{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T03:31:22Z","timestamp":1788233482929,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-025-04909-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]],"date-time":"2025-11-15T10:56:15Z","timestamp":1763204175000},"page":"3481-3492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Mechanistic Insight into the Autophagy Induced by Cadmium and Other Heavy Metals in Testes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Harish","family":"Panchal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Patwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4909_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1080\/10590501.2014.881648","volume":"32","author":"S Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chen S, Melchior WB, Guo L (2014) Endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug- and environmental toxicant induced liver toxicity. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev 32:83\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10590501.2014.881648","journal-title":"J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev"},{"key":"4909_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.09.006","volume":"74","author":"JL Lyche","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lyche JL, Rosseland C, Berge G, Polder A (2015) Human health risk associated with brominated flame-retardants (BFRs). Environ Int 74:170\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envint.2014.09.006","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"4909_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.03.024","volume":"59","author":"P Jenardhanan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jenardhanan P, Panneerselvam M, Mathur PP (2016) Effect of environmental contaminants on spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 59:126\u2013140. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.03.024","journal-title":"Semin Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"4909_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0206","volume":"365","author":"RM Sharpe","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sharpe RM (2010) Environmental\/lifestyle effects on spermatogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365:1697\u20131712","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4909_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13646","volume":"53","author":"V Selvaraju","year":"2021","unstructured":"Selvaraju V, Baskaran S, Agarwal A, Henkel R (2021) Environmental contaminants and male infertility: effects and mechanisms. Andrologia 53(1):e13646. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/and.13646","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"4909_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cotox.2019.09.005","volume":"19","author":"BT Lovakovic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lovakovic BT (2020) Cadmium, arsenic, and lead: elements affecting male reproductive health. Curr Opin Toxicol 19:7\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cotox.2019.09.005","journal-title":"Curr Opin Toxicol"},{"issue":"3","key":"4909_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-019-01736-w","volume":"393","author":"P Amanpour","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amanpour P, Khodarahmi P, Salehipour M (2020) Protective effects of vitamin E on cadmium-induced apoptosis in rat testes. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 393(3):349\u2013358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00210-019-01736-w","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"4909_CR8","unstructured":"Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013) Infertility FAQs"},{"issue":"4","key":"4909_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12717\/DR.2015.19.4.167","volume":"19","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim YJ, Kim JM (2015) Arsenic toxicity in male reproduction and development. Development & Reproduction 19(4):167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12717\/DR.2015.19.4.167","journal-title":"Development & Reproduction"},{"issue":"9","key":"4909_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12791","volume":"49","author":"M Zubair","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zubair M, Ahmad M, Qureshi ZI (2017) Review on arsenic-induced toxicity in male reproductive system and its amelioration. Andrologia 49(9):e12791. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/and.12791","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"4909_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5068","volume":"12","author":"WS Juan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Juan WS, Mu YF, Wang CY, So EC, Lee YP, Lin SC, Huang BM (2022) Arsenic compounds activate MAPK and inhibit Akt pathways to induce apoptosis in MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells. Cancer Med 12(3):3260\u20133275. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cam4.5068","journal-title":"Cancer Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4909_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1255-8","volume":"185","author":"T Mao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mao T, Han C, Wei B, Zhao L, Zhang Q, Deng R, Liu J, Luo Y, Zhang Y (2018) Protective effects of Quercetin against cadmium chloride-induced oxidative injury in goat sperm and zygotes. Biol Trace Elem Res 185(2):344\u2013355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-018-1255-8","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4909_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109398","volume":"182","author":"R Habib","year":"2019","unstructured":"Habib R, Wahdan SA, Gad AM, Azab SS (2019) Infliximab abrogates cadmium-induced testicular damage and spermiotoxicity via enhancement of steroidogenesis and suppression of inflammation and apoptosis mediators. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 182:109398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109398","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"3","key":"4909_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2478\/10004-1254-61-2010-2021","volume":"61","author":"M Lazarus","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lazarus M (2010) Cadmium and selenium interaction in mammals. Arhiv Za higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju 61(3):357\u2013368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2478\/10004-1254-61-2010-2021","journal-title":"Arhiv Za higijenu Rada i Toksikologiju"},{"issue":"4","key":"4909_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.5935\/1518-0557.20220013","volume":"26","author":"A Manouchehri","year":"2022","unstructured":"Manouchehri A, Shokri S, Abbaszadeh S (2022) The effects of toxic heavy metals lead, cadmium and copper on the epidemiology of male and female infertility. JBRA Assist Reprod 26(4):627\u2013630. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5935\/1518-0557.20220013","journal-title":"JBRA Assist Reprod"},{"issue":"6","key":"4909_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0003-4","volume":"19","author":"I Dikic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dikic I, Elazar Z (2018) Mechanism and medical implications of mammalian autophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 19(6):349\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-018-0003-4","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"4909_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25278","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08947-2","volume":"27","author":"J Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhu H, Wang K, Yang Z, Liu Z (2020a) Protective effect of Quercetin on rat testes against cadmium toxicity by alleviating oxidative stress and autophagy. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27:25278\u201325286. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-020-08947-2","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"4909_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3735","volume":"15","author":"G Marino","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marino G, Niso-Santano M, Baehrecke EH, Kroemer G (2014) Self-consumption: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15:81\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrm3735","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"4909_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere","volume":"233","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen X, Li C, Chen Y, Ni C, Chen X, Zhang L, Xu X, Chen M, Ma X, Zhan H (2019) Aflatoxin B1 impairs Leydig cells through inhibiting AMPK\/mTOR-mediated autophagic flux pathway. Chemosphere 233:261\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chemosphere","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"4909_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2246-1","volume":"11","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang M, Wang XF, Li YM, Chen N, Fan Y, Huang WK, Hu SF, Rao M, Zhang YZ, Su P (2020b) Cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis regulates testicular injury\/recovery induced by cadmium via PI3K with mTOR-independent pathway. Cell Death Dis 11(1):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41419-020-2246-1","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"4909_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112878","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021","volume":"226","author":"M Venditti","year":"2021","unstructured":"Venditti M, Ben Rhouma M, Romano MZ, Messaoudi I, Reiter RJ, Minucci S (2021) Evidence of melatonin ameliorative effects on the blood-testis barrier and sperm quality alterations induced by cadmium in the rat testis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 226:112878. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"4909_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021","volume":"269","author":"HH Arab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arab HH, Gad AM, Reda E, Yahia R, Eid AH (2021) Activation of autophagy by sitagliptin attenuates cadmium-induced testicular impairment in rats: targeting AMPK\/mTOR and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways. Life Sci 269:119031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4909_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.06.001","volume":"1833","author":"V Nikoletopoulou","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nikoletopoulou V, Markaki M, Palikaras K, Tavernarakis N (2013) Crosstalk between apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta 1833:3448\u20133459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2013.06.001","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"4909_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0041412","volume":"7","author":"M Zhang","year":"2012","unstructured":"Zhang M, Jiang M, Bi Y, Zhu H, Zhou Z, Sha J (2012) Autophagy and apoptosis act as partners to induce germ cell death after heat stress in mice. PLoS One 7:e41412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0041412","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"17","key":"4909_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.246322","volume":"133","author":"S Schuck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Schuck S (2020) Microautophagy \u2014 distinct molecular mechanisms handle cargoes of many sizes. J Cell Sci 133(17):jcs246322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.246322","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"4909_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1093\/jb\/mvw085","volume":"161","author":"Y Fujiwara","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fujiwara Y, Wada K, Kabuta T (2017) Lysosomal degradation of intracellular nucleic acids-multiple autophagic pathways. J Biochem 161:145\u2013154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jb\/mvw085","journal-title":"J Biochem"},{"key":"4909_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-018-0001-6","volume":"19","author":"S Kaushik","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kaushik S, Cuervo AM (2018) The coming of age of chaperone-mediated autophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 19:365\u2013381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-018-0001-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"4909_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.048","volume":"176","author":"B Levine","year":"2019","unstructured":"Levine B, Kroemer G (2019) Biological functions of autophagy genes: a disease perspective. Cell 176:11\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.048","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"4909_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax3769","volume":"366","author":"C Pohl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pohl C, Dikic I (2019) Cellular quality control by the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy. Science 366:818\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aax3769","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4909_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2017.07.001","volume":"336","author":"K Soreng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Soreng K, Neufeld TP, Simonsen A (2018) Membrane trafficking in autophagy. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 336:1\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2017.07.001","journal-title":"Int Rev Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"4909_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0241-0","volume":"21","author":"H Nakatogawa","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nakatogawa H (2020) Mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 21:439\u2013458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41580-020-0241-0","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4909_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.222984","volume":"132","author":"BL Heckmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heckmann BL, Green DR (2019) LC3-associated phagocytosis at a glance. J Cell Sci 132(5):jcs222984. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/jcs.222984","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"4909_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.04.016","volume":"35","author":"M Ponpuak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ponpuak M, Mandell MA, Kimura T, Chauhan S, Cleyrat C, Deretic V (2015) Secretory autophagy. Curr Opin Cell Biol 35:106\u2013116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.04.016","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"16","key":"4909_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2022774","volume":"383","author":"N Mizushima","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mizushima N, Levine B (2020) Autophagy in human diseases. N Engl J Med 383(16):1564\u20131576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra2022774","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4909_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122327","volume":"398","author":"Q Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Q, Li F, Miao Y, Luo X, Dai S, Liu J, Niu W, Sun Y (2020) CdSe\/ZnS quantum dots induced spermatogenesis dysfunction via autophagy activation. J Hazard Mater 398:122327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122327","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"19","key":"4909_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28194","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-18401-6","volume":"29","author":"SA Antar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Antar SA, El-Gammal MA, Hazem RM, Moustafa YM (2022) Etanercept mitigates cadmium chloride-induced testicular damage in rats an insight into autophagy, apoptosis, oxidative stress and inflammation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29(19):28194\u201328207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-18401-6","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"4909_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327116678300","volume":"36","author":"YJ Wang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wang YJ, Yan J, Yin F, Li L, Qin YG, Meng CY, Lu RF, Guo L (2017) Role of autophagy in cadmium-induced testicular injury. Hum Exp Toxicol 36(10):1039\u20131048. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0960327116678300","journal-title":"Hum Exp Toxicol"},{"key":"4909_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2020.111310","volume":"214","author":"J Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang J, Zhu H, Lin S, Wang K, Wang H, Liu Z (2021a) Protective effect of naringenin against cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in male SD rats. J Inorg Biochem 214:111310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2020.111310","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"issue":"10","key":"4909_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8305","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-023-08715-8","volume":"50","author":"S\u00c7 Tuncer","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tuncer S\u00c7, Kucukler S, Gur C, Aygormez S, Kandemir FM (2023) Effects of Chrysin in cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in the rat; role of multi-pathway regulation. Mol Biol Rep 50(10):8305\u20138318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11033-023-08715-8","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"issue":"45","key":"4909_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101064","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-29548-9","volume":"30","author":"W Ali","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ali W, Deng K, Sun J, Ma Y, Liu Z, Zou H (2023) A new insight of cadmium-induced cellular evidence of autophagic-associated spermiophagy during spermatogenesis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 30(45):101064\u2013101074. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-023-29548-9","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"4909_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120574","volume":"316","author":"W Pu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pu W, Chu X, Guo H, Huang G, Cui T, Huang B, Dai X, Zhang C (2023) The activated ATM\/AMPK\/mTOR axis promotes autophagy in response to oxidative stress-mediated DNA damage co-induced by molybdenum and cadmium in Duck testes. Environ Pollut 316:120574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120574","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4909_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Man Y, Du B, Huang J, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhang L (2024) Cadmium disrupts blood-testis barrier (BTB) via an oxidative stress-dependent autophagy in prepubertal rats. bioRxiv 2024-06.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.06.04.597310"},{"issue":"4","key":"4909_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/jez.2792","volume":"341","author":"MB Rhouma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Rhouma MB, Venditti M, Haddadi A, Knani L, Chouchene L, Boughammoura S, Reiter RJ, Minucci S, Messaoudi I (2024) Melatonin counteracts cadmium-induced rat testicular toxicity via the mechanistic target Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. J Exp Zool Ecol Integr Physiol 341(4):470\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jez.2792","journal-title":"J Exp Zool Ecol Integr Physiol"},{"key":"4909_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108950","volume":"135","author":"Y Han","year":"2025","unstructured":"Han Y, Dai J, Cheng J, He Y, Zhao C, Li R, Shi Y (2025) Cadmium induces autophagy via IRE1 signaling pathway activated by Ca2\u2009+\u2009in GC-2spd cells. Reprod Toxicol 135:108950. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.reprotox.2025.108950","journal-title":"Reprod Toxicol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4909_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16071006","volume":"16","author":"HH Arab","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arab HH, Fikry EM, Alsufyani SE, Ashour AM, El-Sheikh AAK, Darwish HW, Al-Hossaini AM, Saad MA, Al-Shorbagy MY, Eid AH (2023) Stimulation of autophagy by Dapagliflozin mitigates Cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction in rats: the role of AMPK\/mTOR and SIRT1\/Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 16(7):1006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph16071006","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"4909_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116095","volume":"273","author":"N Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen N, Wan X, Cheng S, Tang G, Xia D, Xu Y, Shen Y (2024a) Defective autophagic flux aggravates cadmium-induced Sertoli cell apoptosis. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 273:116095. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2024.116095","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"key":"4909_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123625","volume":"346","author":"N Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen N, Wan X, Wang M, Li Y, Wang X, Zeng L, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Cheng S, Shen Y (2024b) Cross-talk between vimentin and autophagy regulates blood-testis barrier disruption induced by cadmium. Environ Pollut 346:123625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123625","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"6","key":"4909_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.cn121094-20211020-00508","volume":"41","author":"L Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu L, Zhang L, Xiong CZ, Zhang Y, Liu YH, Cai SL (2023a) Effects of cadmium chloride on testicular autophagy and blood-testis barrier integrity in prepubertal male rats. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi 41(6):401\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3760\/cma.j.cn121094-20211020-00508","journal-title":"Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi"},{"key":"4909_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.09.028","volume":"176","author":"L Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng L, Zhou J, Wang X, Zhang Y, Wang M, Su P (2021) Cadmium attenuates testosterone synthesis by promoting ferroptosis and blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Free Radic Biol Med 176:176\u2013188","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4909_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-022-01146-z","volume":"30","author":"X Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu X, Lin R, Zhang C, Pian Y, Luo H, Zhou L, Shao J, Ren X (2023b) Nano-selenium alleviates cadmium-induced mouse Leydig cell injury, via the inhibition of reactive oxygen species and the restoration of autophagic flux. Reprod Sci 30(6):1808\u20131822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s43032-022-01146-z","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"key":"4909_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.260","volume":"222","author":"H He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He H, Chen X, Li X, Yang K, Li J, Shi H (2022) Lactoferrin alleviates spermatogenesis dysfunction caused by bisphenol A and cadmium via ameliorating disordered autophagy, apoptosis and oxidative stress. Int J Biol Macromol 222:1048\u20131062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.260","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"issue":"7","key":"4909_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15070852","volume":"15","author":"HH Arab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arab HH, Elhemiely AA, El-Sheikh AAK, Khabbaz HJA, Arafa EA, Ashour AM, Kabel AM, Eid AH (2022a) Repositioning linagliptin for the mitigation of Cadmium-Induced testicular dysfunction in rats: targeting HMGB1\/TLR4\/NLRP3 axis and autophagy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 15(7):852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15070852","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"issue":"11","key":"4909_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15111402","volume":"15","author":"HH Arab","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arab HH, Abd El Aal HA, Alsufyani SE, El-Sheikh AAK, Arafa EA, Ashour AM, Kabel AM, Eid AH (2022b) Topiramate reprofiling for the Attenuation of Cadmium-Induced testicular impairment in rats: role of NLRP3 inflammasome and AMPK\/mTOR-Linked autophagy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 15(11):1402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph15111402","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"4909_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119031","volume":"269","author":"HH Arab","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arab HH, Gad AM, Reda E, Yahia R, Eid AH (2021) Activation of autophagy by sitagliptin attenuates cadmium-induced testicular impairment in rats: targeting AMPK\/mTOR and Nrf2\/HO-1 pathways. Life Sci 269:119031. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119031","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"4909_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.004","volume":"28","author":"S Pickles","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pickles S, Vigie P, Youle RJ (2018) Mitophagy and quality control mechanisms in mitochondrial maintenance. Curr Biol 28:R170\u2013R185","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"11","key":"4909_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.004","volume":"13","author":"L Yi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yi L, Shang XJ, Lv L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Quan C, Shi Y, Liu Y, Zhang L (2022) Cadmium-induced apoptosis of Leydig cells is mediated by excessive mitochondrial fission and Inhibition of mitophagy. Cell Death Dis 13(11):928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cub.2018.01.004","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"4909_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116241","volume":"270","author":"GX Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou GX, Zhu HL, Shi XT, Nan Y, Liu WB, Dai LM, Xiong YW, Yi SJ, Cao XL, Xu DX, Wang H (2021) Autophagy in Sertoli cell protects against environmental cadmium-induced germ cell apoptosis in mouse testes. Environ Pollut 270:116241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.116241","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"key":"4909_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113967","volume":"179","author":"YW Xiong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xiong YW, Li DX, Ling ZJ, Tan LL, Zhang YF, Zhang J, Li H, Chang W, Zhu HL, Zhang J, Gao L, Xu DX, Yang L, Wang H (2023) Loss of Atg5 in Sertoli cells enhances the susceptibility of cadmium-impaired testicular spermatogenesis in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 179:113967. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113967","journal-title":"Food Chem Toxicol"},{"issue":"8","key":"4909_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3666","volume":"15","author":"D Tang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tang D, Kang R, Livesey KM, Zeh HJ, Lotze MT (2011) High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) activates an autophagic response to oxidative stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 15(8):2185\u20132195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ars.2010.3666","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"4","key":"4909_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-017-1595-y","volume":"186","author":"Z Ou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ou Z, Chen Y, Niu X, He W, Song B, Fan D, Sun X (2017) High-mobility group box 1 regulates cytoprotective autophagy in a mouse spermatocyte cell line (GC-2spd) exposed to cadmium. Ir J Med Sci 186(4):1041\u20131050. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11845-017-1595-y","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"key":"4909_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.044","volume":"231","author":"R Li","year":"2017","unstructured":"Li R, Luo X, Zhu Y, Zhao L, Li L, Peng Q, Ma M, Gao Y (2017) ATM signals to AMPK to promote autophagy and positively regulate DNA damage in response to cadmium-induced ROS in mouse spermatocytes. Environ Pollut 231:1560\u20131568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.044","journal-title":"Environ Pollut"},{"issue":"4","key":"4909_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.70257","volume":"39","author":"DM Dagher","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dagher DM, Zaghloul MS, Suddek GM (2025) Modulation of AMPK\/mTOR autophagic pathway using Dapagliflozin protects against Cadmium-induced testicular and renal injury in rats. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 39(4):e70257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jbt.70257","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxicol"},{"key":"4909_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110424","volume":"374","author":"R Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang R, Huang Y, Yu L, Li S, Li J, Han B, Zheng X, Zhang Z (2023) The role of mitochondrial dynamics imbalance in hexavalent chromium-induced apoptosis and autophagy in rat testis. Chem Biol Interact 374:110424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cbi.2023.110424","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact"},{"key":"4909_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2024.117139","volume":"492","author":"R Zhuge","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhuge R, Zhang L, Xue Q, Wang R, Xu J, Wang C, Meng C, Lu R, Yin F, Guo L (2024) Ferritinophagy is involved in hexavalent chromium-induced ferroptosis in Sertoli cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 492:117139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.taap.2024.117139","journal-title":"Toxicol Appl Pharmacol"},{"key":"4909_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153908","volume":"508","author":"Q Xue","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xue Q, Zhang L, Wang R, Xu J, Wang C, Gao S, Fang X, Meng C, Lu R, Guo L (2024) Hexavalent chromium reduces testosterone levels by impairing lipophagy and disrupting lipid metabolism homeostasis: based on a metabolomic analysis. Toxicology 508:153908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2024.153908","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"4909_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030175","volume":"13","author":"C Guo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo C, Wang L, Cui K, Zhang G, Tan Y, Chen W, Wang Y, Liu J, Liu W, Zhang G, Zhou Z (2025) Lead causes lipid droplet accumulation by impairing lysosomal function and autophagic flux in testicular Sertoli cells. Toxics 13(3):175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13030175","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"4909_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.03.015","volume":"131","author":"H Huang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Huang H, Wang Y, An Y, Jiao W, Xu Y, Han Q, Teng X, Teng X (2019) Selenium alleviates oxidative stress and autophagy in lead-treated chicken testes. Theriogenology 131:146\u2013152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.03.015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"issue":"12","key":"4909_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02588-3","volume":"199","author":"S Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang S, Hou L, Wang M, Feng R, Lin X, Pan S, Zhao Q, Huang H (2021) Selenium-alleviated testicular toxicity by modulating inflammation, heat shock response, and autophagy under oxidative stress in lead-treated chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 199(12):4700\u20134712. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-021-02588-3","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4909_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111671","volume":"209","author":"H Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang H, Wang M, Hou L, Lin X, Pan S, Zheng P, Zhao Q (2021) A potential mechanism associated with lead-induced spermatogonia and Leydig cell toxicity and mitigative effect of selenium in chicken. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 209:111671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111671","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"39","key":"4909_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55140","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14853-y","volume":"28","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Chen H, Liao J, Chen K, Javed MT, Qiao N, Zeng Q, Liu B, Yi J, Tang Z, Li Y (2021) Long-term copper exposure promotes apoptosis and autophagy by inducing oxidative stress in pig testis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28(39):55140\u201355153. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-14853-y","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"4909_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113039","volume":"229","author":"H Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen H, Wang Y, Luo J, Kang M, Hou J, Tang R, Zhao L, Shi F, Ye G, He X, Cui H, Guo H, Li Y, Tang H (2022) Autophagy and apoptosis mediated nano-copper-induced testicular damage. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 229:113039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.113039","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"2","key":"4909_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-018-1427-6","volume":"188","author":"Y Shao","year":"2019","unstructured":"Shao Y, Zhao H, Wang Y, Liu J, Zong H, Xing M (2019) Copper-mediated mitochondrial fission\/fusion is associated with intrinsic apoptosis and autophagy in the testis tissues of chicken. Biol Trace Elem Res 188(2):468\u2013477. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-018-1427-6","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4909_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2018.10.007","volume":"190","author":"N Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen N, Lin M, Liu N, Wang S, Xiao X (2019) Methylmercury-induced testis damage is associated with activation of oxidative stress and germ cell autophagy. J Inorg Biochem 190:67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jinorgbio.2018.10.007","journal-title":"J Inorg Biochem"},{"key":"4909_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110667","volume":"198","author":"N Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen N, Tang X, Ye Z, Wang S, Xiao X (2020b) Methylmercury disrupts autophagic flux by inhibiting autophagosome-lysosome fusion in mouse germ cells. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 198:110667. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110667","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"10","key":"4909_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-04022-2","volume":"202","author":"H Simsek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Simsek H, Gur C, Kucukler S, Ileriturk M, Akaras N, Oz M, Kandemir FM (2024) Carvacrol reduces mercuric Chloride-Induced testicular toxicity by regulating oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Apoptosis, Autophagy, and histopathological changes. Biol Trace Elem Res 202(10):4605\u20134617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-023-04022-2","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"4909_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110063","volume":"190","author":"H Chen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen H, Liu G, Qiao N, Kang Z, Hu L, Liao J, Li Y (2020a) Toxic effects of arsenic trioxide on spermatogonia are associated with oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy and metabolomic alterations. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 190:110063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.110063","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"9","key":"4909_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3248","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey156","volume":"97","author":"YZ Shao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shao YZ, Zhao HJ, Wang Y, Liu JJ, Li JL, Luo LY, Xing MW (2018) The apoptosis in arsenic-induced oxidative stress is associated with autophagy in the testis tissues of chicken. Poult Sci 97(9):3248\u20133257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3382\/ps\/pey156","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"issue":"39","key":"4909_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14486-1","volume":"28","author":"S Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu S, Zhong G, Wan F, Jiang X, Tang Z, Hu T, Rao G, Lan J, Hussain R, Tang L, Zhang H, Huang R, Hu L (2021) Evaluation of toxic effects induced by arsenic trioxide or\/and antimony on autophagy and apoptosis in testis of adult mice. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28(39):54647\u201354660. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11356-021-14486-1","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"4909_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112506","volume":"222","author":"P Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu P, Li R, Tian X, Zhao Y, Li M, Wang M, Ying X, Yuan J, Xie J, Yan X, Lyu Y, Wei C, Qiu Y, Tian F, Zhao Q, Yan X (2021) Co-exposure to fluoride and arsenic disrupts intestinal flora balance and induces testicular autophagy in offspring rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 222:112506. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112506","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"},{"issue":"6","key":"4909_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23762","volume":"38","author":"C Gur","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gur C, Akarsu SA, Akaras N, Tuncer SC, Kandemir FM (2023) Carvacrol reduces abnormal and dead sperm counts by attenuating sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in the testicular tissues of rats. Environ Toxicol 38(6):1265\u20131276. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/tox.23762","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"4909_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122227","volume":"391","author":"C Liang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liang C, Feng Z, Manthari RK, Wang C, Han Y, Fu W, Wang J, Zhang J (2020) Arsenic induces dysfunctional autophagy via dual regulation of mTOR pathway and Beclin1-Vps34\/PI3K complex in MLTC-1 cells. J Hazard Mater 391:122227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122227","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"4909_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.03.138","volume":"555","author":"M Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhu CQ, Zeng L, Cheng L, Ma L, Zhang M, Zhang YZ (2021b) Melatonin regulates the cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis by SIRT3 in testicular Leydig cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 555:182\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.03.138","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"4909_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11020167","volume":"11","author":"Y Man","year":"2023","unstructured":"Man Y, Liu Y, Xiong C, Zhang Y, Zhang L (2023) Non-lethal concentrations of CdCl2 cause marked alternations in cellular stress responses within exposed Sertoli cell line. Toxics 11(2):167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics11020167","journal-title":"Toxics"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04909-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04909-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04909-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:10:44Z","timestamp":1778051444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04909-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["4909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-025-04909-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 November 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}