{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:57:12Z","timestamp":1790492232897,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784246400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-026-05236-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T05:00:47Z","timestamp":1784264447000},"page":"7956-7975","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Salt Deposits to the Dinner Table: A Systematic Review of Heavy Metal Contamination in Edible Salt; Sources, Limitations of Conventional Purification, Human Exposure, and Regulatory Gaps"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"204","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Nikmanesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Saburirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2193-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alimohammad","family":"Yavarahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sajjad","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"5236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.009","volume":"154","author":"EA Pretell","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pretell EA, Pearce EN (2024) A history of the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders in the americas: a dramatic achievement and lessons learned. J Nutr 154(12):3856\u20133867","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"6","key":"5236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0004-1","volume":"15","author":"FJ He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He FJ, MacGregor GA (2018) Role of salt intake in prevention of cardiovascular disease: controversies and challenges. Nat Rev Cardiol 15(6):371\u2013377","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5236_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01132295","volume":"160","author":"B Boppel","year":"1976","unstructured":"Boppel B (1976) [Lead- and cadmium-content of foodstuffs 1. Lead- and Cadmium-content of spices and table salt (author\u2019s transl)]. Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 160(3):299\u2013302","journal-title":"Z Lebensm Unters Forsch"},{"issue":"2","key":"5236_CR4","first-page":"129","volume":"9","author":"AM Cheraghali","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cheraghali AM, Kobarfard F, Faeizy N (2010) Heavy metals contamination of table salt consumed in iran. Iran J Pharm Res 9(2):129\u2013132","journal-title":"Iran J Pharm Res"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"5236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-007-9975-9","volume":"143","author":"M Soylak","year":"2008","unstructured":"Soylak M, Peker DS, Turkoglu O (2008) Heavy metal contents of refined and unrefined table salts from Turkey, Egypt and Greece. Environ Monit Assess 143(1\u20133):267\u2013272","journal-title":"Environ Monit Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"5236_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2016.1262875","volume":"36","author":"N Shariatifar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Shariatifar N, Mozaffari Nejad AS, Ebadi Fathabad A (2016) Assessment of heavy metal content in refined and unrefined salts obtained from Urmia, Iran. Toxin Reviews 36(2):89\u201393","journal-title":"Toxin Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"5236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.52763\/PJSIR.PHYS.SCI.60.3.2017.172.174","volume":"60","author":"AU Hassan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hassan AU, Ali S, Muhsen S, Rizwan M (2017) Heavy metal content of refined and bakery salts consumed in Pakistan. Pakistan J Sci Industrial Res Ser A: Phys Sci 60(3):172\u2013174","journal-title":"Pakistan J Sci Industrial Res Ser A: Phys Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"5236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2019.1649283","volume":"40","author":"A Weremfo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weremfo A (2019) Heavy metals in edible salt from Ghana with special reference to potential human health risk. Toxin Reviews 40(4):1104\u20131109","journal-title":"Toxin Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"5236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-019-1646-5","volume":"191","author":"Z Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Z, Zhou J, Jia X (2019) Is the cooking salt safe in China? Assessment of chemical contaminants in cooking salt. Biol Trace Elem Res 191(2):512\u2013516","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"5236_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghazi HK, Duij AAH (eds) (2024) Comparison between untreated and processed table salt in the detection of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrometer. AIP Conference Proceedings","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0239735"},{"issue":"1","key":"5236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336X-12-10","volume":"12","author":"MH Eftekhari","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eftekhari MH, Mazloomi SM, Akbarzadeh M, Ranjbar M (2014) Content of toxic and essential metals in recrystallized and washed table salt in Shiraz, Iran. J Environ Health Sci Eng 12(1):10","journal-title":"J Environ Health Sci Eng"},{"key":"5236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basaran B, Dizman S, Turk H (2024) Radionuclides and metal levels of sea, lake, and rock salts and health risk assessment: T\u00fcrkiye. J Food Compos Anal. ;134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2024.106514"},{"issue":"10","key":"5236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10857","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-07670-2","volume":"27","author":"S Karavoltsos","year":"2020","unstructured":"Karavoltsos S, Sakellari A, Bakeas E, Bekiaris G, Plavsic M, Proestos C et al (2020) Trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, mineral composition, and FT-IR characterization of unrefined sea and rock salts: environmental interactions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 27(10):10857\u201310868","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"5236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2021.112215","volume":"166","author":"MWH Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan MWH, Hasan KA, Balthazar-Silva D, Mirani ZA, Asghar M (2021) Evaluation of heavy metal pollutants in salt and seawater under the influence of the Lyari River and potential health risk assessment. Mar Pollut Bull 166:112215","journal-title":"Mar Pollut Bull"},{"issue":"7","key":"5236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1742890","volume":"102","author":"A Baygan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Baygan A, Mogaddam MRA, Lotfipour F, Nemati M (2020) Evaluation of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, As, and Pb) concentration in salt samples of Lake Urmia, Iran. Int J Environ Anal Chem 102(7):1672\u20131682","journal-title":"Int J Environ Anal Chem"},{"issue":"7","key":"5236_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-025-35940-4","volume":"32","author":"S Mohammadi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mohammadi S, Kosari A, Eslami H, Moghadam EF, Ghaffarian-Bahraman A (2025) Toxic metal contamination in edible salts and its attributed human health risks: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 32(7):4313\u20134324","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"3","key":"5236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.15673\/fst.v19i3.3223","volume":"19","author":"O Derzhk\u043e","year":"2025","unstructured":"Derzhk\u043e O, Sulyma \u0406, Kulyk H, Khatsevych O (2025) Quality of Food-Grade Salt in the Ukrainian Market: Elemental Composition. Food Sci Technol 19(3):77\u201385","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"5236_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u042e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041e\u0406, \u0427\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0436\u0443\u043a \u0422\u0412, \u0428\u0435\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0406\u0420, \u0411\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041b\u0412, \u0411\u0430\u043a\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u041e\u041c, \u0410\u0422\u041e\u041c\u041d\u041e \u2013 \u0410\u0411\u0421\u041e\u0420\u0411\u0426\u0406\u0419\u041d\u0415 \u0412\u0418\u0417\u041d\u0410\u0427\u0415\u041d\u041d\u042f \u0425\u0420\u041e\u041c\u0423 \u0412 \u0420\u0406\u0417\u041d\u0418\u0425 \u0424\u041e\u0420\u041c\u0410\u0425 \u0406\u0421\u041d\u0423\u0412\u0410\u041d\u041d\u042f \u0412 \u0420\u041e\u0417\u0427\u0418\u041d\u0410\u0425 \u041a\u0423\u0425\u041e\u041d\u041d\u041e\u0407 \u0421\u041e\u041b\u0406 \u0417 \u0412\u0418\u041a\u041e\u0420\u0418\u0421\u0422\u0410\u041d\u041d\u042f\u041c \u0423\u041b\u042c\u0422\u0420\u0410\u0417\u0412\u0423\u041a\u0423 (2025) J Chem Technol 33(3):621\u2013632","DOI":"10.15421\/jchemtech.v33i3.325631"},{"issue":"18","key":"5236_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6555","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1814264","volume":"102","author":"A Han\u00e7erlio\u011fullari","year":"2020","unstructured":"Han\u00e7erlio\u011fullari A, Ey\u00fcbo\u011flu K (2020) Natural radionuclide and toxic metal contents of rock salts from mines in Central Anatolia of Turkey. Int J Environ Anal Chem 102(18):6555\u20136564","journal-title":"Int J Environ Anal Chem"},{"key":"5236_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fayet-Moore F, Wibisono C, Carr P, Duve E, Petocz P, Lancaster G et al (2020) An analysis of the mineral composition of pink salt available in Australia. Foods 9(10)","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101490"},{"key":"5236_CR21","unstructured":"Agorsor PI, Nkansah MA, Dodd M (2023) Exposure to heavy metals and the health-risk associated, with the consumption of some commercial table salt. J Ghana Sci Assoc 21(2)"},{"key":"5236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11080705","volume":"11","author":"E Di Salvo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Di Salvo E, Tardugno R, Nava V, Naccari C, Virga A, Salvo A et al (2023) Gourmet table salts: the mineral composition showdown. Toxics 11:8","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"5236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stajic JM, Nikic B, \u0160trbac S, Mijatovi\u0107 N, A\u0161anin D, Ciric A et al (2025) Nutritional and contaminant profiles of refined table salt and its alternatives. J Food Compos Anal. ;148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2025.108230"},{"issue":"3","key":"5236_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.31643\/2026\/6445.23","volume":"338","author":"AA Anarbayev","year":"2025","unstructured":"Anarbayev AA, Kabylbekova BN, Smailov BM, Ormanova GM (2025) Methods for purifying table salt from the Suzak deposit. Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use Mineral Resour 338(3):5\u201312","journal-title":"Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use Mineral Resour"},{"issue":"5","key":"5236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1734195","volume":"102","author":"GR Mostafaii","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mostafaii GR, Moravveji A, Hajirostamloo B, Hesami Arani M, Dehghani M, Heidarinejad Z et al (2022) The concentration and risk assessment of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in unrefined salt: a case study of Aran and Bidgol Lake. Iran Int J Environ Anal Chem 102(5):1192\u20131204","journal-title":"Iran Int J Environ Anal Chem"},{"issue":"44","key":"5236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62651","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14720-w","volume":"28","author":"L Abdi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdi L, Jahed-Khaniki GR, Molaee-Aghaee E, Shariatifar N, Nazmara S, Mousavi Khaneghah A (2021) The preliminary survey on the concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in salt samples collected from Tehran, Iran: a probabilistic health risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 28(44):62651\u201362661","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"5236_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2020.1736056","volume":"102","author":"A Gad","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gad A, Abd El Bakey SM, Sakr S (2022) Concentrations of heavy metals and associated human health risk in unrefined salts of inland hypersaline lakes, Egypt. Int J Environ Anal Chem 102(6):1278\u20131291","journal-title":"Int J Environ Anal Chem"},{"key":"5236_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2021.109790","volume":"190","author":"SA Sani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sani SA, Azim MM, Marzuki A, Khandaker M, Almugren K, Daar E et al (2022) Radioactivity and elemental concentrations of natural and commercial salt. Radiat Phys Chem 190:109790","journal-title":"Radiat Phys Chem"},{"issue":"22","key":"5236_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13622","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03163","volume":"49","author":"D Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang D, Shi H, Li L, Li J, Jabeen K, Kolandhasamy P (2015) Microplastic pollution in table salts from China. Environ Sci Technol 49(22):13622\u201313627","journal-title":"Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"5236_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.156","volume":"584\u2013585","author":"Q Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen Q, Gundlach M, Yang S, Jiang J, Velki M, Yin D et al (2017) Quantitative investigation of the mechanisms of microplastics and nanoplastics toward zebrafish larvae locomotor activity. Sci Total Environ 584\u2013585:1022\u20131031","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"5236_CR31","first-page":"100298","volume":"10","author":"S Saud","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saud S, Yang A, Jiang Z, Ning D, Fahad S (2023) New insights in to the environmental behavior and ecological toxicity of microplastics. J Hazard Mater Adv 10:100298","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater Adv"},{"issue":"12","key":"5236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-314036","volume":"105","author":"AV Hernandez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hernandez AV, Emonds EE, Chen BA, Zavala-Loayza AJ, Thota P, Pasupuleti V et al (2019) Effect of low-sodium salt substitutes on blood pressure, detected hypertension, stroke and mortality. Heart 105(12):953\u2013960","journal-title":"Heart"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05236-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05236-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05236-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T06:01:19Z","timestamp":1790488879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05236-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05236-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}