{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:52:05Z","timestamp":1777636325657,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04813-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T04:32:54Z","timestamp":1756701174000},"page":"2213-2221","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles-Induced Subclinical Nephrotoxicity in Male Mice: Role of Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Mohadese","family":"Farahani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahrbanoo","family":"Shahmohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Golshokooh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Nouri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hasti","family":"Okhovatiyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Farahani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maryam Hadad","family":"Dehshiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mobina","family":"JamalAbbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Jalali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"4813_CR1","volume-title":"Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, Jordanian Edition E-Book","author":"JE Hall","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hall JE (2016) Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology, Jordanian Edition E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences, Amsterdam"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR2","first-page":"253","volume":"3","author":"N Temirova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Temirova N, Asadova F (2025) The role of the kidneys in the regulation of blood pressure. Am J Pediatr Med Health Sci 3(1):253\u2013257","journal-title":"Am J Pediatr Med Health Sci"},{"key":"4813_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rosner, M.H., 2011. An overview of renal physiology, in Weiss, R. (Ed.), Practical Urology: Essential Principles and Practice. Springer, London, pp. 105\u2013114.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-84882-034-0_7.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-034-0_7"},{"issue":"2","key":"4813_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13020084","volume":"13","author":"GM Shah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shah GM, Shabbir Z, Rabbani F, Rashid MI, Bakhat HF, Naeem MA, Shahid N (2025) Soil texture mediates the toxicity of ZnO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles to microbial activity. Toxics 13(2):84. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13020084","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"7","key":"4813_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","volume":"12","author":"I Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan I, Saeed K, Khan I (2019) Nanoparticles: properties, applications and toxicities. Arab J Chem 12(7):908\u2013931. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arabjc.2017.05.011","journal-title":"Arab J Chem"},{"issue":"6","key":"4813_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200906684","volume":"50","author":"WJ Stark","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stark WJ (2011) Nanoparticles in biological systems. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(6):1242\u20131258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/anie.200906684","journal-title":"Angew Chem Int Ed"},{"issue":"6","key":"4813_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00053","volume":"52","author":"JT Buchman","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buchman JT, Hudson-Smith NV, Landy KM, Haynes CL (2019) Understanding nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms to inform redesign strategies to reduce environmental impact. Acc Chem Res 52(6):1632\u20131642. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00053","journal-title":"Acc Chem Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-021-02428-5","volume":"22","author":"H Nosrati","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nosrati H, Hamzepoor M, Sohrabi M, Saidijam M, Assari MJ, Shabab N, Alizadeh Z (2021) The potential renal toxicity of silver nanoparticles after repeated oral exposure and its underlying mechanisms. BMC Nephrol 22(1):228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12882-021-02428-5","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"key":"4813_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.02.002","volume":"90","author":"L Xiao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xiao L, Liu C, Chen X, Yang Z (2016) Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce renal toxicity through reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol 90:76\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2016.02.002","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"54","key":"4813_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-022-21521-2","volume":"29","author":"WA Ghonimi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ghonimi WA, Alferah MA, Dahran N, El-Shetry ES (2022) Hepatic and renal toxicity following the injection of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) in mature male Westar rats: histochemical and caspase 3 immunohistochemical reactivities. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(54):81923\u201381937. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-022-21521-2","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"4813_CR11","volume-title":"Toxicology of metals,","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chang LW (ed) (2023) Toxicology of metals, vol I. CRC Press, Boca Raton"},{"key":"4813_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00558139","volume":"37","author":"PRA Froomes","year":"1989","unstructured":"Froomes PRA, Wan AT, Keech AC, McNeil JJ, McLean AJ (1989) Absorption and elimination of bismuth from oral doses of tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 37:533\u2013536. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00558139","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4813_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.018","volume":"169","author":"M Abudayyak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abudayyak M, \u00d6zta\u015f E, Arici M, \u00d6zhan G (2017) Investigation of the toxicity of bismuth oxide nanoparticles in various cell lines. Chemosphere 169:117\u2013123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.11.018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"22","key":"4813_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5234","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13225234","volume":"13","author":"M Bartoli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bartoli M, Jagdale P, Tagliaferro A (2020) A short review on biomedical applications of nanostructured bismuth oxide and related nanomaterials. Materials 13(22):5234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13225234","journal-title":"Materials"},{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/nchem.609","volume":"2","author":"R Mohan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Mohan R (2010) Green bismuth. Nat Chem 2(4):336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nchem.609","journal-title":"Nat Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"4813_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6679","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2016.11371","volume":"16","author":"X Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu X, Xiao M, Xu L, Miao Y, Ouyang R (2016) Characteristics, applications and determination of bismuth. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 16(7):6679\u20136689. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1166\/jnn.2016.11371","journal-title":"J Nanosci Nanotechnol"},{"key":"4813_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang, R., Li, H., Sun, H., 2019. Bismuth: environmental pollution and health effects, in: Nriagu, J.O. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Environmental Health, 2nd ed. Elsevier, pp. 415\u2013422.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11870-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11870-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR18","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"AEE Mohamed","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mohamed AEE, Celik A, Yetkin D, Guler G (2021) Bismuth oxide nanoparticle: The potential of apoptotic and genetic damage on MDBK cell line. Nanomed Nanosci Technol Open Access 1(1):1\u20135","journal-title":"Nanomed Nanosci Technol Open Access"},{"key":"4813_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04554-9","author":"M Farahani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Farahani M, Jalali A, Moghadasi S, Rezaei M, Khodadadi R (2025) Investigating the Impact of Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticles on Dazl Gene Expression and Spermatogenesis Indices in Male Mice. Biol Trace Elem Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04554-9","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/0748233717746810","volume":"34","author":"Y Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Y, Shen C, Zhang X, Yu H, Wang F, Wang Y, Zhang LW (2018) Exposure and nephrotoxicity concern of bismuth with the occurrence of autophagy. Toxicol Ind Health 34(3):188\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0748233717746810","journal-title":"Toxicol Ind Health"},{"key":"4813_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1007\/s004670100584","volume":"16","author":"\u0130 \u0130\u015flek","year":"2001","unstructured":"\u0130\u015flek \u0130, Uysal S, G\u00f6k F, D\u00fcndar\u00f6z R, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck\u00f6d\u00fck \u015e (2001) Reversible nephrotoxicity after overdose of colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Pediatr Nephrol 16:510\u2013514. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004670100584","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1159\/000054741","volume":"90","author":"M Sarikaya","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sarikaya M, Sevinc A, Ulu R, Ates F, Ari F (2002) Bismuth subcitrate nephrotoxicity: a reversible cause of acute oliguric renal failure. Nephron 90(4):501\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000054741","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2002.31429","volume":"39","author":"P Hruz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hruz P, Mayr M, L\u00f6w R, Drewe J, Huber G (2002) Fanconi\u2019s syndrome, acute renal failure, and tonsil ulcerations after colloidal bismuth subcitrate intoxication. Am J Kidney Dis 39(3):e18\u2013e21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/ajkd.2002.31429","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"4813_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-005-1993-7","volume":"20","author":"N Cengiz","year":"2005","unstructured":"Cengiz N, Uslu Y, G\u00f6k F, Anarat A (2005) Acute renal failure after overdose of colloidal bismuth subcitrate. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1355\u20131358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00467-005-1993-7","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"4813_CR25","first-page":"241","volume":"6","author":"A Erden","year":"2013","unstructured":"Erden A, Karahan S, Bulut K, Basak M, Aslan T, Cetinkaya A, Avci D (2013) A case of bismuth intoxication with irreversible renal damage. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis 6:241\u2013243","journal-title":"Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"4813_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00134-3","volume":"35","author":"JU Lee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lee JU, Hosotani R, Wada M, Doi R, Kosiba T, Fujimoto K, Imamura M (1999) Role of Bcl-2 family proteins (Bax, Bcl-2 and Bcl-X) on cellular susceptibility to radiation in pancreatic cancer cells. Eur J Cancer 35(9):1374\u20131380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00134-3","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1002\/bab.2233","volume":"69","author":"M Asadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Asadi M, Taghizadeh S, Kaviani E, Vakili O, Taheri-Anganeh M, Tahamtan M, Savardashtaki A (2022) Caspase-3: structure, function, and biotechnological aspects. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 69(4):1633\u20131645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bab.2233","journal-title":"Biotechnol Appl Biochem"},{"key":"4813_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gambhir, L., Tyagi, G., Bhardwaj, R., Kapoor, N., Sharma, G., 2022. Perturbation of cellular redox status: role of Nrf2, a master regulator of cellular redox. React. Oxyg. Species 181.","DOI":"10.5772\/intechopen.102319"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030515","volume":"10","author":"SW Ryter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ryter SW (2021) Heme oxgenase-1, a cardinal modulator of regulated cell death and inflammation. Cells 10(3):515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells10030515","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"4813_CR30","unstructured":"American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA), 2020. AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2020 Edition. Schaumburg, IL: American Veterinary Medical Association. https:\/\/www.avma.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-02\/Guidelines-on-Euthanasia-2020."},{"key":"4813_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1590\/S0001-37652003000400006","volume":"75","author":"CA Mandarim-de-Lacerda","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA (2003) Stereological tools in biomedical research. An Acad Bras Cienc 75:469\u2013486. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0001-37652003000400006","journal-title":"An Acad Bras Cienc"},{"key":"4813_CR32","unstructured":"Murmu, S., Shrivastava, V.K., 2011. Protective Action of an Anti-oxidant (Vitamin-C) against Bisphenol-toxicity in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.). Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 11(1)."},{"key":"4813_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203006399","volume-title":"Unbiased stereology: three-dimensional measurement in microscopy","author":"V Howard","year":"2004","unstructured":"Howard V, Reed M (2004) Unbiased stereology: three-dimensional measurement in microscopy. Garland Science, New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9780203006399"},{"issue":"4","key":"4813_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1501\/Vetfak_0000002288","volume":"56","author":"G Pazvant","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pazvant G, Sahin B, Kahvecioglu KO, Gunes H, Ince NG, Bacinoglu D (2009) The volume fraction method for the evaluation of kidney: A stereological study. Ankara \u00dcniv Vet Fak Derg 56(4):233\u2013239","journal-title":"Ankara \u00dcniv Vet Fak Derg"},{"issue":"3","key":"4813_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030805","volume":"19","author":"I Iavicoli","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iavicoli I, Leso V, Fontana L, Calabrese EJ (2018) Nanoparticle exposure and hormetic dose-responses: an update. Int J Mol Sci 19(3):805. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19030805","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"4813_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0200","volume":"2","author":"A Fogo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fogo A (2006) Can glomerulosclerosis be reversed? Nat Rev Nephrol 2(5):290\u2013291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncpneph0200","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4813_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1097\/01.asn.0000095248.91994.d3","volume":"14","author":"M Adamczak","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adamczak M, Gross ML, Krtil J, Koch A, Tyralla K, Amann K, Ritz E (2003) Reversal of glomerulosclerosis after high-dose enalapril treatment in subtotally nephrectomized rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 14(11):2833\u20132842. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.asn.0000095248.91994.d3","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4813_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/39.5.800","volume":"39","author":"A Slikkerveer","year":"1993","unstructured":"Slikkerveer A, Helmich RB, De Wolff FA (1993) Analysis for bismuth in tissue by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Clin Chem 39(5):800\u2013803. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/clinchem\/39.5.800","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"2","key":"4813_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(87)90335-8","volume":"90","author":"JS Woods","year":"1987","unstructured":"Woods JS, Fowler BA (1987) Alteration of mitochondrial structure and heme biosynthetic parameters in liver and kidney cells by bismuth. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 90(2):274\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0041-008X(87)90335-8","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4813_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18126-y","volume":"7","author":"V Mishra","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mishra V, Baranwal V, Mishra RK, Sharma S, Paul B, Pandey AC (2017) Immunotoxicological impact and biodistribution assessment of bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) nanoparticles following intratracheal instillation in mice. Sci Rep 7(1):18032. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-18126-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04813-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04813-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04813-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:44:26Z","timestamp":1777441466000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04813-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4813"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04813-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 August 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Arak University (IR.ARAKU.REC.1402.058)\n                      .","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}