{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T07:03:35Z","timestamp":1789369415140,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biol Trace Elem Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-026-05343-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:11:49Z","timestamp":1789366309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heavy Metals, Trace Elements, and Smoking Biomarkers in Venous and Cupping Blood Before and After Wet Cupping Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1778-4353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazheen Hussein","family":"Jawzal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-8546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azzam Abdulsattar","family":"Mosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"5343_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1080\/15216540500459667","volume":"57","author":"D Bernhard","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bernhard D, Rossmann A, Wick G (2005) Metals in cigarette smoke. IUBMB Life 57(12):805\u2013809. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15216540500459667","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"issue":"23","key":"5343_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11617","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262311617","volume":"26","author":"W Flieger","year":"2025","unstructured":"Flieger W, Stankiewicz M, Dzier\u017cy\u0144ski E, Gawlik P, Pietrzyk \u0141, \u0141a\u0144cut M, Walczak F, Szymkiewicz A, Flieger J (2025) A narrative review of metallomic studies: revealing the toxic metal burden in tobacco smokers. Int J Mol Sci 26(23):11617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms262311617","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"5343_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4450","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-023-04039-7","volume":"202","author":"AGA Farag","year":"2024","unstructured":"Farag AGA, Badr EAE, Kholif AOA, Khalifa MN, Ghanem MMM (2024) Serum and seminal plasma levels of lead and arsenic in cigarette smokers and their relation to the semen parameters. Biol Trace Elem Res 202:4450\u20134458. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-023-04039-7","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"5343_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"k3435","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k3435","volume":"362","author":"M Tellez-Plaza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tellez-Plaza M, Guallar E, Navas-Acien A (2018) Environmental metals and cardiovascular disease. BMJ 362:k3435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k3435","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"13","key":"5343_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e029852","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.029852","volume":"12","author":"GA Lamas","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lamas GA, Bhatnagar A, Jones MR, Mann KK, Nasir K, Tellez-Plaza M, Ujueta F, Navas-Acien A (2023) Contaminant metals as cardiovascular risk factors: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Association 12(13):e029852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/JAHA.123.029852","journal-title":"J Am Heart Association"},{"issue":"1","key":"5343_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03903-2","volume":"99","author":"K Jomova","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jomova K, Alomar SY, Nepovimova E, Kuca K, Valko M (2025) Heavy metals: toxicity and human health effects. Arch Toxicol 99(1):153\u2013209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00204-024-03903-2","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"5343_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-52234-w","volume":"14","author":"K Wr\u00f3blewski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wr\u00f3blewski K, Wojnicka J, Tutka P, Szmagara A, B\u0142a\u017cewicz A (2024) Measurements of cadmium levels in relation to tobacco dependence and as a function of cytisine administration. Sci Rep 14:1883. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-52234-w","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"5343_CR8","unstructured":"Fisher RM, Gupta V (2024) Heavy Metals. [Updated 2024 Feb 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK557806\/"},{"key":"5343_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4466","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04509-6","volume":"203","author":"Z Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun Z, Xu Y, Liu Y, Tao X, Zhou P, Feng H, Weng Y, Lu X, Wu J, Wei Y, Qu C, Liu Z (2025) Associations of exposure to 56 serum trace elements with the prevalence and severity of acute myocardial infarction: omics, mixture, and mediation analysis. Biol Trace Elem Res 203:4466\u20134478. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-024-04509-6","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2018.03.003","volume":"9","author":"AMN Al-Bedah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Al-Bedah AMN, Elsubai IS, Qureshi NA, Aboushanab TS, Ali GIM, El-Olemy AT, Khalil AAH, Khalil MKM, Alqaed MS (2019) The medical perspective of cupping therapy: effects and mechanisms of action. J Traditional Complement Med 9(2):90\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jtcme.2018.03.003","journal-title":"J Traditional Complement Med"},{"key":"5343_CR11","unstructured":"Sina RE, Bokhari AA (2023) Cupping Therapy. [Updated 2023 Oct 30]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538253\/"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.02.002","volume":"45","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Dong S, Li B, Han M, Cao H (2025) Update evidence of effectiveness on pain relieving of cupping therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Tradit Chin Med 45(2):234\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.19852\/j.cnki.jtcm.2025.02.002","journal-title":"J Tradit Chin Med"},{"key":"5343_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1613787","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1613787","volume":"12","author":"R Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu R, Liu SL, Xu G, Sun M (2025) Trends and hotspots in cupping therapy research for pain: a bibliometric study. Front Med 12:1613787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1613787","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.56986\/pim.2024.06.003","volume":"3","author":"S Shin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shin S (2024) Current status and challenges of the evidence for cupping therapy in clinical practice guidelines in Korea. Perspect Integr Med 3(2):74\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.56986\/pim.2024.06.003","journal-title":"Perspect Integr Med"},{"key":"5343_CR15","unstructured":"Al-Tawarah NM (2022) Long-term after-effects of wet cupping therapy on some inflammatory mediators and antioxidant parameters in Jordanian healthy adult men. Bahrain Medical Bulletin 44(3):1025\u20131030. Available from: https:\/\/www.bahrainmedicalbulletin.com\/Sep_2022\/BMB-22-266.pdf"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.47482\/acmr.1285642","volume":"4","author":"B Unat","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unat B, Yerlikaya FH, Baltao\u011flu Alp H, Eryavuz Onmaz D (2023) Wet cupping therapy removes oxidative stress related miRNAs. Archives Curr Med Res 4(3):178\u2013185. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47482\/acmr.1285642","journal-title":"Archives Curr Med Res"},{"key":"5343_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29330","volume":"10","author":"A Abdelfattah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelfattah A, Zureigat A, Almotiri A, Alzughailat M, Al-Khreisat MJ, Abdel Fattah O (2024) The impact of wet cupping on haematological and inflammatory parameters in a sample of Jordanian team players. Heliyon 10:e29330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29330","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.13048\/jkm.25029","volume":"46","author":"I Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu I, Hur J, Cho J, Yoo H, Choi J, Park MS (2025) A review of wet cupping\u2019s effects on oxidative stress and insulin resistance. J Korean Med 46(2):206\u2013220. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13048\/jkm.25029","journal-title":"J Korean Med"},{"key":"5343_CR19","unstructured":"Gok S, Kazanci FH, Erdamar H, Gokgoz N, Hartiningsih SS, Dane S (2016) Is it possible to remove heavy metals from the body by wet cupping therapy (Al-hijamah)? Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 15(4):700\u2013704. Available from: http:\/\/nopr.niscpr.res.in\/handle\/123456789\/35259"},{"issue":"6","key":"5343_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jams.2018.06.005","volume":"11","author":"NK Umar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Umar NK, Tursunbadalov S, Surgun S, Welcome MO, Dane S (2018) The effects of wet cupping therapy on the blood levels of some heavy metals: a pilot study. J Acupunct Meridian Stud 11(6):375\u2013379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jams.2018.06.005","journal-title":"J Acupunct Meridian Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96348","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.96348","volume":"22","author":"AR Benli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benli AR, Ersoy S (2020) The effect of wet cupping therapy on heavy metal levels: a single-arm clinical trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J 22(4):e96348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5812\/ircmj.96348","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"issue":"12","key":"5343_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.47372\/yjmhr.2023(12).2.2","volume":"12","author":"AA Saeed","year":"2023","unstructured":"Saeed AA, Sheikh GK (2023) Elemental analysis of some heavy metals in Hijamah and venous blood samples. Yemeni J Med Health Res 12(12):79\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47372\/yjmhr.2023(12).2.2","journal-title":"Yemeni J Med Health Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"5343_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132","volume":"22","author":"NL Benowitz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benowitz NL, Bernert JT, Foulds J, Hecht SS, Jacob P III, Jarvis MJ, Joseph A, Oncken C, Piper ME (2020) Biochemical verification of tobacco use and abstinence: 2019 update. Nicotine Tob Res 22(7):1086\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/ntz132","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"5343_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18041768","volume":"18","author":"H Marques","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marques H, Cruz-Vicente P, Rosado T, Barroso M, Passarinha LA, Gallardo E (2021) Recent developments in the determination of biomarkers of tobacco smoke exposure in biological specimens: a review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(4):1768. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph18041768","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"5343_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41370-023-00554-w","volume":"33","author":"LM Gatzke-Kopp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gatzke-Kopp LM, Riis JL, Ahmadi H, Piccerillo HL, Granger DA, Blair CB, Thomas EA (2023) Environmental tobacco smoke exposure is associated with increased levels of metals in children\u2019s saliva. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 33(6):903\u2013910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41370-023-00554-w","journal-title":"J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol"},{"key":"5343_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349475","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1349475","volume":"11","author":"DR Batista","year":"2024","unstructured":"Batista DR, Coelho LS, Tanni SE, de Godoy I (2024) Metal in biological samples from electronic cigarette users and those exposed to their second-hand aerosol: a narrative review. Front Med 11:1349475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1349475","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27030682","volume":"27","author":"J Baj","year":"2022","unstructured":"Baj J, Flieger W, Przygodzka D, Buszewicz G, Teresi\u0144ski G, Pizo\u0144 M, Maciejewski R, Flieger J (2022) Application of HPLC-QQQ-MS\/MS and new RP-HPLC-DAD system utilizing the chaotropic effect for determination of nicotine and its major metabolites cotinine, and trans-3\u2019-hydroxycotinine in human plasma samples. Molecules 27(3):682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27030682","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"5343_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","volume":"52","author":"SS Shapiro","year":"1965","unstructured":"Shapiro SS, Wilk MB (1965) An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika 52(3\u20134):591\u2013611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/biomet\/52.3-4.591","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"3","key":"5343_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2026.67.3.11","volume":"67","author":"R Abbas","year":"2026","unstructured":"Abbas R, Jameel H, Abbas I (2026) Analyzing heavy metal levels and biochemical indicators in workers at local electrical generators in Karbala Province of Iraq. Iraqi J Sci 67(3):1399\u20131409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24996\/ijs.2026.67.3.11","journal-title":"Iraqi J Sci"},{"key":"5343_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643972","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972","volume":"12","author":"M Balali-Mood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M (2021) Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Front Pharmacol 12:643972. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.643972","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"9","key":"5343_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70241","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70241","volume":"6","author":"YF Cheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cheng YF, Zhao YJ, Chen C, Zhang F (2025) Heavy Metals Toxicity: Mechanism, Health Effects, and Therapeutic Interventions. MedComm (2020) 6(9):e70241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mco2.70241","journal-title":"MedComm (2020)"},{"issue":"10","key":"5343_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14101154","volume":"14","author":"P Richter","year":"2017","unstructured":"Richter P, Faroon O, Pappas RS (2017) Cadmium and cadmium\/zinc ratios and tobacco-related morbidities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 14(10):1154. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph14101154","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5343_CR33","unstructured":"Chiba M, Masironi R (1992) Toxic and trace elements in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 70(2):269\u2013275. Available from: https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2393306\/"},{"key":"5343_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-91795-2","volume":"15","author":"K Sharafi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharafi K, Nakhaee S, Hassan NE, Manoochehri Z, Haseli A, Mansouri B, Ariyaee M, Tavakol K (2025) Relationships of the serum levels of toxic trace elements in pregnant women versus exposure to second-hand smoke. Sci Rep 15:7180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-91795-2","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"5343_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3390\/jox15020053","volume":"15","author":"L Manietta","year":"2025","unstructured":"Manietta L, Drake W, Jayawardene W (2025) Comparative analysis of inflammatory and heavy metal biomarkers in exclusive e-cigarette users, combustible tobacco users, and non-users aged 18\u201330: a cross-sectional NHANES analysis. J Xenobiotics 15(2):53. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jox15020053","journal-title":"J Xenobiotics"},{"key":"5343_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118360","volume":"299","author":"YW Fang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Fang YW, Chen CW, Su TC, Wang C, Lin CY (2025) Investigating the associations of blood lead and cadmium with smoking-related DNA methylation and mortality among U.S. adults. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 299:118360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118360","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol Environ Saf"}],"container-title":["Biological Trace Element Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05343-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05343-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05343-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:11:53Z","timestamp":1789366313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05343-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["5343"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12011-026-05343-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0720"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0720","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"21 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, College of Medicine, University of Zakho, Iraq (approval date: 22 April 2024; approval code: APR2024\/E05).","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical Trial Number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}