{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T11:05:32Z","timestamp":1780484732949,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ORF-2025-945"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2025-945"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Biochem Biophys"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-026-02019-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]],"date-time":"2026-02-25T10:48:39Z","timestamp":1772016519000},"page":"2575-2592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunoinformatics-Driven Identification of Conserved Multi-Epitope Vaccine Candidates from PDI Protein of Leishmania Donovani for Visceral Leishmaniasis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Perwez","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saurabh Kumar","family":"Jha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikhil","family":"Kirtipal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fowad","family":"Khurshid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2019_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10101887","volume":"10","author":"S Scarpini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scarpini, S., Dondi, A., Totaro, C., Biagi, C., Melchionda, F., Zama, D., Pierantoni, L., Gennari, M., Campagna, C., Prete, A., et al. (2022). Visceral leishmaniasis: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and treatment regimens in different geographical areas with a focus on pediatrics. Microorganisms, 10, 1887. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms10101887","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2019_CR2","unstructured":"Organization, W. H., (2025) Leishmaniasis \u2013 India Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/india\/health-topics\/leishmaniasis (accessed on 12 July 2025)"},{"key":"2019_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kaye, P. M., Matlashewski, G., Mohan, S., Le Rutte, E., Mondal, D., Khamesipour, A., & Malvolti, S. (2023). Vaccine Value Profile for Leishmaniasis. Vaccine 41, S153\u2013S175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.01.057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.01.057"},{"key":"2019_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parepi.2024.e00386","volume":"27","author":"S Ahmadi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmadi, S., Hataminejad, M., Rahimi Esboei, B., Hosseini, S. A., & Fakhar, M. (2024). An update on leishmania Martiniquensis infections: Transmission, clinical Characteristics, and treatment. Parasite Epidemiology and Control, 27, e00386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.parepi.2024.e00386","journal-title":"Parasite Epidemiology and Control"},{"key":"2019_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1763","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00392-2","volume":"9","author":"J Alvar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alvar, J., den Boer, M., & Dagne, D. A. (2021). Towards the elimination of visceral leishmaniasis as a public health problem in East africa: Reflections on an enhanced control strategy and a call for action. The Lancet Global Health, 9, e1763\u2013e1769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00392-2","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"2019_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rijal, S., Sundar, S., Mondal, D., Das, P., Alvar, J., & Boelaert, M. (2019). Eliminating visceral leishmaniasis in South asia: The road ahead. Bmj, 364(k5224). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.k5224","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k5224"},{"key":"2019_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090812","volume":"13","author":"A Ayala","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayala, A., Llanes, A., Lleonart, R., & Restrepo, C. M. (2024). Advances in leishmania vaccines: Current development and future prospects. Pathogens, 13, 812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens13090812","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2019_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111671","volume":"139","author":"EK Elmahallawy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Elmahallawy, E. K., Alkhaldi, A. A. M., & Saleh, A. A. (2021). Host immune response against leishmaniasis and parasite persistence strategies: A review and assessment of recent research. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 139, 111671. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111671","journal-title":"Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"2019_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2022.60.6.379","volume":"60","author":"R Dinc","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dinc, R., & Leishmania Vaccines (2022). The current situation with its promising aspect for the future. Korean Journal of Parasitology, 60, 379\u2013391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3347\/kjp.2022.60.6.379","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Parasitology"},{"key":"2019_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024","volume":"160","author":"S Shital","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shital, S., Madan, E., & Selvapandiyan, A. (2024). Kumar Ganguly, N. An update on Recombinant vaccines against leishmaniasis. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 160, 323\u2013337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25259\/IJMR_1040_2024","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Medical Research"},{"key":"2019_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2021.1969231","volume":"20","author":"G Volpedo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Volpedo, G., Huston, R. H., Holcomb, E. A., Pacheco-Fernandez, T., Gannavaram, S., Bhattacharya, P., Nakhasi, H. L., & Satoskar, A. R. (2021). From infection to vaccination: Reviewing the global Burden, history of vaccine Development, and recurring challenges in global leishmaniasis protection. Expert Review of Vaccines, 20, 1431\u20131446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14760584.2021.1969231","journal-title":"Expert Review of Vaccines"},{"key":"2019_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00070","volume":"2","author":"H Ali Khan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ali Khan, H., & Mutus, B. (2014). Protein disulfide isomerase: A multifunctional protein with multiple physiological roles. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2, 70. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fchem.2014.00070","journal-title":"Frontiers in Chemistry"},{"key":"2019_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35670","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035670","volume":"7","author":"PK Kushawaha","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kushawaha, P. K., Gupta, R., Tripathi, C. D. P., Sundar, S., & Dube, A. (2012). Evaluation of leishmania donovani protein disulfide isomerase as a potential Immunogenic protein\/Vaccine candidate against visceral leishmaniasis. Plos One, 7, e35670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0035670","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"2019_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3390\/genes14040778","volume":"14","author":"C Valli\u00e8res","year":"2023","unstructured":"Valli\u00e8res, C., Golinelli-Cohen, M. P., Guittet, O., Lepoivre, M., Huang, M. E., & Vernis, L. (2023). Redox-Based strategies against infections by eukaryotic pathogens. Genes (Basel), 14, 778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes14040778","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"2019_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030190","volume":"13","author":"HPC Br\u00edgido","year":"2025","unstructured":"Br\u00edgido, H. P. C., dos Santos, L. G. A., de Barros, R. C., Correa-Barbosa, J., dos Santos, P. V. B., Paz, R. F. L., Pereira, A. R., de Albuquerque, K. C. O., Campos, M. B., Silveira, F. T., et al. (2025). The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis and treatment of leishmaniasis: Impact on drug toxicity and therapeutic potential of natural products. Toxics, 13, 190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxics13030190","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"2019_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2018.12.002","volume":"227","author":"GS Buechner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Buechner, G. S., Millington, M. E., Perry, K., & D\u2019Antonio, E. L. (2019). The crystal structure of glucokinase from leishmania Braziliensis. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 227, 47\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2018.12.002","journal-title":"Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology"},{"key":"2019_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.12.022","volume":"82","author":"A Amit","year":"2017","unstructured":"Amit, A., Vijayamahantesh; Dikhit, M. R., Singh, A. K., Kumar, V., Suman, S. S., Singh, A., Kumar, A., Thakur, A. K., Das, V. R., et al. (2017). Immunization with Leishmania donovani protein disulfide isomerase DNA construct induces Th1 and Th17 dependent immune response and protection against experimental visceral leishmaniasis in Balb\/c mice. Molecular Immunology, 82, 104\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.molimm.2016.12.022","journal-title":"Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"2019_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lage, D. P., Ribeiro, P. A. F., Dias, D. S., Mendon\u00e7a, D. V. C., Ramos, F. F., Carvalho, L. M., de Oliveira, D., Steiner, B. T., Martins, V. T., Perin, L., et al. (2020). A candidate vaccine for human visceral leishmaniasis based on a specific T cell Epitope-Containing chimeric protein protects mice against leishmania infantum infection. Npj Vaccines, 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41541-020-00224-0","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-020-00224-0"},{"key":"2019_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2024.110804","volume":"85","author":"B Mortazavi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mortazavi, B., Molaei, A., & Fard, N. A. (2024). Multi-Epitope Vaccines, from design to Expression; an in Silico approach. Human Immunology, 85, 110804. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.humimm.2024.110804","journal-title":"Human Immunology"},{"key":"2019_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D609","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1010","volume":"52","author":"A Bateman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bateman, A., Martin, M. J., Orchard, S., Magrane, M., Adesina, A., Ahmad, S., Bowler-Barnett, E. H., Bye-A-Jee, H., Carpentier, D., Denny, P., et al. (2024). UniProt: The universal protein knowledgebase in 2025. Nucleic Acids Research, 52, D609\u2013D617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkae1010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2019_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Doytchinova, I. A., Flower, D. R., & VaxiJen (2007). A server for prediction of protective antigens, tumour antigens and subunit vaccines. Bmc Bioinformatics, 8(4). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-4"},{"key":"2019_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2936","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq551","volume":"26","author":"CN Magnan","year":"2010","unstructured":"Magnan, C. N., Zeller, M., Kayala, M. A., Vigil, A., Randall, A., Felgner, P. L., & Baldi, P. (2010). High-Throughput prediction of protein antigenicity using protein microarray data. Bioinformatics, 26, 2936\u20132943. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq551","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2019_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3389","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","volume":"25","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1997","unstructured":"Altschul, S. F., Madden, T. L., Sch\u00e4ffer, A. A., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., Miller, W., & Lipman, D. J. (1997). Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: A new generation of protein database search programs. Nucleic Acids Research, 25, 3389\u20133402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/25.17.3389","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2019_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-8-424","volume":"8","author":"MV Larsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Larsen, M. V., Lundegaard, C., Lamberth, K., Buus, S., Lund, O., & Nielsen, M. (2007). Large-Scale validation of methods for cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte epitope prediction. Bmc Bioinformatics, 8, 424. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-8-424","journal-title":"Bmc Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2019_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv639","volume":"32","author":"M Andreatta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Andreatta, M., & Nielsen, M. (2016). Gapped sequence alignment using artificial neural networks: Application to the MHC class I system. Bioinformatics, 32, 511\u2013517. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv639","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2019_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-568","volume":"11","author":"P Wang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wang, P., Sidney, J., Kim, Y., Sette, A., Lund, O., Nielsen, M., & Peters, B. (2010). Peptide binding predictions for HLA DR, DP and DQ molecules. Bmc Bioinformatics, 11, 568. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2105-11-568","journal-title":"Bmc Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2019_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Larsen, J. E. P., Lund, O., & Nielsen, M. (2006). Improved method for predicting linear B-Cell epitopes. Immunome Research, 2(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1745-7580-2-2","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-7580-2-2"},{"key":"2019_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470122921.ch2","volume":"47","author":"PY Chou","year":"1978","unstructured":"Chou, P. Y., & Fasman, G. D. (1978). Prediction of the secondary structure of proteins from their amino acid sequence. Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology, 47, 45\u2013148. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470122921.ch2","journal-title":"Advances in Enzymology and Related Areas of Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2019_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.55.3.836-839.1985","volume":"55","author":"EA Emini","year":"1985","unstructured":"Emini, E. A., Hughes, J. V., Perlow, D. S., & Boger, J. (1985). Induction of hepatitis A Virus-Neutralizing antibody by a Virus-Specific synthetic peptide. Journal of Virology, 55, 836\u2013839. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.55.3.836-839.1985","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"2019_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01195768","volume":"72","author":"PA Karplus","year":"1985","unstructured":"Karplus, P. A., & Schulz, G. E. (1985). Prediction of chain flexibility in proteins. Naturwissenschaften, 72, 212\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01195768","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"2019_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5425","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00367a013","volume":"25","author":"JM Parker","year":"1986","unstructured":"Parker, J. M., Guo, D., & Hodges, R. S. (1986). New hydrophilicity scale derived from High-Performance liquid chromatography peptide retention data: Correlation of predicted surface residues with antigenicity and X-Ray-Derived accessible sites. Biochemistry, 25, 5425\u20135432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/bi00367a013","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2019_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003266","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003266","volume":"9","author":"JJA Calis","year":"2013","unstructured":"Calis, J. J. A., Maybeno, M., Greenbaum, J. A., Weiskopf, D., De Silva, A. D., Sette, A., Ke\u015fmir, C., & Peters, B. (2013). Properties of MHC class I presented peptides that enhance immunogenicity. PLoS Computational Biology, 9, e1003266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1003266","journal-title":"PLoS Computational Biology"},{"key":"2019_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W449","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw329","volume":"44","author":"A Lamiable","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lamiable, A., Th\u00e9venet, P., Rey, J., Vavrusa, M., Derreumaux, P., & Tuff\u00e9ry, P. (2016). PEP-FOLD3: Faster de Novo structure prediction for linear peptides in solution and in complex. Nucleic Acids Research, 44, W449\u2013W454. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkw329","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2019_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444906027636","volume":"62","author":"G R\u00f8der","year":"2006","unstructured":"R\u00f8der, G., Blicher, T., Justesen, S., Johannesen, B., Kristensen, O., Kastrup, J., Buus, S., & Gajhede, M. (2006). Crystal structures of two Peptide-HLA-B*1501 Complexes; structural characterization of the HLA-B62 supertype. Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography, 62, 1300\u20131310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1107\/S0907444906027636","journal-title":"Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography"},{"key":"2019_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nature22329","volume":"545","author":"JD Ooi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ooi, J. D., Petersen, J., Tan, Y. H., Huynh, M., Willett, Z. J., Ramarathinam, S. H., Eggenhuizen, P. J., Loh, K. L., Watson, K. A., Gan, P. Y., et al. (2017). Dominant protection from HLA-Linked autoimmunity by Antigen-Specific regulatory T cells. Nature, 545, 243\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature22329","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2019_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.235","volume":"28","author":"HM Berman","year":"2000","unstructured":"Berman, H. M., Westbrook, J., Feng, Z., Gilliland, G., Bhat, T. N., Weissig, H., Shindyalov, I. N., & Bourne, P. E. (2000). The protein data bank. Nucleic Acids Research, 28, 235\u2013242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/28.1.235","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"issue":"Web Server issu","key":"2019_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W202","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl343","volume":"34","author":"S Saha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saha, S., & Raghava, G. P. S. (2006). AlgPred: Prediction of allergenic proteins and mapping of IgE epitopes. Nucleic Acids Research, 34(Web Server issue), W202\u2013W209. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkl343","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Research"},{"key":"2019_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073957","volume":"8","author":"S Gupta","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gupta, S., Kapoor, P., Chaudhary, K., Gautam, A., & Kumar, R. (2013). Open source drug discovery Consortium, & Raghava. G. P. S. Silico Approach for Predicting Toxicity of Peptides and Proteins PLoS ONE, 8, e73957. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0073957","journal-title":"Silico Approach for Predicting Toxicity of Peptides and Proteins PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2019_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-177-2_19","volume":"443","author":"GM Morris","year":"2008","unstructured":"Morris, G. M., Lim-Wilby, M., Molecular, & Docking (2008). Methods in Molecular Biology 443, 365\u2013382, doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-59745-177-2_19.","journal-title":"Methods in Molecular Biology"},{"key":"2019_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","volume":"25","author":"EF Pettersen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Pettersen, E. F., Goddard, T. D., Huang, C. C., Couch, G. S., Greenblatt, D. M., Meng, E. C., & Ferrin, T. E. (2004). UCSF Chimera \u2013 A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 25, 1605\u20131612. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcc.20084","journal-title":"Journal of Computational Chemistry"},{"key":"2019_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","volume":"61","author":"J Eberhardt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eberhardt, J., Santos-Martins, D., Tillack, A. F., & Forli, S. (2021). AutoDock Vina 1.2.0: New Docking Methods, expanded force Field, and python bindings. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 61, 3891\u20133898. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jcim.1c00203","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling"},{"key":"2019_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2778","DOI":"10.1021\/ci200227u","volume":"51","author":"RA Laskowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Laskowski, R. A., Swindells, M. B., & LigPlot+ (2011). Multiple Ligand\u2013Protein interaction diagrams for drug discovery. Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, 51, 2778\u20132786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ci200227u","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling"},{"key":"2019_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bowers, K. J., Chow, E., Xu, H., Dror, R. O., Eastwood, M. P., Gregersen, B. A., Klepeis, J. L., Kolossvary, I., Moraes, M. A., Sacerdoti, F. D., (2006). Scalable Algorithms for Molecular Dynamics Simulations on Commodity Clusters. In Proceedings of the SC \u201906; 84","DOI":"10.1145\/1188455.1188544"},{"key":"2019_CR44","unstructured":"Schr\u00f6dinger, & Research, D. E. S. Schr\u00f6dinger Release 2020-4: Desmond Molecular Dynamics System Available online: https:\/\/www.schrodinger.com\/platform\/products\/desmond"},{"key":"2019_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1021\/ct900587b","volume":"6","author":"D Shivakumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Shivakumar, D., Williams, J., Wu, Y., Damm, W., Shelley, J., & Sherman, W. (2010). Prediction of absolute solvation free energies using molecular dynamics free energy perturbation and the OPLS force field. Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation, 6, 1509\u20131519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/ct900587b","journal-title":"Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation"},{"key":"2019_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107322","volume":"87","author":"LP Kagami","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kagami, L. P., das Neves, G. M., Timmers, L. F. S. M., Caceres, R. A., & Eifler-Lima, V. L. (2020). Geo-Measures: A PyMOL plugin for protein structure ensembles analysis. Computational Biology and Chemistry, 87, 107322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiolchem.2020.107322","journal-title":"Computational Biology and Chemistry"},{"key":"2019_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbaa340","volume":"22","author":"A Alam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alam, A., Khan, A., Imam, N., Siddiqui, M. F., Waseem, M., Malik, M. Z., & Ishrat, R. (2021). Design of an Epitope-Based peptide vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2: A vaccine-Informatics approach. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 22, 1309\u20131323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bib\/bbaa340","journal-title":"Briefings in Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2019_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583077","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583077","volume":"11","author":"M Brisse","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brisse, M., Vrba, S. M., Kirk, N., Liang, Y., & Ly, H. (2020). Emerging concepts and technologies in vaccine development. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 583077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.583077","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2019_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.005","volume":"30","author":"MS Duthie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Duthie, M. S., Raman, V. S., Piazza, F. M., & Reed, S. G. (2012). The development and clinical evaluation of Second-Generation leishmaniasis vaccines. Vaccine, 30, 134\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.11.005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/14760584.2018.1459191","volume":"17","author":"S Iborra","year":"2018","unstructured":"Iborra, S., Solana, J. C., Requena, J. M., & Soto, M. (2018). Vaccine candidates against leishmania under current research. Expert Review of Vaccines, 17, 323\u2013334.","journal-title":"Expert Review of Vaccines"},{"key":"2019_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106392","volume":"230","author":"M Nateghi-Rostami","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nateghi-Rostami, M., Tasbihi, M., & Darzi, F. (2022). Involvement of tryparedoxin peroxidase (TryP) and trypanothione reductase (TryR) in antimony unresponsive of leishmania tropica clinical isolates of Iran. Acta Tropica, 230, 106392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106392","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"2019_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e108556","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108556","volume":"9","author":"AK Jaiswal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jaiswal, A. K., Khare, P., Joshi, S., Kushawaha, P. K., Sundar, S., & Dube, A. (2014). Th1 stimulatory proteins of leishmania donovani: Comparative cellular and protective responses of rTriose phosphate isomerase, rProtein disulfide isomerase and rElongation Factor-2 in combination with rHSP70 against visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One, 9, e108556. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0108556","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2019_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.12.035","volume":"191","author":"J He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He, J., Huang, F., Li, J., Chen, Q., Chen, D., & Chen, J. (2019). Bioinformatics analysis of four proteins of Leishmania donovani to guide epitopes vaccine design and drug targets selection. Acta Tropica, 191, 50\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.12.035","journal-title":"Acta Tropica"},{"key":"2019_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.059","volume":"23","author":"A Degroot","year":"2005","unstructured":"Degroot, A., McMurry, J., Marcon, L., Franco, J., Rivera, D., Kutzler, M., Weiner, D., & Martin, B. (2005). Developing an Epitope-Driven tuberculosis (TB) vaccine. Vaccine, 23, 2121\u20132131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.01.059","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"2019_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00268","volume":"5","author":"M Agallou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Agallou, M., Athanasiou, E., Koutsoni, O., Dotsika, E., & Karagouni, E. (2014). Experimental validation of Multi-Epitope peptides including promising MHC class I- and II-Restricted epitopes of four known leishmania infantum proteins. Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00268","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"2019_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00467","volume":"7","author":"N Seyed","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seyed, N., Taheri, T., & Rafati, S. (2016). Post-Genomics and vaccine improvement for leishmania. Frontiers in Microbiology, 7, 467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00467","journal-title":"Frontiers in Microbiology"},{"key":"2019_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8285","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-08842-w","volume":"7","author":"N Khatoon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Khatoon, N., Pandey, R. K., & Prajapati, V. K. (2017). Exploring leishmania secretory proteins to design B and T cell Multi-Epitope subunit vaccine using immunoinformatics approach. Scientific Reports, 7, 8285. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-08842-w","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"2019_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103704","volume":"136","author":"G Singh","year":"2019","unstructured":"Singh, G., Pritam, M., Banerjee, M., Singh, A. K., & Singh, S. P. (2019). Genome-Based screening of epitope ensemble vaccine candidates against dreadful visceral leishmaniasis using immunoinformatics approach. Microbial Pathogenesis, 136, 103704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103704","journal-title":"Microbial Pathogenesis"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"2019_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.125","volume":"120","author":"B Vakili","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vakili, B., Eslami, M., Hatam, G. R., Zare, B., Erfani, N., Nezafat, N., & Ghasemi, Y. (2018). Immunoinformatics-Aided design of a potential Multi-Epitope peptide vaccine against leishmania infantum. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 120(Pt A), 1127\u20131139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.125","journal-title":"International Journal of Biological Macromolecules"},{"key":"2019_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.040238-0","volume":"93","author":"SS Chiou","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chiou, S. S., Fan, Y. C., Crill, W. D., Chang, R. Y., & Chang, G. J. J. (2012). Mutation analysis of the Cross-Reactive epitopes of Japanese encephalitis virus envelope glycoprotein. Journal of General Virology, 93, 1185\u20131192. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/vir.0.040238-0","journal-title":"Journal of General Virology"},{"key":"2019_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-019-00640-7","volume":"209","author":"B Vakili","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vakili, B., Nezafat, N., Zare, B., Erfani, N., Akbari, M., Ghasemi, Y., Rahbar, M. R., & Hatam, G. R. (2020). A new Multi-Epitope peptide vaccine induces immune responses and protection against leishmania infantum in BALB\/c mice. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 209, 69\u201379. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00430-019-00640-7","journal-title":"Medical Microbiology and Immunology"}],"container-title":["Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12013-026-02019-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12013-026-02019-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12013-026-02019-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T10:21:43Z","timestamp":1780482103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12013-026-02019-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["2019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12013-026-02019-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0283"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0283","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 February 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interests"}}]}}