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However, the effects of inducing cell differentiation on the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals are unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of mercuric chloride (HgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), cadmium chloride (CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), arsenic trioxide (As<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>), and methylmercury (MeHg) on SH-SY5Y cells differentiated in the presence of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). Neurite outgrowth with distinct changes in neuronal marker expression, phenotype, and cell cycle was induced in SH-SY5Y cells by IGF-I treatment for 1\u00a0day or ATRA treatment for up to 7\u00a0days. The cytotoxic effects of HgCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> decreased at lower concentrations and increased at higher concentrations in both IGF-I- and ATRA-differentiated cells compared with those in undifferentiated cells. Differentiation with IGF-I, but not with ATRA, increased the cytotoxic effects of CdCl<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>. Decreased cytotoxic effects of As<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and MeHg were observed at lower concentrations in IGF-I-differentiated cells, whereas increased cytotoxic effects of As<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> and MeHg were observed at higher concentrations in ATRA-differentiated cells. Changes in the cytotoxic effects of heavy metals were observed even after 1\u00a0day of ATRA exposure in SH-SY5Y cells. Our results demonstrate that the differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells by IGF-I and ATRA induces different cellular characteristics, resulting in diverse changes in sensitivity to heavy metals, which depend not only on the differentiation agents and treatment time but also on the heavy metal species and concentration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04342-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T14:03:09Z","timestamp":1724680989000},"page":"2595-2605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinct In Vitro Differentiation Protocols Differentially Affect Cytotoxicity Induced by Heavy Metals in Human Neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Jannatul","family":"Ferdous","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyotada","family":"Naitou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuya","family":"Shiraishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"4342_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6060","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196060","volume":"26","author":"D Witkowska","year":"2021","unstructured":"Witkowska D, S\u0142owik J, Chilicka K (2021) Heavy metals and human health: possible exposure pathways and the competition for protein binding sites. 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