{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T02:06:44Z","timestamp":1785377204789,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004505","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Catania","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004505","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cardiovasc Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>There are challenges that require collaboration among researchers to ensure that tobacco harm reduction strategies are evidence-based. A key challenge is evaluating the safety of flavors in e-cigarettes. Many flavorings are deemed \u201cgenerally recognized as safe\u201d (GRAS) for ingestion, but this does not guarantee their safety when inhaled. The Replica international research group is dedicated to the replication of studies on tobacco alternatives. As part of this effort, the group conducted a conceptual replication of the vanillin-specific experiments from the study by Fetterman et al. (2018), with the goal of validating their conclusions regarding this compound. We used Aspire Zelos 3 e-cigarette and prepared e-liquids containing propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, and vanillin. The e-liquids were vaporized under regular (1 Ohm coil, 14 watts) and sub-Ohm (0.3 Ohm coil, 200\u00a0\u00b0C) settings using a vaping machine, following ISO20768:2018 puffing regime. The vapor was collected into a trapping solution to prepare aqueous extracts for treating human aortic endothelial cells. We evaluated cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, nitric oxide bioavailability, and inflammation addressing some gaps reported in the original study. We observed some harmful effects mostly attributable to ethanol used to trap vanillin, but no harmful effects from vanillin. Our results confirm the endothelial cell dysfunction observed in the original paper, but clarify that these effects are mainly attributable to ethanol and not to vaporized vanillin, indicating that, under the experimental conditions applied, vanillin does not elicit significant adverse effects on vascular endothelial cells. However, further research is needed to confirm its toxicological profile.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold>\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Created in BioRender.\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/BioRender.com\/rn8dt1m\" ext-link-type=\"uri\">https:\/\/BioRender.com\/rn8dt1m<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-026-10111-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T02:45:24Z","timestamp":1776048324000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Toxicological Evaluation of Vanillin Flavor in E-Liquid Aerosols on Endothelial Cell Function: Findings from the Replica Project"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Emma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Partsinevelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Rust","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Volarevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Lesmana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Giordano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H.","family":"Goenawan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. I.","family":"Barliana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Arsenijevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"N.","family":"Kastratovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Markovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Spasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Distefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Carota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Polosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Li Volti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"10111_CR1","unstructured":"Agrawal, S., Angus, K., Arnott, D., Ashcroft, R., Aveyard, P., Barry, R., & Bogdanovica, I. (2024). E-cigarettes and harm reduction: An evidence review."},{"issue":"9","key":"10111_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD015226.pub2","volume":"9","author":"N Lindson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lindson, N., Theodoulou, A., Ord\u00f3\u00f1ez-Mena, J. M., Fanshawe, T. R., Sutton, A. J., Livingstone-Banks, J., Hajizadeh, A., Zhu, S., Aveyard, P., Freeman, S. C., Agrawal, S., & Hartmann-Boyce, J. (2023). Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: Component network meta-analyses. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 9(9), Article Cd015226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD015226.pub2","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"10111_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-02-2020-0007","volume":"20","author":"R O\u2019Leary","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Leary, R., & Polosa, R. (2020). Tobacco harm reduction in the 21st century. Drugs and Alcohol Today, 20(3), 219\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/DAT-02-2020-0007","journal-title":"Drugs and Alcohol Today"},{"key":"10111_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.09.011","volume":"93","author":"D Patel","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patel, D., Davis, K. C., Cox, S., Bradfield, B., King, B. A., Shafer, P., & Bunnell, R. (2016). Reasons for current E-cigarette use among U.S. adults. Preventive Medicine, 93, 14\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2016.09.011","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00420-0","volume":"17","author":"J DiPiazza","year":"2020","unstructured":"DiPiazza, J., Caponnetto, P., Askin, G., Christos, P., Maglia, M. L. P., Gautam, R., Roche, S., & Polosa, R. (2020). Sensory experiences and cues among E-cigarette users. Harm Reduction Journal, 17(1), Article 75. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-020-00420-0","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000137","volume":"30","author":"JF Etter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Etter, J. F. (2016). Throat hit in users of the electronic cigarette: An exploratory study. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 30(1), 93\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/adb0000137","journal-title":"Psychology of Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"10","key":"10111_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3349","volume":"15","author":"M Caruso","year":"2023","unstructured":"Caruso, M., Emma, R., Distefano, A., Rust, S., Poulas, K., Giordano, A., & Li Volti, G. (2023). Comparative assessment of electronic nicotine delivery systems aerosol and cigarette smoke on endothelial cell migration: The Replica Project. Drug Testing and Analysis, 15(10), 1164\u20131174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dta.3349","journal-title":"Drug Testing and Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24182","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03310-y","volume":"11","author":"M Caruso","year":"2021","unstructured":"Caruso, M., Emma, R., Distefano, A., Rust, S., Poulas, K., Zadjali, F., & Project, R., G (2021). Electronic nicotine delivery systems exhibit reduced bronchial epithelial cells toxicity compared to cigarette: The Replica Project. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 24182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-03310-y","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44626-1","volume":"13","author":"R Emma","year":"2023","unstructured":"Emma, R., Fuochi, V., Distefano, A., Partsinevelos, K., Rust, S., Zadjali, F., Al Tobi, M., Zadjali, R., Alharthi, Z., Pulvirenti, R., Furneri, P. M., Polosa, R., Sun, A., Caruso, M., & Li Volti, G. (2023). Cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and genotoxicity of electronic cigarettes emission aerosols compared to cigarette smoke: The REPLICA project. Scientific Reports, 13(1), Article 17859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-023-44626-1","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"10","key":"10111_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nty101","volume":"21","author":"EJZ Kr\u00fcsemann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcsemann, E. J. Z., Boesveldt, S., de Graaf, K., & Talhout, R. (2019). An E-liquid flavor wheel: A shared vocabulary based on systematically reviewing E-liquid flavor classifications in literature. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 21(10), 1310\u20131319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ntr\/nty101","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10111_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055447","volume":"30","author":"EJZ Kr\u00fcsemann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kr\u00fcsemann, E. J. Z., Havermans, A., Pennings, J. L. A., de Graaf, K., Boesveldt, S., & Talhout, R. (2021). Comprehensive overview of common e-liquid ingredients and how they can be used to predict an e-liquid\u2019s flavour category. Tobacco Control, 30(2), 185\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2019-055447","journal-title":"Tobacco Control"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00876-w","volume":"20","author":"K Farsalinos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farsalinos, K., Russell, C., Polosa, R., Poulas, K., Lagoumintzis, G., & Barbouni, A. (2023). Patterns of flavored e-cigarette use among adult vapers in the USA: An online cross-sectional survey of 69,233 participants. Harm Reduction Journal, 20(1), Article 147. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12954-023-00876-w","journal-title":"Harm Reduction Journal"},{"key":"10111_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-020-00075-y","volume":"4","author":"V Dinu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dinu, V., Kilic, A., Wang, Q., Ayed, C., Fadel, A., Harding, S. E., & Fisk, I. D. (2020). Policy, toxicology and physicochemical considerations on the inhalation of high concentrations of food flavour. NPJ Science of Food, 4, Article 15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41538-020-00075-y","journal-title":"NPJ Science of Food"},{"key":"10111_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/170631","volume":"21","author":"T Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, T., Wu, M., Dong, Y., Ren, H., Wang, M., Kong, B., & Chang, Q. (2023). Ovarian toxicity of e-cigarette liquids: Effects of components and high and low nicotine concentration e-cigarette liquid in vitro. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 21, Article 128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18332\/tid\/170631","journal-title":"Tobacco Induced Diseases"},{"key":"10111_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153617","volume":"496","author":"F Effah","year":"2023","unstructured":"Effah, F., Elzein, A., Taiwo, B., Baines, D., Bailey, A., & Marczylo, T. (2023). In vitro high-throughput toxicological assessment of E-cigarette flavors on human bronchial epithelial cells and the potential involvement of TRPA1 in cinnamon flavor-induced toxicity. Toxicology, 496, Article 153617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tox.2023.153617","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"issue":"7","key":"10111_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.118.311156","volume":"38","author":"JL Fetterman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fetterman, J. L., Weisbrod, R. M., Feng, B., Bastin, R., Tuttle, S. T., Holbrook, M., & Hamburg, N. M. (2018). Flavorings in Tobacco Products Induce Endothelial Cell Dysfunction. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 38(7), 1607\u20131615. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.118.311156","journal-title":"Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology"},{"key":"10111_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18332\/tid\/147200","volume":"20","author":"I Sinha","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sinha, I., Goel, R., Bitzer, Z. T., Trushin, N., Liao, J., & Sinha, R. (2022). Evaluating electronic cigarette cytotoxicity and inflammatory responses in vitro. Tobacco Induced Diseases, 20, Article 45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18332\/tid\/147200","journal-title":"Tobacco Induced Diseases"},{"key":"10111_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2021.09.004","volume":"481","author":"AJG Dickinson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dickinson, A. J. G., Turner, S. D., Wahl, S., Kennedy, A. E., Wyatt, B. H., & Howton, D. A. (2022). E-liquids and vanillin flavoring disrupts retinoic acid signaling and causes craniofacial defects in Xenopus embryos. Developmental Biology, 481, 14\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ydbio.2021.09.004","journal-title":"Developmental Biology"},{"key":"10111_CR19","unstructured":"ISO International Organization for Standardization (2018). ISO 20768:2018 Vapour products \u2014 Routine analytical vaping machine \u2014 Definitions and standard conditions. @isostandards. https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/69019.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"10111_CR20","first-page":"4125","volume":"9","author":"J Zhang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhang, J., He, S., Zhou, W., & Yuan, B. (2016). Ethanol induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 9(2), 4125\u20134130.","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine"},{"key":"10111_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-61779-860-3_5","author":"K Kyrylkova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kyrylkova, K., Kyryachenko, S., Leid, M., & Kioussi, C. (2012). Detection of apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Odontogenesis: Methods and Protocols. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-61779-860-3_5","journal-title":"Odontogenesis: Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"10111_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21239090","author":"R Mirzayans","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mirzayans, R., & Murray, D. (2020). Do TUNEL and Other Apoptosis Assays Detect Cell Death in Preclinical Studies? Int J Mol Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21239090","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10111_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400786","volume":"8","author":"FJ Geske","year":"2001","unstructured":"Geske, F. J., Lieberman, R., Strange, R., & Gerschenson, L. E. (2001). Early stages of p53-induced apoptosis are reversible. Cell Death and Differentiation, 8(2), 182\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400786","journal-title":"Cell Death and Differentiation"},{"key":"10111_CR24","unstructured":"Riss, T. L., Moravec, R. A., Niles, A. L., Duellman, S., Benink, H. A., Worzella, T. J., & Minor, L. (2016). Cell viability assays. Assay Guidance Manual Internet."},{"issue":"7","key":"10111_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3855","DOI":"10.15419\/bmrat.v7i7.614","volume":"7","author":"ST Nguyen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nguyen, S. T., Nguyen, H.-L., & Truong, K. D. (2020). Comparative cytotoxic effects of methanol, ethanol and DMSO on human cancer cell lines. Biomedical Research and Therapy, 7(7), 3855\u20133859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15419\/bmrat.v7i7.614","journal-title":"Biomedical Research and Therapy"},{"key":"10111_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101789","volume":"13","author":"S Goenka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Goenka, S. (2024). E-cigarette flavoring chemicals and vehicles adversely impact the functions of pigmented human retinal ARPE-19 cells. Toxicology Reports, 13, Article 101789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2024.101789","journal-title":"Toxicology Reports"},{"issue":"3","key":"10111_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13596-020-00531-w","volume":"21","author":"SS Arya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arya, S. S., Rookes, J. E., Cahill, D. M., & Lenka, S. K. (2021). Vanillin: A review on the therapeutic prospects of a popular flavouring molecule ReviewPaper]. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 21(3), 1\u201317.","journal-title":"Advances in Traditional Medicine"},{"issue":"20","key":"10111_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557519666190312164355","volume":"19","author":"CSM Bezerra-Filho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bezerra-Filho, C. S. M., Barboza, J. N., Souza, M. T. S., Sabry, P., Ismail, N. S. M., & de Sousa, D. P. (2019). Therapeutic potential of vanillin and its main metabolites to regulate the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 19(20), 1681\u20131693. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/1389557519666190312164355","journal-title":"Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"10111_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082317","author":"I Sirangelo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sirangelo, I., Sapio, L., Ragone, A., Naviglio, S., Iannuzzi, C., Barone, D., Giordano, A., & Borriello, M. (2020). Vanillin Prevents Doxorubicin-Induced Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Rat H9c2 Cardiomyocytes. Nutrients. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12082317","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.2174\/157016112798829760","volume":"10","author":"D Tousoulis","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tousoulis, D., Kampoli, A. M., Tentolouris, C., Papageorgiou, N., & Stefanadis, C. (2012). The role of nitric oxide on endothelial function. Current Vascular Pharmacology, 10(1), 4\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/157016112798829760","journal-title":"Current Vascular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10111_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2017.05.005","volume":"100","author":"MA Incalza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Incalza, M. A., D\u2019Oria, R., Natalicchio, A., Perrini, S., Laviola, L., & Giorgino, F. (2018). Oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species in endothelial dysfunction associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Vascular Pharmacology, 100, 1\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vph.2017.05.005","journal-title":"Vascular Pharmacology"},{"key":"10111_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmcr.2022.100055","volume":"5","author":"A Olatunde","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olatunde, A., Mohammed, A., Ibrahim, M. A., Tajuddeen, N., & Shuaibu, M. N. (2022). Vanillin: A food additive with multiple biological activities. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports, 5, Article 100055. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejmcr.2022.100055","journal-title":"European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.217935","volume":"352","author":"G Raffai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Raffai, G., Khang, G., & Vanhoutte, P. M. (2015). Vanillin and vanillin analogs relax porcine coronary and basilar arteries by inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channels. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 352(1), 14\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/jpet.114.217935","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10111_CR34","first-page":"1379","volume":"6","author":"HB Saad","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saad, H. B., Kammoun, I., Boudawara, O., Hakim, A., & Amara, I. B. (2017). Preventive effect of vanillin on lipid peroxides and antioxidants in potassium bromate-induced cardiotoxicity in adult mice: Biochemical and histopathological evidences. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(4), 1379\u20131383.","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10111_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.07.001","volume":"668","author":"M Makni","year":"2011","unstructured":"Makni, M., Chtourou, Y., Fetoui, H., Garoui el, M., Boudawara, T., & Zeghal, N. (2011). Evaluation of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties of vanillin in carbon tetrachloride-treated rats. European Journal of Pharmacology, 668(1\u20132), 133\u2013139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.07.001","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10111_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.08.023","volume":"49","author":"K Ho","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ho, K., Yazan, L. S., Ismail, N., & Ismail, M. (2011). Toxicology study of vanillin on rats via oral and intra-peritoneal administration. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49(1), 25\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fct.2010.08.023","journal-title":"Food and Chemical Toxicology"},{"key":"10111_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamalzadeh, L., Ghafoori, H., Sariri, R., Rabuti, H., Nasirzade, J., Hasani, H., & Aghamaali, M. R. (2016). Cytotoxic effects of some common organic solvents on MCF-7, RAW-264.7 and human umbilical vein endothelial cells.","DOI":"10.17795\/ajmb-33453"},{"issue":"4","key":"10111_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.062364","volume":"90","author":"M Patra","year":"2006","unstructured":"Patra, M., Salonen, E., Terama, E., Vattulainen, I., Faller, R., Lee, B. W., & Karttunen, M. (2006). Under the influence of alcohol: The effect of ethanol and methanol on lipid bilayers. Biophysical Journal, 90(4), 1121\u20131135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1529\/biophysj.105.062364","journal-title":"Biophysical Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10111_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.11.031","volume":"586","author":"L Xue","year":"2012","unstructured":"Xue, L., Xu, F., Meng, L., Wei, S., Wang, J., Hao, P., & Chen, Y. (2012). Acetylation-dependent regulation of mitochondrial ALDH2 activation by SIRT3 mediates acute ethanol-induced eNOS activation. FEBS Letters, 586(2), 137\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.11.031","journal-title":"FEBS Letters"},{"issue":"5","key":"10111_CR40","first-page":"1119","volume":"23","author":"E Ayazoglu Demir","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ayazoglu Demir, E., Demir, S., & Aliyazicioglu, Y. (2020). Etanol ve Dimetil S\u00fclfoksidin \u00c7e\u015fitli \u0130nsan H\u00fccre Hatlar\u0131 \u00dczerindeki in vitro Sitotoksik Etkisi. KSU Tarim ve Doga Dergisi, 23(5), 1119\u20131124.","journal-title":"KSU Tarim ve Doga Dergisi"},{"issue":"3","key":"10111_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.05.005","volume":"81","author":"SK Das","year":"2007","unstructured":"Das, S. K., & Vasudevan, D. M. (2007). Alcohol-induced oxidative stress. Life Sciences, 81(3), 177\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.05.005","journal-title":"Life Sciences"},{"issue":"29","key":"10111_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19430","DOI":"10.1039\/c8cp02521e","volume":"20","author":"Y Kita","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kita, Y., Okauchi, Y., Fukatani, Y., Orejon, D., Kohno, M., Takata, Y., & Sefiane, K. (2018). Quantifying vapor transfer into evaporating ethanol drops in a humid atmosphere. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics\u202f: Pccp, 20(29), 19430\u201319440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c8cp02521e","journal-title":"Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : Pccp"},{"issue":"23","key":"10111_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0017-9310(03)00267-9","volume":"46","author":"K Sefiane","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sefiane, K., Tadrist, L., & Douglas, M. (2003). Experimental study of evaporating water\u2013ethanol mixture sessile drop: Influence of concentration. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 46(23), 4527\u20134534.","journal-title":"International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer"}],"container-title":["Cardiovascular Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12012-026-10111-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12012-026-10111-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12012-026-10111-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T21:53:43Z","timestamp":1781646823000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12012-026-10111-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10111"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12012-026-10111-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1530-7905","1559-0259"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1530-7905","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0259","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 July 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 April 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"RP is full tenured professor of Internal Medicine at the University of Catania (Italy) and Medical Director of the Institute for Internal Medicine and Clinical Immunology at the same University. He has received grants from U-BIOPRED and AIR-PROM, Integral Rheumatology & Immunology Specialists Network (IRIS), Foundation for a Smoke Free World, Pfizer, GlaxoSmithKline, CV Therapeutics, NeuroSearch A\/S, Sandoz, Merk Sharp & Dohme, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Arbi Group Srl., Duska Therapeutics, Forest Laboratories, Ministero dell Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca (MUR) Bando PNRR 3277\/2021 (CUP E63C22000900006) and 341\/2022 (CUP E63C22002080006), funded by NextGenerationEU of the European Union (EU), and the ministerial grant PON REACT-EU 2021 GREEN- Bando 3411\/2021 by Ministero dell Universit\u00e0 e della Ricerca (MUR) \u2013 PNRR EU Community. He is founder of the Center for Tobacco Prevention and Treatment (CPCT) at the University of Catania and of the Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR) at the same university. He receives consultancy fees from Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Duska Therapeutics, Forest Laboratories, CV Therapeutics, Sermo Inc., GRG Health, Clarivate Analytics, Guidepoint Expert Network, and GLG Group. He receives textbooks royalties from Elsevier. He is also involved in a patent application for ECLAT Srl. He is a pro bono scientific advisor for Lega Italiana Anti Fumo (LIAF) and the International Network of Nicotine Consumers Organizations (INNCO); and he is Chair of the European Technical Committee for Standardization on \u201cRequirements and test methods for emissions of electronic cigarettes\u201d (CEN\/TC 437; WG4); and scientific advisor of the non-profit Foundation RIDE2Med. GLV is currently elected Director of the Center of Excellence for the acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR). The other authors have no relevant financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}],"article-number":"42"}}