S, Como-Sabetti K, Lynfield R, Sosin D, Torres S, Muse A, Bennett NM, Billing L, Sutton M, West N, Schaffner W, Talbot HK, Aquino C, George A, Budd A, Brammer L, Langley G, Hall AJ, Fry A (2020) Hospitalization rates and characteristics of patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 - COVID-NET, 14 States, March 1-30, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69(15):458\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6915e3","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"2546_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1995","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S261159.","volume":"13","author":"MH Aly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aly MH, Rahman SS, Ahmed WA, Alghamedi MH, Al Shehri AA, Alkalkami AM, Hassan MH (2020) Indicators of critical illness and predictors of mortality in COVID-19 patients. Infect Drug Resist 13:1995\u20132000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S261159.","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"4","key":"2546_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.013","volume":"14","author":"M Marhl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marhl M, Grubelnik V, Magdi\u010d M, Markovi\u010d R (2020) Diabetes and metabolic syndrome as risk factors for COVID-19. Diabetes Metab Syndr 14(4):671\u2013677. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.013","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2546_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.004","volume":"14","author":"AK Singh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh AK, Gupta R, Ghosh A, Misra A (2020) Diabetes in COVID-19: prevalence, pathophysiology, prognosis and practical considerations. Diabetes Metab Syndr 14(4):303\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.004","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"2546_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai G, Cui X, Zhu X, Zhou J (2020) A hint on the COVID-19 risk: population disparities in gene expression of three receptors of SARS-CoV. Preprints, 2020020408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202002.0408.v1","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0408.v1"},{"key":"2546_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/119324","volume":"18","author":"CI Vardavas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vardavas CI, Nikitara K (2020) COVID-19 and smoking: a systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis 18:20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18332\/tid\/119324","journal-title":"Tob Induc Dis"},{"key":"2546_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.34297\/AJBSR.2019.02.000566","volume":"2","author":"T Ishida","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ishida T (2019) Review on the role of Zn2+ ions in viral pathogenesis and the effect of Zn2+ Ions for host cell-virus growth inhibition. AJBSR 2:28\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34297\/AJBSR.2019.02.000566","journal-title":"AJBSR"},{"issue":"1","key":"2546_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4575.","volume":"46","author":"AV Skalny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skalny AV, Rink L, Ajsuvakova OP, Aschner M, Gritsenko VA, Alekseenko SI, Svistunov AA, Petrakis D, Spandidos DA, Aaseth J, Tsatsakis A, Tinkov AA (2020) Zinc and respiratory tract infections: perspectives for COVID-19 (review). Int J Mol Med 46(1):17\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4575.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2546_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6391","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03488-14","volume":"89","author":"H Cai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cai H, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Sun J, Liang X, Li J (2015) Zinc binding activity of human metapneumovirus M2-1 protein is indispensable for viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo. J Virol 89:6391\u20136405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.03488-14","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2546_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109848.","volume":"144","author":"A Kumar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kumar A, Kubota Y, Chernov M, Kasuya H (2020) Potential role of zinc supplementation in prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Med Hypotheses 144:109848. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109848.","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"issue":"2","key":"2546_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2012.676618.","volume":"26","author":"L Lyckholm","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lyckholm L, Heddinger SP, Parker G, Coyne PJ, Ramakrishnan V, Smith TJ, Henkin RI (2012) A randomized, placebo controlled trial of oral zinc for chemotherapy-related taste and smell disorders. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 26(2):111\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15360288.2012.676618.","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"key":"2546_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1089\/10799900152434330","volume":"21","author":"K Berg","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berg K, Bolt G, Andersen H, Owen TC (2001) Zinc potentiates the antiviral action of human IFN-alpha tenfold. J Interf Cytokine Res 21:471\u2013474. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/10799900152434330","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2546_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.1997.17.469","volume":"17","author":"I Cakman","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cakman I, Kirchner H, Rink L (1997) Zinc supplementation reconstitutes the production of interferon-alpha by leukocytes from elderly persons. J Interf Cytokine Res 17:469\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jir.1997.17.469","journal-title":"J Interf Cytokine Res"},{"key":"2546_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01736","volume":"11","author":"A Mayor-Ibarguren","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayor-Ibarguren A, Busca-Arenzana C, Robles-Marhuenda \u00c1 (2020) A hypothesis for the possible role of zinc in the immunological pathways related to COVID-19 infection. Front Immunol 11:1736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01736","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02546-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02546-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02546-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]],"date-time":"2021-09-24T05:43:00Z","timestamp":1632462180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02546-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-020-02546-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-107577\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0163-4984","1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-4984","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 December 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 January 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with Ethical Standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Medical Research of the Faculty of Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt (ethical approval code: SVU-MED-MBC004-2020-04), and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from every participant who was anonymously enrolled.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}