{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:28:36Z","timestamp":1769300916238,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04579-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T23:40:57Z","timestamp":1742341257000},"page":"5137-5150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlation Between Urinary Heavy Metals and Early Childhood Caries in a Typical Industrial and Mining Area"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"203","author":[{"given":"Mingkun","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yufan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuandi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ya","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuhui","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"4579_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Virgin BS (1981) Eruption time of primary teeth in Iraqi children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 9(5):245\u2013246. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1981.tb00338.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1981.tb00338.x"},{"key":"4579_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.05.004","volume":"65","author":"WK Seow","year":"2018","unstructured":"Seow WK (2018) Early childhood caries. Pediatric Clinics of North America 65:941\u2013954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.05.004","journal-title":"Pediatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"4579_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034517718819","volume":"96","author":"M Agnello","year":"2017","unstructured":"Agnello M, Marques J, Cen L, Mittermuller B, Huang A, Chaichanasakul Tran N, Shi W, He X, Schroth RJ (2017) Microbiome associated with severe caries in Canadian first nations children. J Dent Res 96:1378\u20131385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034517718819","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"4579_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515590377","volume":"94","author":"A Sheiham","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sheiham A, James WPT (2015) Diet and dental caries: the pivotal role of free sugars reemphasized. J Dent Res 94:1341\u20131347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0022034515590377","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"4579_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E510","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-3084","volume":"120","author":"SA Fisher-Owens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fisher-Owens SA, Gansky SA, Platt LJ, Weintraub JA, Soobader M-J, Bramlett MD, Newacheck PW (2007) Influences on children\u2019s oral health: a conceptual model. Pediatrics 120:E510\u2013E520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2006-3084","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"4579_CR6","unstructured":"Feng X (2018) Oral health status of chinese residents\u2014Report on the Fourth Epidemiological Survey of Oral Health in China. The 18th Annual Academic Conference of Oral Preventive Healthcare of the Chinese Oral Medicine Association in 2018. Professional Committee of Oral Preventive Healthcare, Chinese Oral Medicine Association, p 2. https:\/\/kns.cnki.net\/kcms2\/article\/abstract?v=b4E8SuETvlJSiNBmPjGLqbbprL5Nv_rOif29Jc8c7BMAtywZ2ZBfp3KjQ4kZaaTWz3lDJb2byNQopm2FCxOT46BLehvzM6X0FR2_OlmUW9J4PRqfyK1pZ1Ef5DlZFZlcUFLIAcNoxUjfu0XIyrsQRg==&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS (accessed March 27, 2024)."},{"key":"4579_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.26234","volume":"119","author":"K Rehman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rehman K, Fatima F, Waheed I, Akash MSH (2018) Prevalence of exposure of heavy metals and their impact on health consequences. J Cell Biochem 119:157\u2013184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcb.26234","journal-title":"J Cell Biochem"},{"key":"4579_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143609","volume":"367","author":"BA Karim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karim BA, Mahmood G, Hasija M, Meena B, Sheikh S (2024) Assessment of heavy metal contamination in groundwater and its implications for dental and public health. Chemosphere 367:143609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.143609","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4579_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alidadi H, Sany SBT, Oftadeh BZG, Mohamad T, Shamszade H, Fakhari M (2019) Health risk assessments of arsenic and toxic heavy metal exposure in drinking water in northeast Iran. Environ Health Prev 24:59. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12199-019-0812-x","DOI":"10.1186\/s12199-019-0812-x"},{"key":"4579_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04372-5","author":"BA Karim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Karim BA, Mahmood G, Sheikh S (2024) A comparative study to explore the variability of heavy metal concentration in the teeth of residents of non-gated versus gated societies. Biol Trace Elem Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-024-04372-5","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4579_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4113","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-4113-y","volume":"187","author":"B Keshavarzi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Ansari M, Rastegari Mehr M, Kaabi H, Kermani M (2015) Macronutrients and trace metals in soil and food crops of Isfahan Province, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 187:4113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10661-014-4113-y","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"key":"4579_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_48_19","volume":"11","author":"A Mehri","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehri A (2020) Trace elements in human nutrition (II) \u2013 an update. Int J Prev Med 11:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijpvm.IJPVM_48_19","journal-title":"Int J Prev Med"},{"key":"4579_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04289-z","author":"T Roli\u0107","year":"2024","unstructured":"Roli\u0107 T, Yazdani M, Mandi\u0107 S, Distante S (2024) Iron metabolism, calcium, magnesium and trace elements: a review. Biol Trace Elem Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-024-04289-z","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4579_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S155228","volume":"13","author":"E Klimuszko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Klimuszko E, Orywal K, Sierpinska T, Sidun J, Golebiewska M (2018) The evaluation of zinc and copper content in tooth enamel without any pathological changes \u2013 an in vitro study. IJN 13:1257\u20131264. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IJN.S155228","journal-title":"IJN"},{"key":"4579_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202000383","volume":"7","author":"S Zhang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang S, Sun L, Zhang J, Liu S, Han J, Liu Y (2020) Adverse impact of heavy metals on bone cells and bone metabolism dependently and independently through anemia. Advanced Science 7:2000383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202000383","journal-title":"Advanced Science"},{"key":"4579_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.10.1258","volume":"289","author":"CA Aligne","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aligne CA, Moss ME, Auinger P, Weitzman M (2003) Association of pediatric dental caries with passive smoking. JAMA 289:1258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.289.10.1258","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4579_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-017-0335-z","volume":"17","author":"Y-S Kim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kim Y-S, Ha M, Kwon H-J, Kim H-Y, Choi Y-H (2017) Association between low blood lead levels and increased risk of dental caries in children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 17:42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-017-0335-z","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"4579_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.05.017","volume":"361","author":"N Youravong","year":"2006","unstructured":"Youravong N, Chongsuvivatwong V, Geater AF, Dahl\u00e9n G, Teanpaisan R (2006) Lead associated caries development in children living in a lead contaminated area, Thailand. Sci Total Environ 361:88\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.05.017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4579_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-008-8305-6","volume":"129","author":"M Riyat","year":"2009","unstructured":"Riyat M, Sharma DC (2009) Analysis of 35 inorganic elements in teeth in relation to caries formation. Biol Trace Elem Res 129:126\u2013129. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-008-8305-6","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4579_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-42.2.9","volume":"42","author":"P Sekhri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sekhri P, Sandhu M, Sachdev V, Chopra R (2018) Estimation of trace elements in mixed saliva of caries free and caries active children. Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 42:135\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17796\/1053-4628-42.2.9","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"4579_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-018-0547-x","volume":"18","author":"B Tort","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tort B, Choi Y-H, Kim E-K, Jung Y-S, Ha M, Song K-B, Lee Y-E (2018) Lead exposure may affect gingival health in children. BMC Oral Health 18:79. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12903-018-0547-x","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"4579_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1159\/000365297","volume":"49","author":"RC Wiener","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wiener RC, Long DL, Jurevic RJ (2015) Blood levels of the heavy metal, lead, and caries in children aged 24\u201372 months: NHANES III. Caries Res 49:26\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000365297","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"4579_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/jphd.12384","volume":"80","author":"JF Yepes","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yepes JF, McCormick-Norris J, Vinson LA, Eckert GJ, Hu H, Wu Y, Jansen EC, Peterson KE, T\u00e9llez-Rojo MM, Mier EAM (2020) Blood levels of lead and dental caries in permanent teeth. J Public Health Dent 80:297\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jphd.12384","journal-title":"J Public Health Dent"},{"key":"4579_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shishniashvili T, Suladze N, Margvelashvili V (2016) Primary teeth and hair as indicators of environmental pollution. J Clin Pediatr Dent 40:152\u2013155. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17796\/1053-4628-40.2.152","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-40.2.152"},{"key":"4579_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127209","volume":"79","author":"F Motevasselian","year":"2023","unstructured":"Motevasselian F, Abdi K, Ghodarati H, Shamshiri AR, Lippert F, Hessari H (2023) The role of lead and cadmium in deciduous teeth and saliva on dental caries in children residing in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 79:127209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2023.127209","journal-title":"Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"4579_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133664","volume":"294","author":"H Nasab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nasab H, Rajabi S, Eghbalian M, Malakootian M, Hashemi M, Mahmoudi-Moghaddam H (2022) Association of As, Pb, Cr, and Zn urinary heavy metals levels with predictive indicators of cardiovascular disease and obesity in children and adolescents. Chemosphere 294:133664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133664","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4579_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-019-00193-5","volume":"32","author":"M Al Osman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al Osman M, Yang F, Massey IY (2019) Exposure routes and health effects of heavy metals on children. Biometals 32:563\u2013573. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10534-019-00193-5","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"4579_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu058","volume":"16","author":"JF Bobb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bobb JF, Valeri L, Claus Henn B, Christiani DC, Wright RO, Mazumdar M, Godleski JJ, Coull BA (2015) Bayesian kernel machine regression for estimating the health effects of multi-pollutant mixtures. Biostatistics 16:493\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu058","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"4579_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.044","volume":"560\u2013561","author":"C Cao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cao C, Chen X-P, Ma Z-B, Jia H-H, Wang J-J (2016) Greenhouse cultivation mitigates metal-ingestion-associated health risks from vegetables in wastewater-irrigated agroecosystems. Sci Total Environ 560\u2013561:204\u2013211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.04.044","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4579_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14856","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1641-y","volume":"25","author":"Q Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Q, Wang S, Nan Z, Li Y, Zang F (2018) Accumulation, fractionation, and risk assessment of mercury and arsenic in the soil-wheat system from the wastewater-irrigated soil in Baiyin, Northwest China. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25:14856\u201314867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-018-1641-y","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"4579_CR31","unstructured":"Petersen PE, Baez RJ (2013) World health organization, oral health surveys: basic methods, 5th ed, World health organization, Geneva.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/handle\/10665\/97035 (accessed Nov 13, 2023)."},{"key":"4579_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-017-0885-x","volume":"17","author":"SB Racette","year":"2017","unstructured":"Racette SB, Yu L, DuPont NC, Clark BR (2017) BMI-for-age graphs with severe obesity percentile curves: tools for plotting cross-sectional and longitudinal youth BMI data. BMC Pediatr 17:130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12887-017-0885-x","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"4579_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang Y, Wang R, He P (2023) Association of the content of zinc, cobalt and molybdenum in urine with diabetes mellitus in community-dwelling elderly individuals in Yinchuan, China. J Environ Hyg 13:479\u2013484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13421\/j.cnki.hjwsxzz.2023.07.001. 500","DOI":"10.13421\/j.cnki.hjwsxzz.2023.07.001"},{"key":"4579_CR34","unstructured":"Announcement on the Issuance of the \u201cTechnical Guidelines for the Statistical Analysis of Cross-sectional Survey Data on Environment and Health,\u201d (n.d.). https:\/\/www.mee.gov.cn\/gkml\/hbb\/bgg\/201712\/t20171201_427286.htm (accessed Feb 28, 2025)."},{"key":"4579_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paulson DS (ed) (2009) Nonparametric statistical methods. Biostatistics and microbiology: a survival manual. Springer, New York, NY, pp 121\u2013162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-0-387-77282-0_7","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77282-0_7"},{"key":"4579_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vanka S, Vanka A, Wali O, Chauhan NS, Alhazmi LS, Alqazlan AA (2022) Prevalence of early childhood caries among the 3\u20135-year-old children in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 15( S\u20132 ):S197\u2013S200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2152","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-2152"},{"key":"4579_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S426712","volume":"16","author":"R-Y Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li R-Y, Yang D-M, Ding N, Bao Q-Y (2023) Analysis of risk factors associated with early childhood caries. risk manag healthc policy 16:2369\u20132378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/RMHP.S426712","journal-title":"risk manag healthc policy"},{"key":"4579_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6831-12-24","volume":"12","author":"R Masumo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Masumo R, Bardsen A, Mashoto K, Astrom AN (2012) Prevalence and socio-behavioral influence of early childhood caries, ECC, and feeding habits among 6\u201336 months old children in Uganda and Tanzania. BMC Oral Health 12:24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1472-6831-12-24","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"4579_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2017.00157","volume":"5","author":"S Anil","year":"2017","unstructured":"Anil S, Anand PS (2017) Early childhood caries: prevalence, risk factors, and prevention. Front Pediatr 5:157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fped.2017.00157","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"4579_CR40","unstructured":"Yan l, Jian C, Xiwen J (2016) Analysis of 6 kinds of heavy metal load levels in urine of pre-job occupational health examination population in Shanghai. Occup Health Emerg Rescue 34:216\u2013219"},{"key":"4579_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-023-00591-8","volume":"16","author":"Y Liu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu Y, Wang Y, Fu Y, Liu Y, Li M, He M, Zhang Y, Li C, Ding H, Li X, Ji H, Wang J (2024) Associations between exposure to metal mixtures and insufficient bone strength: a cross-sectional study among children aged 2\u20136 Years. Expo Health 16:791\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12403-023-00591-8","journal-title":"Expo Health"},{"key":"4579_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12030175","volume":"12","author":"MW Shin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shin MW, Kim H-B, Kwon A, Park MJ, Kim S-H (2024) Associations between Urinary Mercury\/Cadmium Concentrations and Anthropometric Features in Korean Children. Toxics 12:175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics12030175","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"4579_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154062","volume":"826","author":"C Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang C, Jing D, Huang X, Xiao Y, Shu Z, Luo D, Duan Y, He M, Xiao S, Chen X, Huang Z, Shen M (2022) Effects of co-exposure to multiple metals on children\u2019s behavior problems in China. Sci Total Environ 826:154062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.154062","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4579_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1007\/s12403-021-00443-3","volume":"14","author":"EM Tanvir","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tanvir EM, Mahmood S, Islam MN, Khatun M, Afroz R, Islam SS, Afrin S, Khalil MI, Chowdhury MAZ, Ng JC, Whitfield KM, Shaw PN (2022) Environmental Exposure to Metals and Metalloids in Primary School-Aged Children Living in Industrialised Areas of Eastern South Asian Megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh. Expo Health 14:671\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12403-021-00443-3","journal-title":"Expo Health"},{"key":"4579_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119518","volume":"307","author":"A Huang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Huang A, Zhang J, Wu K, Liu C, Huang Q, Zhang X, Lin X, Huang Y (2022) Exposure to multiple metals and the risk of dyslexia - A case control study in Shantou, China. Environmental Pollution 307:119518. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119518","journal-title":"Environmental Pollution"},{"key":"4579_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113822","volume":"237","author":"N Vogel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vogel N, Murawski A, Schmied-Tobies MIH, Rucic E, Doyle U, Kaempfe A, Hoera C, Hildebrand J, Schaefer M, Drexler H, Goeen T, Kolossa-Gehring M (2021) Lead, cadmium, mercury, and chromium in urine and blood of children and adolescents in Germany-Human biomonitoring results of the German Environmental Survey 2014\u20132017 (GerES V). Int J Hyg Environ Health 237:113822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijheh.2021.113822","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"4579_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-023-01054-x","volume":"81","author":"YM Tuakashikila","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tuakashikila YM, Mata HM, Kabamba MM, Malumba AM, Tuakuila JK (2023) Reference intervals for cd, hg, Mn and Pb in the general children population (3\u201314 years) of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) between June 2019 and June 2020. Arch PUblic Health 81:40. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-023-01054-x","journal-title":"Arch PUblic Health"},{"key":"4579_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2015.10.016","volume":"49","author":"X Pan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Pan X, Ding C, Pan Y (2015) Distribution of copper and zinc level in urine of general population in eight provinces of China, Chin. J Prev Med 49:919\u2013923. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2015.10.016","journal-title":"J Prev Med"},{"key":"4579_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wei M, Wang K, Zheng X, Zhang Y (2016) Copper and zinc levels in urine of general population in Liaoning Province. Chin J Ind Med 29:24\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13631\/j.cnki.zggyyx.2016.01.007","DOI":"10.13631\/j.cnki.zggyyx.2016.01.007"},{"key":"4579_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-011-0699-3","volume":"85","author":"T G\u00f6en","year":"2012","unstructured":"G\u00f6en T, Schaller K-H, Drexler H (2012) Biological reference values for chemical compounds in the work area (BARs): an approach for evaluating biomonitoring data. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 85:571\u2013578. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00420-011-0699-3","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"key":"4579_CR51","unstructured":"Zhang D, Xie B, Pu B, Zhang Q (2022) Detection of 13 heavy metals in 274 urine samples from general population in Lhasa, Tibet. Mod Prev Med 49(32):36-61"},{"key":"4579_CR52","unstructured":"Hui X, Ding Y, Zhang TJ, Lei PY (2020) Chromium, cadmium and lead load levels in whole blood and urine of the general population, Shaanxi, Modern Preventive Medicine 47:3583\u20133588. 1003-8507( 2020)19-3583-06"},{"key":"4579_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-022-00855-x","volume":"21","author":"M-C Chung","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chung M-C, Hsu H-T, Mao Y-C, Wu C-C, Ho C-T, Liu C-S, Chung C-J (2022) Association and mediation analyses among multiple metals exposure, plasma folate, and community-based impaired estimated glomerular filtration rate in central Taiwan. Environ Health 21:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12940-022-00855-x","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"4579_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020282","volume":"11","author":"H-J Tsai","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tsai H-J, Hung C-H, Wang C-W, Tu H-P, Li C-H, Tsai C-C, Lin W-Y, Chen S-C, Kuo C-H (2021) Associations among heavy metals and proteinuria and chronic kidney disease. Diagnostics 11:282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11020282","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"4579_CR55","unstructured":"(n.d.) Binational arsenic exposure survey: modeling arsenic and selenium intake on urinary arsenic biomarkers. https:\/\/webofscience.clarivate.cn\/wos\/alldb\/full-record\/PQDT:54086141. (accessed January 18, 2024)"},{"key":"4579_CR56","unstructured":"Benghasheer HFA (2013) Salivary trace elements in relation to dental caries in a group of multi-ethnic schoolchildren in Shah Alam, Malaysia. Eur J Paediatr Dent 14(2):113\u20138"},{"key":"4579_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000355580","volume":"48","author":"MN Hegde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hegde MN, Hegde ND, Ashok A, Shetty S (2014) Biochemical indicators of dental caries in saliva: an in vivo study. Caries Res 48:170\u2013173. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000355580","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"4579_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8034219","volume":"34","author":"TR Shearer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Shearer TR, Britton JL, DeSart DJ (1980) Influence of post-developmental cadmium on caries and cariostasis by fluoride. Environ Health Perspect 34:219\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.8034219","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"4579_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9969(89)90059-9","volume":"34","author":"A Chiarenza","year":"1989","unstructured":"Chiarenza A, Elverdin JC, Espinal E, Giglio MJ (1989) Effects of cadmium on the function and structure of the rat salivary glands. Arch Oral Biol 34:999\u20131002. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-9969(89)90059-9","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"4579_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10947","volume":"116","author":"M Arora","year":"2008","unstructured":"Arora M, Weuve J, Schwartz J, Wright RO (2008) Association of environmental cadmium exposure with pediatric dental caries. Environ Health Perspect 116:821\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.10947","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"4579_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144646","volume":"769","author":"Y Ma","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ma Y, Ran D, Shi X, Zhao H, Liu Z (2021) Cadmium toxicity: a role in bone cell function and teeth development. Sci Total Environ 769:144646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.144646","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"4579_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2000.0731","volume":"42","author":"M Abdollahi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Abdollahi M, Dehpour A, Kazemian P (2000) Alteration by cadmium of rat submandibular gland secretory function and the role of the l -arginine\/nitric oxide pathway. Pharmacol Res 42:591\u2013597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/phrs.2000.0731","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res"},{"key":"4579_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S1532-0456(03)00120-0","volume":"135","author":"M Abdollahi","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abdollahi M, Bahreini-Moghadam A, Emami B, Fooladian F, Zafari K (2003) Increasing intracellular cAMP and cGMP inhibits cadmium-induced oxidative stress in rat submandibular saliva. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol 135:331\u2013336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1532-0456(03)00120-0","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4579_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Lopes GO, Aragao WAB, Nascimento PC, Bittencourt LO, Oliveira ACA, Leao LKR, Alves-Junior SM, de Jesus V. Pinheiro J, Crespo-Lopez ME, Lima RR (2021) Effects of lead exposure on salivary glands of rats: insights into the oxidative biochemistry and glandular morphology. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:10918\u201310930.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-11270-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-11270-5"},{"key":"4579_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000537826","volume":"58","author":"G Lee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lee G, Zhang Y, Yang Q, Angley M, Lu L, Kahe K (2024) The association between lead exposure and dental caries: a systematic review. Caries Res 58:141\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000537826","journal-title":"Caries Res"},{"key":"4579_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.144056","volume":"371","author":"C Hadjadji","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hadjadji C, Devalloir Q, Gaillard C, van den Brink NW, Scheifler R (2025) Evidence linking cadmium and\/or lead exposure to immunomodulatory effects in mammals based upon an adverse outcome pathways approach, and research perspectives. Chemosphere 371:144056. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.144056","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4579_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14020111","volume":"14","author":"J Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao J, Ma Q, Shi J, Wang X, Ye D, Liang J, Zou J (2025) Cariogenic microbiota and emerging antibacterial materials to combat dental caries: a literature review. Pathogens 14:111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens14020111","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"4579_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1176","volume":"6","author":"B Akkareddy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akkareddy B, Iranna Koppal P, Sakri MR, Hinduja DM, Gangolli RA, Patil BC (2013) Iron deficiency in young children: a risk marker for early childhood caries. International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry 6:1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5005\/jp-journals-10005-1176","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry"},{"key":"4579_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Qin Z, Yang X, Wang B (2018) Effects of co-exposure to fluoride and arsenic on mRNA expressions of BMP-2, RANK, PI3K, and Akt1 in dental tissues of rats. J Environ Occup Med 35:702\u2013708. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13213\/j.cnki.jeom.2018.18228","DOI":"10.13213\/j.cnki.jeom.2018.18228"},{"key":"4579_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226824","volume":"15","author":"NK Day","year":"2020","unstructured":"Day NK, Schmidt TS, Roberts JJ, Osmundson BC, Willacker JJ, Eagles-Smith CA (2020) Mercury and selenium concentrations in fishes of the Upper Colorado River Basin, southwestern United States: a retrospective assessment. PLoS ONE 15:e0226824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0226824","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4579_CR71","first-page":"153","volume":"23","author":"BAI Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang BAI, Shun-yi JIA (2022) Interaction between oral metal materials and microorganisms and the antibacterial mechanism of metal. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthetics 23:153\u2013160","journal-title":"Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Prosthetics"},{"key":"4579_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gemmel A, Tavares M, Alperin S, Soncini J, Daniel D, Dunn J, Crawford S, Braveman N, Clarkson TW, McKinlay S, Bellinger DC (2002) Blood lead level and dental caries in school-age children. Environ Health Perspect 110. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1289\/ehp.021100625","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.021100625"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04579-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04579-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04579-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T08:51:14Z","timestamp":1759913474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04579-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["4579"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04579-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 December 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 March 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Public Health, Lanzhou University (Ethical Approval Number: IRB 22030205).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical review"}},{"value":"All guardians of the participants in this study signed the informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}