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Various protective agents are being investigated to ameliorate the toxic effect of Cd. Lactic acid bacteria are promising as a protective agent because of their ability to remove heavy metals from contaminated products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    on biomarkers associated with reproduction and inflammation in the testes of rats exposed to Cd. For the application, rats were randomly divided into four groups: Control group, Cd group,\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    group, and combined group (Cd\u2009+\u2009\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). At the end of 21\u00a0days of oral administration, testicular tissues of the rats were removed and mRNA expression levels of genes associated with reproduction (\n                    <jats:italic>Dazl<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Amh<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Ddx4<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and inflammation (\n                    <jats:italic>Tnf-\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Il-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cox-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Inos<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Foxo1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Foxo3<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Nfkb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) were determined. On the other hand, the amounts of NOS2\/iNOS, 8-ohdg, and Tnf\u03b1 were analyzed in the tissues. The mtDNA copy number was also investigated. Cd caused an increase in the expression level of inflammation-related genes, except\n                    <jats:italic>Nfkb<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and a decrease in the expression level of reproduction-related genes. It also increased the levels of TNF-\u03b1, iNOS, and 8-OHdG biomarkers and mtDNA copy number. However,\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    treatment did not cause a significant change in these parameters. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    exposure in combination with Cd attenuated the observed Cd-mediated molecular changes in testicular tissue. In conclusion, the findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>L. plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    administration may be beneficial against Cd-induced testicular toxicity and may be considered as a biological agent in the development of protective strategies against environmental pollutants with further studies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04601-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T15:10:07Z","timestamp":1743865807000},"page":"5768-5775","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Molecular Changes Associated with Inflammation and Reproduction in Cadmium-Induced Testicular Toxicity: Mitigating Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"203","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8727-9387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duygu","family":"Kizir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7732-6189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emine","family":"Toraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0973-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melike","family":"Karaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"4601_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17113782","volume":"17","author":"G Genchi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Genchi G, Sinicropi MS, Lauria G et al (2020) The effects of cadmium toxicity. 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