{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:51:14Z","timestamp":1777636274712,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04850-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T22:17:27Z","timestamp":1760653047000},"page":"2698-2715","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Combined Effects of Parasitic Infection and Heavy Metal Exposure on Health and Profitability of Cultured African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Radwan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammad R. K.","family":"Abdel-Samad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aya Ramadan","family":"Rashed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wafa Mohammed","family":"Al-Otaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shahd","family":"Yassir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Moussa Attia","family":"Moussa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4850_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31731","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33397-5","volume":"31","author":"NK Yadav","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yadav NK, Patel AB, Singh SK, Mehta NK, Anand V, Lal J, Devi NC (2024) Climate change effects on aquaculture production and its sustainable management through climate-resilient adaptation strategies: a review. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31:31731\u201331751. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-024-33397-5","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"4850_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-025-10819-4","volume":"49","author":"M Radwan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Radwan M, Al Malki JS, Mohammadein A, Fares M (2025) Immunomodulatory and antioxidant responses of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) to cestode infections: implications for intestinal health and aquaculture management. Vet Res Commun 49:254. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11259-025-10819-4","journal-title":"Vet Res Commun"},{"key":"4850_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109377","volume":"146","author":"MA Dawood","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dawood MA, Abdo SE, El-Kassas S et al (2024) Chicken egg lysozyme enhanced the growth performance, feed utilization, upregulated immune-related genes, and mitigated the impacts of Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish Shellfish Immunol 146:109377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2024.109377","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"4850_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124989","volume":"362","author":"NA El-Fahla","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Fahla NA, El-Din MIS, Abd El Mageed YS, El-Hak HNG, El-Shenawy NS, Rashed HAEH (2024) Seasonal fluctuations of heavy metal accumulation and gastrointestinal helminth induce oxidative stress and histological lesions in resident catfish Clarias gariepinus. Environ Pollut 362:124989. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.124989","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4850_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.890039","volume":"10","author":"M Radwan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radwan M, Abbas MMM, Afifi MAM, Mohammadein A, Al Malki JS (2022) Fish parasites and heavy metals relationship in wild and cultivated fish as potential health risk assessment in Egypt. Front Environ Sci 10:890039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2022.890039","journal-title":"Front Environ Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"4850_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.21608\/EJABF.2023.314426","volume":"27","author":"MMM Abbas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbas MMM, Afifi MAM, Darweesh KF, El-Sharkawy MA, Farrag DMG, Radwan M (2023) Parasitological indicators, haemato-biochemical alternations, and environmental risks of heavy metals in cultivated and wild freshwater catfish, Egypt. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 27(4):1085\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/EJABF.2023.314426.","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"4850_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-04007-1","author":"MMM Abbas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abbas MMM, EL-Sharkawy SM, Mohamed HR (2023) Heavy metals assessment and health risk to consumers of two commercial fish species from polyculture fishponds in El-sharkia and Kafr El-sheikh, Egypt: physiological and biochemical study. Biol Trace Elem Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-023-04007-1","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4850_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737666","volume":"548","author":"M Radwan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radwan M (2022) Vital economic threat of predatory birds and parasites to cultivated fishes in Egypt. Aquaculture 548:737666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.737666","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4850_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-024-05695-z","volume":"852","author":"MI Shigoley","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shigoley MI, Antoine-Moussiaux N, Jauniaux T, Vanhove MP (2024) Parasitology of one of the world\u2019s foremost fisheries target species lacks a one health approach. Hydrobiologia 852:3895\u20133910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10750-024-05695-z","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"4850_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37428-y","volume":"13","author":"M Porter","year":"2023","unstructured":"Porter M, Barton DP, Hearnden M, Randall J, Crook DA, Shamsi S (2023) Relationships between local variability in parasite communities of the black-spotted croaker (Protonibea diacanthus) (Teleostei: Sciaenidae) and host population structure and seasonality. Sci Rep 13:10291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-37428-y","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4850_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-025-08107-7","volume":"236","author":"IM Shah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shah IM, Khurshid I, Maqbool N, Ahmad F, Ahmad SM (2025) Helminth parasites as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in the Jhelum River: insights into bioaccumulation and ecological implications. Water Air Soil Pollut 236:492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-025-08107-7","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"4850_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740833","volume":"587","author":"MAM Afifi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Afifi MAM, Radwan M, Abbas MMM, Hwihy HM, Alabssawy AN, Khalaf-Allah HM (2024) Threat of heavy metal pollutants and parasites to freshwater fish with special reference to their risk of cancer to humans in Egypt. Aquaculture 587:740833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2024.740833","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4850_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sures B, Nachev M, Grabner D, Wepener V, Zimmermann S (2025) Environmental parasitology: interactions between parasites and pollutants. In: Smit NJ, Sures B (eds) Aquatic parasitology: ecological and environmental concepts and implications of marine and freshwater parasites. Springer, Cham. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-031-83903-0_20","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-83903-0_20"},{"issue":"123","key":"4850_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123459","volume":"345","author":"HM El-Khayat","year":"2024","unstructured":"El-Khayat HM, Sayed SS, Mohammed WA, Sadek ASM (2024) Protozoan and helminths infestation of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and its correlation with certain water quality variables along River Nile in the area of Greater Cairo. Environ Pollut 345(123):459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123459","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4850_CR15","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), (1996) Method 1669: Sampling ambient water for trace metals at EPA water quality criteria levels"},{"key":"4850_CR16","unstructured":"American Public Health Organization (APHA) (2012) Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater, 22nd edn. American Public Health Association, Washington"},{"issue":"4\u20136","key":"4850_CR17","first-page":"126","volume":"168","author":"IS El-Shahawy","year":"2017","unstructured":"El-Shahawy IS, El-Seify MO, Metwally AM, Fwazi MM (2017) Survey on endoparasitic fauna of some commercially important fishes of the River Nile, southern of Egypt (Egypt). Rev Med Vet 168(4\u20136):126\u2013134","journal-title":"Rev Med Vet"},{"key":"4850_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1715.1","volume":"95","author":"T Scholz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Scholz T, De Chambrier A, Beletew M, Mahmoud ZN (2009) Redescription of Proteocephalus glanduligerus (Cestoda: Proteocephalidea), a parasite of clariid catfishes in Africa with a unique glandular apical organ. J Parasitol 95:443\u2013449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1645\/GE-1715.1","journal-title":"J Parasitol"},{"key":"4850_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kuchta R, Burianov\u00e1 A, Jirk\u016f M, de Chambrier A, Oros M, Brabec J, Scholz T (2012) Bothriocephalidean tapeworms (Cestoda) of freshwater fish in Africa, including erection of Kirstenella n. gen. and description of Tetracampos martinae n. sp. J Zootaxa 3309:1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11646\/zootaxa.3309.1.1","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3309.1.1"},{"key":"4850_CR20","first-page":"1","volume":"191","author":"WE Ricker","year":"1975","unstructured":"Ricker WE (1975) Computation and interpretation of biological statistics of fish populations. J Fish Res Board Can 191:1\u2013367","journal-title":"J Fish Res Board Can"},{"key":"4850_CR21","unstructured":"Lagler K F (1956) Fresh water fishery biology, 2nd edn. W.M.C. Brown Comp, Dubuque, p 421"},{"key":"4850_CR22","unstructured":"Houston AH (1990) Blood and circulation. In: Schreck CB, Moyle PB (eds) Methods for fish biology. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, pp 273\u2013334"},{"key":"4850_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109511","volume":"264","author":"S Saha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saha S, Dhara K, Chukwuka AV, Pal P, Saha NC, Faggio C (2023) Sub-lethal acute effects of environmental concentrations of inorganic mercury on hematological and biochemical parameters in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol 264:109511. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbpc.2022.109511","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C: Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"4850_CR24","volume-title":"Proteins in clinical chemistry, principles and techniques","author":"DC Cannon","year":"1974","unstructured":"Cannon DC, Olitzby I, Inkept JA (1974) Proteins in clinical chemistry, principles and techniques, 2nd edn. Harper and Row Publishers, Hagerstown","edition":"2"},{"issue":"1","key":"4850_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/28.1.56","volume":"28","author":"S Reitman","year":"1957","unstructured":"Reitman S, Frankel S (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases. Am J Clin Pathol 28(1):56\u201363","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"4850_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(72)90432-9","volume":"37","author":"H Bartles","year":"1972","unstructured":"Bartles H, Bohmer M, Heirli C (1972) Colorimetric kinetic method for creatinine determination in serum and urine. Clin Chem Acta 37:193\u2013195","journal-title":"Clin Chem Acta"},{"issue":"2","key":"4850_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.13.2.156","volume":"13","author":"J Fawcett","year":"1960","unstructured":"Fawcett J, Scott J (1960) A rapid and precise method for the determination of urea. J Clin Pathol 13(2):156\u2013159","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"4850_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","volume":"95","author":"H Ohkawa","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K (1979) Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 95(2):351\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0003-2697(79)90738-3","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"4850_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3","volume":"105","author":"H Aebi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Aebi H (1984) Catalase in vitro. Methods Enzymol 105:121\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05016-3.(AcademicPress)","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"issue":"1","key":"4850_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.5555\/uri:pii:0022214367900765","volume":"70","author":"DE Paglia","year":"1967","unstructured":"Paglia DE, Valentine WN (1967) Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J Lab Clin Med 70(1):158\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5555\/uri:pii:0022214367900765","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"4850_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.8068085","volume":"7","author":"BA Hathal","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hathal BA, Al-Deen FMN, Bilal SJ (2023) The impact of parasitic helminths on length-weight relationship and condition factor of two fish species from lesser Zab river at Altun-Kupri\/Kirkuk Province, Iraq. J Wildl Biodivers 7(4):63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8068085","journal-title":"J Wildl Biodivers"},{"key":"4850_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.01.011","volume":"208","author":"M Ghelichpour","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghelichpour M, Mirghaed AT, Hoseinifar SH, Khalili M, Yousefi M, Van Doan H, Perez-Jimenez A (2019) Expression of immune, antioxidant and stress related genes in different organs of common carp exposed to indoxacarb. Aquat Toxicol 208:208\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquatox.2019.01.011","journal-title":"Aquat Toxicol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4850_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","volume":"25","author":"KJ Livak","year":"2001","unstructured":"Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013 \u2206\u2206CT method. Methods 25(4):402\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"4850_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1111\/ahe.12602","volume":"50","author":"MS Gewaily","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gewaily MS, Abumandour MM (2021) Gross morphological, histological and scanning electron specifications of the oropharyngeal cavity of the hooded crow (Corvus cornix pallescens). Anat Histol Embryol 50:72\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ahe.12602","journal-title":"Anat Histol Embryol"},{"key":"4850_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.063","volume":"224","author":"EB Mwakalapa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mwakalapa EB, Simukoko CK, Mmochi AJ, Mdegela RH, Berg V, M\u00fcller MHB, Polder A (2019) Heavy metals in farmed and wild milkfish (Chanos chanos) and wild mullet (Mugil cephalus) along the coasts of Tanzania and associated health risk for humans and fish. Chemosphere 224:176\u2013186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.02.063","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"4850_CR36","unstructured":"USEPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (2018) USEPA regional screening levels RSLs, Dataset- California open data.  https:\/\/data.ca.gov\/dataset\/us-epa-regional-screening-levels-rsls-november-2018. Accessed 14 Sept 2024"},{"key":"4850_CR37","unstructured":"USEPA (2012) Integrated risk information system. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C."},{"issue":"12","key":"4850_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.05.009","volume":"26","author":"CE Ugwu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ugwu CE, Igbokwe AM, Suru SM, Dike CC, Mbachu AN, Maduka HCC (2024) Evaluating the human health risks of heavy metal contamination in copper and steel factory effluents in Nnewi, Anambra State. Nigeria Toxicol Rep 26(12):614\u2013621. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.05.009","journal-title":"Nigeria Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"4850_CR39","unstructured":"Wickham H, \u00c7etinkaya-Rundel M, Grolemund G (2024) R f\u00fcr Data Science: Daten importieren, bereinigen, umformen und visualisieren. O\u2019Reilly"},{"key":"4850_CR40","unstructured":"Bagenal TB, Tesch FW (1978) Methods for assessment of a fish production in fresh 376 waters. In: Bagenal TB (ed) Age and growth, vol 377. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp 101\u2013136"},{"issue":"3","key":"4850_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556088","DOI":"10.19080\/ijesnr.2019.22.556088","volume":"22","author":"SO Ngodhe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ngodhe SO, Owuor-Jb O (2019) Assessment of Length-Weight Relationship and Condition Factor of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) in Cage and Open Waters in Winam Gulf of L. Victoria, Kenya. Int J Environ Sci Nat Resour 22(3):556088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19080\/ijesnr.2019.22.556088","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Nat Resour"},{"key":"4850_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01429-z","volume":"32","author":"M Radwan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Radwan M, Moussa MA, El-Sharkawy MA, El-Sharkawy SM, Metwally MG, Elaraby BE, Elraey SM (2024) The inflammatory, genotoxicity, antioxidants, and pathological response to ectoparasite infection of cultured Nile tilapia. Aquacult Int 32:5393\u20135412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-024-01429-z","journal-title":"Aquacult Int"},{"key":"4850_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.02.007","volume":"188","author":"S Kumar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kumar S, Raman RP, Prasad KP, Srivastava PP, Kumar S, Rajendran KV (2018) Effects on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus to an experimental infection of Thaparocleidus sp. (Monogenea: dactylogyridae). Exp Parasitol 188:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.02.007","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"4850_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2421","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-023-01093-9","volume":"31","author":"M Radwan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Radwan M, El-Sharkawy MA, Alabssawy AN, Ghanem SF, Mohammadein A, Al Malki JS, Al-Thomali AW, Manaa EA, Soliman RA, Yassir S, Mekky AE (2023) The synergy between serious parasitic pathogens and bacterial infestation in the cultured nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): a severe threat to fish immunity, causing mass mortality and significant economic losses. Aquacult Int 31:2421\u20132449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-023-01093-9","journal-title":"Aquacult Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"4850_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-015-0685-x","volume":"40","author":"R Movahed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Movahed R, Khara H, Ahmadnezhad M, Sayadboorani M (2016) Hematological characteristics associated with parasitism in pikeperch Sander lucioperca (Percidae) from the Anzali Wetland. J Parasit Dis 40(4):1337\u20131341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-015-0685-x","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"4850_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4194\/1303-2712-v21_9_5","volume":"21","author":"M Radwan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Radwan M, Shehata S, Abdelhadi Y, Mohammed R, Mohamed M, Magdy M (2021) Histopathological, haematological and biochemical indices of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) parasitized by endoparasitic fauna in fish farm of the Northeastern Egypt. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 21(9):465\u2013478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4194\/1303-2712-v21_9_5","journal-title":"Turk J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"4850_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.08.013","volume":"70","author":"S Rajeshkumar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rajeshkumar S, Liu Y, Ma J, Duan HY, Li X (2017) Effects of exposure to multiple heavy metals on biochemical and histopathological alterations in common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Fish Shellfish Immunol 70:461\u2013472. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsi.2017.08.013","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol"},{"key":"4850_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.787033","author":"W Cai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cai W, Kumar S, Navaneethaiyer U, Caballero-Solares A, Carvalho LA, Whyte SK, Purcell SL, Gagne N, Hori TS, Allen M, Taylor RG (2022) Transcriptome analysis of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) skin in response to sea lice and infectious Salmon Anemia Virus co-infection under different experimental functional diets. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.787033","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4850_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736791","volume":"541","author":"M Abou-Okada","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abou-Okada M, AbuBakr HO, Hassan A, Abdel-Radi S, Aljuaydi SH, Abdelsalam M, Taha E, Younis NA, Abdel-Moneam DA (2021) Efficacy of acriflavine for controlling parasitic diseases in farmed Nile tilapia with emphasis on fish health, gene expression analysis, oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations. Aquaculture 541:736791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2021.736791","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"4850_CR50","first-page":"123","volume":"46","author":"SA Mustafa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mustafa SA (2020) Histopathology and heavy metal bioaccumulation in some tissues of Luciobarbus xanthopterus collected from Tigris River of Baghdad. Iraq Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 46(2):123\u2013129","journal-title":"Iraq Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"4850_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radwan M, Moussa MA, Manaa E A, Saleh N A, Metwally M G, EL-Sharkawy SM, Abbas MMM (2024) Elucidating the protective influence of dietary Juniperus communis extracts on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) growth, intestinal health, immune-antioxidant, gene expression responses, and resistance to infection. Aquac Inte 32:1\u201326.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10499-024-01486-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10499-024-01486-4"},{"key":"4850_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gupta RK, Niranjan R, Baghel K, Sikdar M (2024) Histopathological alterations and oxidative stress markers in Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) infested with nematode parasite. J Parasit Dis 1\u201314.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-024-01772-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-024-01772-1"},{"key":"4850_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10050811","volume":"10","author":"EE Mehana","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehana EE, Khafaga AF, Elblehi SS, Abd El-Hack ME, Naiel MA, Bin-Jumah M, Othman SI, Allam AA (2020) Biomonitoring of heavy metal pollution using acanthocephalans parasite in ecosystem: an updated overview. Animals 10:811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani10050811","journal-title":"Animals"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"4850_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.039","volume":"178","author":"LDO Garcia","year":"2011","unstructured":"Garcia LDO, Becker AG, Bertuzzi T, Cunha MAD, Kochhann D, Finamor IA, Riffel APK, Llesuy S, Pavanato MA, Baldisserotto B (2011) Oxidative stressparameters in silver catfish (Rhamdiaquelen) juveniles infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and maintained at different levels of water pH. Vet Parasitol 178(1\u20132):15\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.12.039","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol"},{"key":"4850_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s43088-021-00174-z","volume":"10","author":"A Sahreen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sahreen A, Fatima K, Zainab T, Saifullah MK (2021) Changes in the level of oxidative stress markers in Indian catfish (Wallago attu) infected with Isoparorchis hypselobagri. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 10:85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s43088-021-00174-z","journal-title":"Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4850_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36892-w","volume":"13","author":"SA El Gamal","year":"2023","unstructured":"El Gamal SA, Adawy RS, Zaki VH, Zahran E (2023) Host\u2013pathogen interaction unveiled by immune, oxidative stress, and cytokine expression analysis to experimental Saprolegnia parasitica infection in Nile tilapia. Sci Rep 13(1):9888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-36892-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"4850_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.22034\/iar.2022.1937373.1179","volume":"14","author":"S Nabi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nabi S, Tanveer S, Ganie SA, Bashir K (2022) Oxidative stress, serum biochemistry and DNA damage of Cyprinus carpio communis naturally infected with helminths. Int Aquat Res 14(1):13\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22034\/iar.2022.1937373.1179","journal-title":"Int Aquat Res"},{"key":"4850_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.625928","volume":"12","author":"X Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou X, Zhang GR, Ji W, Shi ZC, Ma XF, Luo ZL, Wei KJ (2021) The dynamic immune response of yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco) infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri presenting the inflammation process. Front Immunol 12:625928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.625928","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"4850_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"738880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738880","volume":"562","author":"L Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang L, Zhang D, Xie J, Chang O, Wang Q, Shi C, Pan H (2023) Do ectoparasites on fish gills talk with gut microbiota far away. Aquaculture 562:738880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2022.738880","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"4850_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hassan M, Abdalah A, Melad N, Zakariah MI, Asma N, Yusoff H, Hassan M, Abdalah A, Melad N, Zakariah MI, Asma N, Yusoff H, Life T (2022) Histopathological alterations in gills, liver and kidney of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) exposed to Melaleuca cajuputi Extract. Trop Life Sci Res. 34(2):177\u2013196.  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21315\/tlsr2023.34.2.9","DOI":"10.21315\/tlsr2023.34.2.9"},{"key":"4850_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1111\/jai.12464","volume":"30","author":"M Barson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barson M, Mabika N, Cooper RG, Nhiwatiwa T (2014) Histopathology and helminth parasites of African catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) in relation to heavy metal pollution in a subtropical river system. J Appl Ichthyol 30:923\u2013929. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jai.12464","journal-title":"J Appl Ichthyol"},{"key":"4850_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.01.055","volume":"212","author":"A Karami","year":"2016","unstructured":"Karami A, Romano N, Hamzah H, Simpson SL, Yap CK (2016) Acute phenanthrene toxicity to juvenile diploid and triploid African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): molecular, biochemical, and histopathological alterations. Environ Pollut 212:155\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.01.055","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"2","key":"4850_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"025","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2019.2.2.0020","volume":"2","author":"IA Thabet","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thabet IA, Tawadrous WE, Samy AM (2019) Pollution induced change of liver of Oreochromis niloticus: metals accumulation and histopathological response. World J Adv Res Rev 2(2):025\u2013035","journal-title":"World J Adv Res Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"4850_CR64","first-page":"371","volume":"5","author":"SA Mustafa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mustafa SA, Al-Faragi JK, Salman NM, Al-Rudainy AJ (2017) Histopathological alterations in gills, liver and kidney of common carp, Cyprinus carpio exposed to lead acetate. Adv Anim Vet Sci 5(9):371\u2013376","journal-title":"Adv Anim Vet Sci"},{"key":"4850_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.118334","volume":"219","author":"F Kianersi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kianersi F, Shirmohammadi M, Owfi F, Shiry N, Faggio C (2025) Potentially toxic elements pollution in the Musa Estuary: ecological and human health implications. Mar Pollut Bull 219:118334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.118334","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"4850_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobaz.2016.09.001","volume":"74","author":"AH Hassan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hassan AH, Al-Zanbagi NA, Al-Nabati EA (2016) Impact of nematode helminthes on metal concentrations in the muscles of Koshar fish, Epinephelus summana, in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. J Basic Appl Zool 74:56\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jobaz.2016.09.001","journal-title":"J Basic Appl Zool"},{"key":"4850_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01326-1","volume":"45","author":"MI Mashaly","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mashaly MI, El-Naggar AM, El-Tantawy SA, Al-Gaafari SA (2021) Accumulation of nine heavy metals in water and gills, intestine and digenean parasites of the silver catfish, Bagrus bajad Forsk\u00e5l, 1775. J Parasit Dis 45:490\u2013501. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12639-020-01326-1","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"4850_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes6040049","volume":"6","author":"R Hassanine","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hassanine R, Al-Hasawi Z (2021) Acanthocephalan worms mitigate the harmful impacts of heavy metal pollution on their fish hosts. Fishes 6(4):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fishes6040049","journal-title":"Fishes"},{"key":"4850_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12010052","volume":"12","author":"AAA Zaid","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zaid AAA, Abd El Maged RR, Rasheed N, Mohamed Mansour D, Mahboub HH, El-Lateef HMA, Sabatier J-M, Saad HM, Batiha GE, Waard MD (2023) Prevalence, morpho-histopathological identification, clinical picture, and the role of lernanthropus kroyeri to alleviate the zinc toxicity in moron labrax. Pathogens 12:52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens12010052","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"4850_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.127037","volume":"73","author":"T Mijo\u0161ek","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mijo\u0161ek T, Mariji\u0107 VF, Dragun Z, Ivankovi\u0107 D, Krasni\u0107i N, Erk M (2022) Efficiency of metal bioaccumulation in acanthocephalans, gammarids and fish in relation to metal exposure conditions in a karst freshwater ecosystem. J Trace Elem Med Biol 73:127037. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2022.127037","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"4850_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116052","volume":"277","author":"LAR Leite","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leite LAR, dos Reis Pedreira Filho W, de Azevedo RK, Abdallah VD (2021) Patterns of distribution and accumulation of trace metals in Hysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda), Phyllodistomum sp. (Digenea) and in its fish host Hoplias malabaricus, from two neotropical rivers in southeastern Brazil. Environ Pollut 277:116052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116052","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4850_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2783","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06813-1","volume":"119","author":"JH Erasmus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Erasmus JH, Wepener V, Nachev M, Zimmermann S, Malherbe W, Sures B (2020) Smit NJ (2020) the role of fish helminth parasites in monitoring metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems: a case study in the world\u2019s most productive platinum mining region. Parasitol Res 119:2783\u20132798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00436-020-06813-1","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"4850_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2024.127581","volume":"87","author":"A Gholamhosseini","year":"2025","unstructured":"Gholamhosseini A, Soltanian S, Heidarieh M, Banaee M, Shiry N (2025) Assessment of heavy metals concentration and health risk in four species of Persian Gulf sharks in Hormozgan Province. J Trace Elem Med Biol 87:127581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtemb.2024.127581","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"4850_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rsma.2020.101599","volume":"41","author":"A Gholamhosseini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gholamhosseini A, Shiry N, Soltanian S, Banaee M (2021) Bioaccumulation of metals in marine fish species captured from the northern shores of the Gulf of Oman. Iran. Reg Stud Mar Sci 41:101599. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rsma.2020.101599","journal-title":"Reg Stud Mar Sci"},{"key":"4850_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.04.041","volume":"131","author":"Q Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu Q, Liao Y, Shou L (2018) Concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in seafoods collected from Sanmen Bay and its adjacent areas, China. Mar Pollut Bull 131:356\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2018.04.041","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"key":"4850_CR76","first-page":"103","volume":"119","author":"The European Commission","year":"2023","unstructured":"The European Commission (2023) Commission Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing regulation (EC) 1881\/2006 (text with EEA relevance). Official J Eur Union 119:103\u2013157","journal-title":"Official J Eur Union"},{"key":"4850_CR77","unstructured":"IARC (2019) Preamble to the IARC monographs on the identification of carcinogenic hazards to humans. Lyon, International Agency for Research on Cancer. https:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/07\/Preamble-2019.pdf. Accessed 1 Sept 2024"},{"issue":"1","key":"4850_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14295\/cs.v7i1.1248","volume":"7","author":"MY Elgendy","year":"2016","unstructured":"Elgendy MY, Kenawy AM, El-Deen AEN (2016) Gyrodactylus anguillae and Vibrio vulnificus infections affecting cultured eel, Anguilla anguilla. Com Sci 7(1):1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14295\/cs.v7i1.1248","journal-title":"Com Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4850_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0383-4","volume":"47","author":"MH Kotob","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kotob MH, Menanteau-Ledouble S, Kumar G, Abdelzaher M, El-Matbouli M (2017) The impact of co-infections on fish: a review. Vet Res 47(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13567-016-0383-4","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"key":"4850_CR80","first-page":"81","volume":"12","author":"B Kumar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kumar B, Sajwan KS, Mukherjee DP (2012) Distribution of heavy metals in valuable coastal fishes from North East coast of India. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci 12:81\u201388","journal-title":"Turk J Fish Aquat Sci"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04850-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04850-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04850-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T05:43:18Z","timestamp":1777441398000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04850-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["4850"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04850-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All of the authors consent to participate in the study above.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}]}}