{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T09:51:16Z","timestamp":1790934676688,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stem Cell Rev and Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract\n<\/jats:title><jats:p>In view of the devastating impact of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) on newborns, the research on its intervention is particularly important. Although exosomes from human amniotic fluid stem cells (AFSC) and human breast milk (HBM) can protect against NEC, their mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we intend to compare the intervention effects of two types of exosomes on NEC mouse model and reveal their respective regulatory mechanisms. In general, both AFSC-derived exosomes (AFSC-exos) and HBM-derived exosomes (HBM- exos) can alleviate NEC- associated intestinal injury, significantly reduce NEC score, and reduce systemic and ileal inflammation and NEC related brain injury during experimental NEC. However, the mode and mechanism of action of the two sources of exosomes were not identical. In vivo, the number of ileal crypts was more significantly restored after HBM-exos intervention than AFSC-exos, and in vitro, HBM-exos preferentially inhibited the inflammatory response of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), whereas AFSC-exos preferentially regulated the migration of IECs. Mechanistically, GO and KEGG analyses revealed the different therapeutic mechanisms of AFSC-exos and HBM-exos in NEC. Taken together, our results illustrate that AFSC-exos and HBM-exos reduce the severity of experimental NEC and intestinal damage through different mechanisms, supporting the potential of cell-free or breast milk free exosome therapy for NEC.\n<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-022-10470-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]],"date-time":"2022-11-16T18:02:38Z","timestamp":1668621758000},"page":"754-766","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Comparison and Investigation of Exosomes from Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells and Human Breast Milk in Alleviating Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hansi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingnan","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Huo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cancan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"10470_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000484197","volume":"113","author":"M Valpacos","year":"2018","unstructured":"Valpacos, M., Arni, D., Keir, A., Aspirot, A., Wilde, J. C. H., Beasley, S., et al. (2018). Diagnosis and management of necrotizing enterocolitis: An international survey of neonatologists and pediatric surgeons. Neonatology, 113, 170\u2013176.","journal-title":"Neonatology"},{"key":"10470_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020520","volume":"12","author":"J Ou","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ou, J., Courtney, C. M., Steinberger, A. E., Tecos, M. E., & Warner, B. W. (2020). Nutrition in necrotizing enterocolitis and following intestinal resection. Nutrients, 12, 520.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10470_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.11.009","volume":"44","author":"NT Cacho","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cacho, N. T., Parker, L. A., & Neu, J. (2017). Necrotizing enterocolitis and human milk feeding: A systematic review. Clinics in Perinatology, 44, 49\u201367.","journal-title":"Clinics in Perinatology"},{"key":"10470_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-019-0425-5","volume":"87","author":"CR Nitkin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nitkin, C. R., Rajasingh, J., Pisano, C., Besner, G. E., Thebaud, B., & Sampath, V. (2020). Stem cell therapy for preventing neonatal diseases in the 21st century: Current understanding and challenges. Pediatric Research, 87, 265\u2013276.","journal-title":"Pediatric Research"},{"key":"10470_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-021-02389-4","volume":"12","author":"R Zeng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zeng, R., Wang, J., Zhuo, Z., Luo, Y., Sha, W., & Chen, H. (2021). Stem cells and exosomes: Promising candidates for necrotizing enterocolitis therapy. 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