{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T22:50:41Z","timestamp":1773701441800,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) has been associated with increased blood lead (BPb). Increased BPb in pregnancy has been associated with increased cord BPb. The association between IDA in pregnancy and cord PB levels has not been previously investigated. It is thus hypothesized that\u00a0IDA in pregnancy results in increased cord BPb levels. Prospectively, cord blood, from term infants delivered in Memphis, TN, was tested for lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium. Maternal charts were retrospectively reviewed and subjects enrolled into two groups: IDA group with hemoglobin\u2009&lt;\u20099\u00a0g\/dL, 65\u00a0fl\u2009&lt;\u2009MCV 75\u00a0fl, MCHC\u2009&lt;\u200932\u00a0g\/dL and controls with hemoglobin\u2009&gt;\u200912\u00a0g\/dL, 80\u00a0fl\u2009&lt;\u2009MCV\u2009&lt;\u200995\u00a0fl and MCHC\u2009&gt;\u200934\u00a0g\/dL. Exclusion criteria were chronic conditions, sickle cell disease, and thalassemia. Fifty-five infants were included, with 27 in the maternal anemia group and 28 in the control group. There were no significant differences between groups in maternal age, pregnancy histories, prenatal vitamin and iron intakes, or other morbidities. Pregnancies with anemia had significantly lower BPb and blood mercury (BHg) levels and significantly higher blood selenium (BSe) levels than those without anemia,0.24 (0.18,0.32) \u00b5g\/L, 0.19(0.17,0.52), 184\u2009\u00b1\u200931 vs 0.33 (0.27,0.45), 0.55 (0.27,0.92), 160\u2009\u00b1\u200933, respectively.\u00a0Conclusion:\u00a0Pregnancies with anemia were associated with significantly higher cord BSe levels and lower BPb and BHg levels than pregnancies without anemia. Selenium consumption has been shown to lower BPb and BHg levels. This may explain our findings. Future studies are needed to investigate the role of selenium consumption as a protective agent against the transfer of heavy metals across the placenta.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04742-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T10:34:44Z","timestamp":1752230084000},"page":"1213-1219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Hypochromic Microcytic Anemia in Pregnancy and Cord Blood Levels of Cadmium, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, and Selenium"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Shannon","family":"Isennock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6513-2958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Elabiad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"4742_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004559","volume":"138","author":"AH James","year":"2021","unstructured":"James AH (2021) Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 138(4):663\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004559","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4742_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14112","volume":"1450","author":"J Jung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jung J, Rahman MM, Rahman MS, Swe KT, Islam MR, Rahman MO et al (2019) Effects of hemoglobin levels during pregnancy on adverse maternal and infant outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1450(1):69\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nyas.14112","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"4742_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16676","volume":"128","author":"S Jessani","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jessani S, Saleem S, Hoffman MK, Goudar SS, Derman RJ, Moore JL et al (2021) Association of haemoglobin levels in the first trimester and at 26\u201330\u00a0weeks with fetal and neonatal outcomes: a secondary analysis of the Global Network for Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health\u2019s ASPIRIN Trial. BJOG 128(9):1487\u20131496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1471-0528.16676","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"1","key":"4742_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1020702213099","volume":"16","author":"MD Garrick","year":"2003","unstructured":"Garrick MD, Dolan KG, Horbinski C, Ghio AJ, Higgins D, Porubcin M et al (2003) Dmt1: a mammalian transporter for multiple metals. Biometals 16(1):41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1020702213099","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"issue":"2","key":"4742_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2007.12.001","volume":"22","author":"NG Ilback","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ilback NG, Frisk P, Tallkvist J, Gadhasson IL, Blomberg J, Friman G (2008) Gastrointestinal uptake of trace elements are changed during the course of a common human viral (coxsackievirus B3) infection in mice. J Trace Elem Med Biol 22(2):120\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2007.12.001","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"4742_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41378-022-00447-2","volume":"9","author":"L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang L, Han J, Su W, Li A, Zhang W, Li H et al (2023) Gut-on-a-chip for exploring the transport mechanism of hg(ii). Microsyst Nanoeng 9:2. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41378-022-00447-2","journal-title":"Microsyst Nanoeng"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"4742_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.03.017","volume":"330","author":"WT Kwong","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kwong WT, Friello P, Semba RD (2004) Interactions between iron deficiency and lead poisoning: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Sci Total Environ 330(1\u20133):21\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.03.017","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"6","key":"4742_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_78_20","volume":"9","author":"G Yadav","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yadav G, Chambial S, Agrawal N, Gothwal M, Kathuria P, Singh P et al (2020) Blood lead levels in antenatal women and its association with iron deficiency anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. J Family Med Prim Care 9(6):3106\u20133111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_78_20","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"4742_CR9","unstructured":"ACOG (2012) Lead screening during pregnancy and lactation. Committee opinion number 533. https:\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/committee-opinion\/articles\/2012\/08\/lead-screening-during-pregnancy-and-lactation. Accessed 11 Mar 2025"},{"issue":"3","key":"4742_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e755","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-3513","volume":"131","author":"S Chang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Chang S, Zeng L, Brouwer ID, Kok FJ, Yan H (2013) Effect of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy on child mental development in rural China. Pediatrics 131(3):e755\u2013e763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.2011-3513","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"17","key":"4742_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1056\/nejm198704233161701","volume":"316","author":"D Bellinger","year":"1987","unstructured":"Bellinger D, Leviton A, Waternaux C, Needleman H, Rabinowitz M (1987) Longitudinal analyses of prenatal and postnatal lead exposure and early cognitive development. N Engl J Med 316(17):1037\u20131043. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/nejm198704233161701","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4742_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1021\/es4051082","volume":"48","author":"H Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang H, Feng X, Chan HM, Larssen T (2014) New insights into traditional health risk assessments of mercury exposure: implications of selenium. Environ Sci Technol 48(2):1206\u20131212. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es4051082","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"issue":"6","key":"4742_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2261","volume":"9","author":"Q Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Q, Zhang B, Chen X, Chen Q, Hao L (2021) Association of serum selenium with anemia-related indicators and risk of anemia. Food Sci Nutr 9(6):3039\u20133047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.2261","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"issue":"4Part-II","key":"4742_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.4.4635","volume":"38","author":"S Tabassum","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tabassum S, Khakwani M, Fayyaz A, Taj N (2022) Role of mentzer index for differentiating iron deficiency anemia and beta thalassemia trait in pregnant women. Pak J Med Sci 38(4Part-II):878\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12669\/pjms.38.4.4635","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"issue":"Pt 3","key":"4742_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114101","volume":"215","author":"Z Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Z, Lewin M, Ruiz P, Nigra AE, Henderson NB, Jarrett JM et al (2022) Blood cadmium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium levels in american indian populations: the strong heart study. Environ Res 215(Pt 3):114101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2022.114101","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"4742_CR16","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2019) Laboratory Procedure Manual; Analytes: Cadmium, lead, manganese, mercury, and selenium. https:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhanes\/public\/2019\/labmethods\/PBCD-K-PBY-K-R-MET-508.pdf. Accessed\u00a030 Jun 2025"},{"key":"4742_CR17","unstructured":"ACOG (2021) Anemia in pregnancy. https:\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/practice-bulletin\/articles\/2021\/08\/anemiain-pregnancy. Accessed 11 Mar 2025"},{"issue":"1","key":"4742_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-01771-x","volume":"192","author":"HY Ha","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ha HY, Alfulaij N, Berry MJ, Seale LA (2019) From selenium absorption to selenoprotein degradation. Biol Trace Elem Res 192(1):26\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-019-01771-x","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4742_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.09.014","volume":"160","author":"AE Poropat","year":"2018","unstructured":"Poropat AE, Laidlaw MAS, Lanphear B, Ball A, Mielke HW (2018) Blood lead and preeclampsia: a meta-analysis and review of implications. Environ Res 160:12\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2017.09.014","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"4742_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-015-0545-7","volume":"171","author":"M Xu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xu M, Guo D, Gu H, Zhang L, Lv S (2016) Selenium and preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 171(2):283\u2013292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-015-0545-7","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4742_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45613-2","volume":"13","author":"R De Simone","year":"2023","unstructured":"De Simone R, Ajmone-Cat MA, Tartaglione AM, Calamandrei G, Minghetti L (2023) Maternal suboptimal selenium intake and low-level lead exposure affect offspring\u2019s microglial immune profile and its reactivity to a subsequent inflammatory hit. Sci Rep 13(1):21448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-45613-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4742_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1059358","volume":"9","author":"J Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai J, Su W, Chen X, Zheng H (2022) Advances in the study of selenium and human intestinal bacteria. Front Nutr 9:1059358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2022.1059358","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"4742_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119062","volume":"302","author":"H Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin H, Riaz Rajoka MS, Xu X, Liao N, Pang B, Yan L et al (2022) Potentials of orally supplemented selenium-enriched lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus to mitigate the lead induced liver and intestinal tract injury. Environ Pollut 302:119062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.119062","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"8","key":"4742_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1897\/08-375.1","volume":"28","author":"MA Khan","year":"2009","unstructured":"Khan MA, Wang F (2009) Mercury-selenium compounds and their toxicological significance: toward a molecular understanding of the mercury-selenium antagonism. Environ Toxicol Chem 28(8):1567\u20131577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1897\/08-375.1","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"4742_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.004","volume":"278","author":"NV Ralston","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ralston NV, Raymond LJ (2010) Dietary selenium\u2019s protective effects against methylmercury toxicity. Toxicology 278(1):112\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2010.06.004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"18","key":"4742_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11913","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M710133200","volume":"283","author":"CM Carvalho","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carvalho CM, Chew EH, Hashemy SI, Lu J, Holmgren A (2008) Inhibition of the human thioredoxin system. A molecular mechanism of mercury toxicity. J Biol Chem 283(18):11913\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.M710133200","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"4742_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245308","author":"U Tinggi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tinggi U, Perkins AV (2022) Selenium status: its interactions with dietary mercury exposure and implications in human health. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14245308","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"4742_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.10.006","volume":"50","author":"FA Rabito","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rabito FA, Kocak M, Werthmann DW, Tylavsky FA, Palmer CD, Parsons PJ (2014) Changes in low levels of lead over the course of pregnancy and the association with birth outcomes. Reprod Toxicol 50:138\u2013144. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2014.10.006","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4742_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2010.12.009","volume":"111","author":"EM Wells","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wells EM, Jarrett JM, Lin YH, Caldwell KL, Hibbeln JR, Apelberg BJ et al (2011) Body burdens of mercury, lead, selenium and copper among Baltimore newborns. Environ Res 111(3):411\u2013417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envres.2010.12.009","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4742_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/14767050412331283157","volume":"16","author":"E Al-Saleh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Al-Saleh E, Nandakumaran M, Al-Shammari M, Al-Falah F, Al-Harouny A (2004) Assessment of maternal-fetal status of some essential trace elements in pregnant women in late gestation: relationship with birth weight and placental weight. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 16(1):9\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14767050412331283157","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"4742_CR31","unstructured":"Conservation DoWRTDoEa (2014) The status of water quality in tennessee. https:\/\/www.nrc.gov\/docs\/ML1802\/ML18023A239.pdf. Accessed 11 Mar 2025"},{"key":"4742_CR32","unstructured":"Control TDoEaCDoWP (2010) Mercury air deposition and selenium levels in tennessee fish and surface water. https:\/\/www.tn.gov\/content\/dam\/tn\/environment\/water\/documents\/air_deposition_rpt.pdf. Accessed 11 Mar 2025"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04742-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04742-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04742-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T22:03:04Z","timestamp":1773698584000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04742-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4742"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04742-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 May 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center. We certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards as laid down in the\u00a01964 Declaration of Helsinki\u00a0and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.Due to the retrospective nature of the study, waiver of consent was granted by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Tennessee Health Science Center.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}