{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T23:40:14Z","timestamp":1769557214298,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750982400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04729-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T10:28:29Z","timestamp":1751020109000},"page":"1057-1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A Cross-sectional Study on Age-Related Changes in Muscle Iron Deposition and Fat Infiltration: Associations with Grip Strength in a Healthy Adult Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Yiping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xifa","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dingzhe","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"4729_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-3258-72-45","volume":"72","author":"C Beaudart","year":"2014","unstructured":"Beaudart C, Rizzoli R, Bruy\u00e8re O, Reginster JY et al (2014) Sarcopenia: burden and challenges for public health. Arch Public Health 72:45","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"key":"4729_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afq034","volume":"39","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Baeyens JP, Bauer JM et al (2010) Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosis: Report of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Aging 39:412\u2013423","journal-title":"Age Aging"},{"key":"4729_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12783","volume":"13","author":"F Petermann-Rocha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petermann-Rocha F, Balntzi V, Gray SR et al (2022) Global prevalence of sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 13:86\u201399","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"4729_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glw327","volume":"72","author":"PM Cawthon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cawthon PM, Lui LY, Taylor BC et al (2017) Clinical definitions of sarcopenia and risk of hospitalization in community-dwelling older men: the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 72:1383\u20131389","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"4729_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155533","volume":"144","author":"S Yuan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yuan S, Larsson SC (2023) Epidemiology of sarcopenia: prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism 144:155533","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"4729_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0130-5","volume":"5","author":"SB Heymsfield","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heymsfield SB, Adamek M, Gonzalez MC et al (2014) Assessing skeletal muscle mass: historical overview and state of the art. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 5:9\u201318","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"4729_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afy169","volume":"48","author":"AJ Cruz-Jentoft","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J et al (2019) Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Aging 48:16\u201331","journal-title":"Age Aging"},{"key":"4729_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2019.12.012","volume":"21","author":"LK Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P et al (2020) Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 Consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc 21:300-307.e2","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"4729_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2022.116521","volume":"164","author":"F Laskou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Laskou F, Westbury LD, Fuggle NR et al (2022) Determinants of muscle density and clinical outcomes: findings from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Bone 164:116521","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"4729_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2018.12.004","volume":"120","author":"D Scott","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scott D, Johansson J, McMillan LB et al (2019) Mid-calf skeletal muscle density and its associations with physical activity, bone health and incident 12-month falls in older adults: the Healthy Aging Initiative. Bone 120:446\u2013451","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"4729_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2016.01.011","volume":"35","author":"Y Ikeda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ikeda Y, Imao M, Satoh A et al (2016) Iron-induced skeletal muscle atrophy involves an Akt-forkhead box O3\u2013E3 ubiquitin ligase-dependent pathway. J Trace Elem Med Biol 35:66\u201376","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"4729_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13678","volume":"16","author":"C Bose","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bose C, Megyesi J, Karaduta O et al (2025) Iron chelation prevents age-related skeletal muscle sarcopenia in klotho gene mutant mice, a genetic model of aging. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 16:e13678","journal-title":"J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"4729_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glac139","volume":"78","author":"FM Alves","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alves FM, Ayton S, Bush AI et al (2023) Age-related changes in skeletal muscle iron homeostasis. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 78:16\u201324","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"4729_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2020204356","volume":"298","author":"JP Dyke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dyke JP (2021) Quantitative MRI proton density fat fraction: a coming of age. Radiology 298:652\u2013653","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4729_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-014-3024-y","volume":"44","author":"J Deng","year":"2014","unstructured":"Deng J, Fishbein MH, Rigsby CK et al (2014) Quantitative MRI for hepatic fat fraction and T2* measurement in pediatric patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pediatr Radiol 44:1379\u20131387","journal-title":"Pediatr Radiol"},{"key":"4729_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1378-z","volume":"18","author":"RJ Crawford","year":"2017","unstructured":"Crawford RJ, Cornwall J, Abbott R et al (2017) Manually defining regions of interest when quantifying paravertebral muscles fatty infiltration from axial magnetic resonance imaging: a proposed method for the lumbar spine with anatomical cross-reference. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 18:25","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord"},{"key":"4729_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mri.2013.01.016","volume":"31","author":"J Liau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liau J, Shiehmorteza M, Girard OM et al (2013) Evaluation of MRI fat fraction in the liver and spine pre and post SPIO infusion. Magn Reson Imaging 31:1012\u20131016","journal-title":"Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"4729_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.221856","volume":"307","author":"SB Reeder","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reeder SB, Yokoo T, Fran\u00e7a M et al (2023) Quantification of liver iron overload with MRI: review and guidelines from the ESGAR and SAR. Radiology 307:e221856","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"4729_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2016.01.008","volume":"76","author":"A Buch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Buch A, Carmeli E, Boker LK et al (2016) Muscle function and fat content in relation to sarcopenia, obesity and frailty of old age\u2013an overview. Exp Gerontol 76:25\u201332","journal-title":"Exp Gerontol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4729_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01530-2","volume":"33","author":"M Farrow","year":"2021","unstructured":"Farrow M, Biglands J, Tanner SF et al (2021) The effect of aging on skeletal muscle as assessed by quantitative MR imaging: an association with frailty and muscle strength. Aging Clin Exp Res 33(2):291\u2013301","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"4729_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-017-0346-8","volume":"24","author":"P Sfyri","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sfyri P, Matsakas A (2017) Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 24:42","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"4729_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-0790-3","volume":"14","author":"DM Ha","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ha DM, Carpenter LC, Koutakis P et al (2016) Transforming growth factor-beta 1 produced by vascular smooth muscle cells predicts fibrosis in the gastrocnemius of patients with peripheral artery disease. J Transl Med 14:39","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"4729_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757461","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/757461","volume":"2014","author":"F Lizcano","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lizcano F, Guzm\u00e1n G (2014) Estrogen deficiency and the origin of obesity during menopause. Biomed Res Int 2014:757461","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"4729_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1550-8528.1998.tb00344.x","volume":"6","author":"A Tchernof","year":"1998","unstructured":"Tchernof A, Poehlman ET (1998) Effects of the menopause transition on body fatness and body fat distribution. Obes Res 6(3):246\u2013254","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"key":"4729_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2012-1284","volume":"26","author":"DJ Clegg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Clegg DJ (2012) Minireview: the year in review of estrogen regulation of metabolism. Mol Endocrinol 26:1957\u20131960","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"4729_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/2042-6410-3-13","volume":"3","author":"K Karastergiou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Karastergiou K, Smith SR, Greenberg AS et al (2012) Sex differences in human adipose tissues - the biology of pear shape. Biol Sex Differ 3:13","journal-title":"Biol Sex Differ"},{"issue":"3","key":"4729_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-013-9425-8","volume":"14","author":"S Sipil\u00e4","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sipil\u00e4 S, Narici M, Kjaer M et al (2013) Sex hormones and skeletal muscle weakness. Biogerontology 14(3):231\u2013245","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"4729_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817418","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.817418","volume":"13","author":"L Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu L, Zhao Q, Li K et al (2022) The role of sex hormones on bone mineral density, marrow adiposity, and muscle adiposity in middle-aged and older men. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 13:817418","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4729_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-023-09954-w","volume":"34","author":"P Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen P, Zhou Z, Sun L et al (2024) Quantitative multiparameter assessment of age- and gender-related variation of back extensor muscles in healthy adults using Dixon MR imaging. Eur Radiol 34:69\u201379","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"4729_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.06.052","volume":"22","author":"L Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang L, Yin L, Zhao Y et al (2021) Muscle density, but not size, correlates well with muscle strength and physical performance. J Am Med Dir Assoc 22:751-759.e2","journal-title":"J Am Med Dir Assoc"},{"key":"4729_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.09.015","volume":"28","author":"EC Fiedler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fiedler EC, Shaw RJ (2018) AMPK regulates the epigenome through phosphorylation of TET2. Cell Metab 28:534\u2013536","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"4729_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M326","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/57.5.M326","volume":"57","author":"M Visser","year":"2002","unstructured":"Visser M, Pahor M, Taaffe DR et al (2002) Relationship of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with muscle mass and muscle strength in elderly men and women: the health ABC study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 57:M326\u2013M332","journal-title":"J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci"},{"key":"4729_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941093","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.941093","volume":"9","author":"Z Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen Z, Chen J, Song C et al (2022) Association between serum iron status and muscle mass in adults: results from NHANES 2015\u20132018. Front Nutr 9:941093","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4729_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01531-8","volume":"79","author":"Z Qiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiu Z, Hou C, Xue X et al (2025) The causal relationships between iron status and sarcopenia in Europeans: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Clin Nutr 79:207\u2013213","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"4729_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.03.006","volume":"155","author":"J Scott","year":"2025","unstructured":"Scott J, Yates M, Tanaka T et al (2025) Cross-sectional associations between clinical biochemistry and nutritional biomarkers and sarcopenic indices of skeletal muscle in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. J Nutr 155:1535\u20131548","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"4729_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1332-z","volume":"186","author":"G Zhao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhao G (2018) Is iron accumulation a possible risk factor for sarcopenia? Biol Trace Elem Res 186:379\u2013383","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4729_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408360701713104","volume":"45","author":"D Galaris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Galaris D, Pantopoulos K (2008) Oxidative stress and iron homeostasis: mechanistic and health aspects. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 45:1\u201323","journal-title":"Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci"},{"key":"4729_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2014.00014","volume":"1","author":"AS Prasad","year":"2014","unstructured":"Prasad AS (2014) Zinc is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent: its role in human health. Front Nutr 1:14","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4729_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00165","volume":"13","author":"M Halon-Golabek","year":"2019","unstructured":"Halon-Golabek M, Borkowska A, Herman-Antosiewicz A, Antosiewicz J (2019) Iron metabolism of the skeletal muscle and neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 13:165","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"4729_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972753","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.972753","volume":"13","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Huang X, Qi B, Sun C, Sun K, Liu N, Zhu L, Wei X (2022) Ferroptosis and musculoskeletal diseases: \u201cIron Maiden\u201d cell death may be a promising therapeutic target. Front Immunol 13:972753","journal-title":"Front Immunol"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04729-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04729-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04729-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:39:17Z","timestamp":1769506757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04729-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4729"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04729-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 June 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Ethics approval was obtained from the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from each participant.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}