{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T02:12:16Z","timestamp":1790993536410,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1499299200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8622-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]],"date-time":"2017-07-06T07:46:41Z","timestamp":1499327201000},"page":"52-67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":218,"title":["Vitiligo: Focus on Clinical Aspects, Immunopathogenesis, and Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Katia","family":"Boniface","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Seneschal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Picardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Ta\u00efeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"8622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0804388","volume":"360","author":"A Ta\u00efeb","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb A, Picardo M (2009) Clinical practice. Vitiligo. N Engl J Med 360:160\u2013169. doi:\n10.1056\/NEJMcp0804388","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"8622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15011","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.11","volume":"1","author":"M Picardo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Picardo M, Dell\u2019Anna ML, Ezzedine K et al (2015) Vitiligo. Nat Rev Dis Primer 1:15011. doi:\n10.1038\/nrdp.2015.11","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primer"},{"key":"8622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.011","volume":"35","author":"A Ta\u00efeb","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb A, Seneschal J, Mazereeuw-Hautier J (2017) Special considerations in children with vitiligo. Dermatol Clin 35:229\u2013233. doi:\n10.1016\/j.det.2016.11.011","journal-title":"Dermatol Clin"},{"key":"8622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2006.00333.x","volume":"19","author":"ML Dell\u2019anna","year":"2006","unstructured":"Dell\u2019anna ML, Picardo M (2006) A review and a new hypothesis for non-immunological pathogenetic mechanisms in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc 19:406\u2013411. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2006.00333.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc"},{"key":"8622_CR5","first-page":"1219","volume":"148","author":"IC Poole Le","year":"1996","unstructured":"Le Poole IC, van den Wijngaard RM, Westerhof W, Das PK (1996) Presence of T cells and macrophages in inflammatory vitiligo skin parallels melanocyte disappearance. Am J Pathol 148:1219\u20131228","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"8622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004","volume":"10","author":"M Sandoval-Cruz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sandoval-Cruz M, Garc\u00eda-Carrasco M, S\u00e1nchez-Porras R et al (2011) Immunopathogenesis of vitiligo. Autoimmun Rev 10:762\u2013765. doi:\n10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.02.004","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"8622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.10.010","volume":"25","author":"JM Richmond","year":"2013","unstructured":"Richmond JM, Frisoli ML, Harris JE (2013) Innate immune mechanisms in vitiligo: danger from within. Curr Opin Immunol 25:676\u2013682. doi:\n10.1016\/j.coi.2013.10.010","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"8622_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.09.004","volume":"73","author":"S Itoi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Itoi S, Tanemura A, Kotobuki Y et al (2014) Coexistence of Langerhans cells activation and immune cells infiltration in progressive nonsegmental vitiligo. J Dermatol Sci 73:83\u201385. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2013.09.004","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"8622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18907","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018907","volume":"6","author":"CQF Wang","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wang CQF, Cruz-Inigo AE, Fuentes-Duculan J et al (2011) Th17 cells and activated dendritic cells are increased in vitiligo lesions. PLoS One 6:e18907. doi:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0018907","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8622_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12219","volume":"27","author":"A Bertolotti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bertolotti A, Boniface K, Vergier B et al (2014) Type I interferon signature in the initiation of the immune response in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 27:398\u2013407. doi:\n10.1111\/pcmr.12219","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0625.1993.tb00023.x","volume":"2","author":"IC Poole Le","year":"1993","unstructured":"Le Poole IC, Das PK, van den Wijngaard RM et al (1993) Review of the etiopathomechanism of vitiligo: a convergence theory. Exp Dermatol 2:145\u2013153","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00997.x","volume":"25","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Lim HW, Suzuki T et al (2012) Revised classification\/nomenclature of vitiligo and related issues: the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 25:E1\u201313. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00997.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR13","first-page":"407","volume":"135","author":"MD Njoo","year":"1999","unstructured":"Njoo MD, Das PK, Bos JD, Westerhof W (1999) Association of the K\u00f6bner phenomenon with disease activity and therapeutic responsiveness in vitiligo vulgaris. Arch Dermatol 135:407\u2013413","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00838.x","volume":"24","author":"N Geel van","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Geel N, Speeckaert R, Taieb A et al (2011) Koebner\u2019s phenomenon in vitiligo: European position paper. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 24:564\u2013573. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00838.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.08.031","volume":"65","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Gauthier Y, L\u00e9aut\u00e9-Labr\u00e8ze C et al (2011) Segmental vitiligo associated with generalized vitiligo (mixed vitiligo): a retrospective case series of 19 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 65:965\u2013971. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jaad.2010.08.031","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12186","volume":"27","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Le Thuaut A, Jouary T et al (2014) Latent class analysis of a series of 717 patients with vitiligo allows the identification of two clinical subtypes. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 27:134\u2013139. doi:\n10.1111\/pcmr.12186","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13423","volume":"172","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Mah\u00e9 A, van Geel N et al (2015) Hypochromic vitiligo: delineation of a new entity. Br J Dermatol 172:716\u2013721. doi:\n10.1111\/bjd.13423","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00999.x","volume":"25","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Amazan E, S\u00e9neschal J et al (2012) Follicular vitiligo: a new form of vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 25:527\u2013529. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2012.00999.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.049","volume":"74","author":"EY Gan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gan EY, Cario-Andr\u00e9 M, Pain C et al (2016) Follicular vitiligo: a report of 8 cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 74:1178\u20131184. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.12.049","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12335801","volume":"109","author":"V Maresca","year":"1997","unstructured":"Maresca V, Roccella M, Roccella F et al (1997) Increased sensitivity to peroxidative agents as a possible pathogenic factor of melanocyte damage in vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 109:310\u2013313","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2004.00130.x","volume":"17","author":"RE Boissy","year":"2004","unstructured":"Boissy RE, Manga P (2004) On the etiology of contact\/occupational vitiligo. Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc 17:208\u2013214. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2004.00130.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc"},{"key":"8622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01459.x","volume":"117","author":"ML Dell\u2019Anna","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dell\u2019Anna ML, Maresca V, Briganti S et al (2001) Mitochondrial impairment in peripheral blood mononuclear cells during the active phase of vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 117:908\u2013913. doi:\n10.1046\/j.0022-202x.2001.01459.x","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sahoo A, Lee B, Boniface K et al (2017) MicroRNA-211 regulates oxidative phosphorylation and energy metabolism in human vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jid.2017.04.025","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.04.025"},{"key":"8622_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.09.003","volume":"81","author":"H Xie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Xie H, Zhou F, Liu L et al (2016) Vitiligo: how do oxidative stress-induced autoantigens trigger autoimmunity? J Dermatol Sci 81:3\u20139. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2015.09.003","journal-title":"J Dermatol Sci"},{"key":"8622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e59782","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059782","volume":"8","author":"B Bellei","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bellei B, Pitisci A, Ottaviani M et al (2013) Vitiligo: a possible model of degenerative diseases. PLoS One 8:e59782. doi:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0059782","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8622_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.181","volume":"132","author":"S Toosi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Toosi S, Orlow SJ, Manga P (2012) Vitiligo-inducing phenols activate the unfolded protein response in melanocytes resulting in upregulation of IL6 and IL8. J Invest Dermatol 132:2601\u20132609. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2012.181","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1086\/430279","volume":"76","author":"J-J Chen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Chen J-J, Huang W, Gui J-P et al (2005) A novel linkage to generalized vitiligo on 4q13-q21 identified in a genomewide linkage analysis of Chinese families. Am J Hum Genet 76:1057\u20131065. doi:\n10.1086\/430279","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"8622_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000523","volume":"5","author":"Y Ren","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ren Y, Yang S, Xu S et al (2009) Genetic variation of promoter sequence modulates XBP1 expression and genetic risk for vitiligo. PLoS Genet 5:e1000523. doi:\n10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000523","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"8622_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2010.337","volume":"131","author":"SA Birlea","year":"2011","unstructured":"Birlea SA, Jin Y, Bennett DC et al (2011) Comprehensive association analysis of candidate genes for generalized vitiligo supports XBP1, FOXP3, and TSLP. J Invest Dermatol 131:371\u2013381. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2010.337","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42394","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42394","volume":"7","author":"Y He","year":"2017","unstructured":"He Y, Li S, Zhang W et al (2017) Dysregulated autophagy increased melanocyte sensitivity to H2O2-induced oxidative stress in vitiligo. Sci Rep 7:42394. doi:\n10.1038\/srep42394","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"8622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rezk AF, Kemp DM, El-Domyati M et al (2017) Misbalanced CXCL12 and CCL5 chemotactic signals in vitiligo onset and progression. J Invest Dermatol. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jid.2016.12.028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.12.028"},{"key":"8622_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.25","volume":"135","author":"RY Wagner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wagner RY, Luciani F, Cario-Andr\u00e9 M et al (2015) Altered E-cadherin levels and distribution in melanocytes precede clinical manifestations of Vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 135:1810\u20131819. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2015.25","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li S, Zhu G, Yang Y et al (2016) Oxidative stress drives CD8(+) T-cell skin trafficking in patients with vitiligo through CXCL16 upregulation by activating the unfolded protein response in keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.013"},{"key":"8622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3423","volume":"13","author":"C Nathan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nathan C, Cunningham-Bussel A (2013) Beyond oxidative stress: an immunologist\u2019s guide to reactive oxygen species. Nat Rev Immunol 13:349\u2013361. doi:\n10.1038\/nri3423","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0445-5","volume":"36","author":"O Demaria","year":"2014","unstructured":"Demaria O, Di Domizio J, Gilliet M (2014) Immune sensing of nucleic acids in inflammatory skin diseases. Semin Immunopathol 36:519\u2013529. doi:\n10.1007\/s00281-014-0445-5","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"8622_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1038\/35047123","volume":"408","author":"H Hemmi","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T et al (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408:740\u2013745. doi:\n10.1038\/35047123","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093620","volume":"303","author":"F Heil","year":"2004","unstructured":"Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H et al (2004) Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303:1526\u20131529. doi:\n10.1126\/science.1093620","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8622_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560","volume":"413","author":"L Alexopoulou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA (2001) Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 413:732\u2013738. doi:\n10.1038\/35099560","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8622_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.008","volume":"9","author":"N Kerur","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kerur N, Veettil MV, Sharma-Walia N et al (2011) IFI16 acts as a nuclear pathogen sensor to induce the inflammasome in response to Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection. Cell Host Microbe 9:363\u2013375. doi:\n10.1016\/j.chom.2011.04.008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"8622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07725","volume":"458","author":"V Hornung","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hornung V, Ablasser A, Charrel-Dennis M et al (2009) AIM2 recognizes cytosolic dsDNA and forms a caspase-1-activating inflammasome with ASC. Nature 458:514\u2013518. doi:\n10.1038\/nature07725","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8622_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.040","volume":"140","author":"K Schroder","year":"2010","unstructured":"Schroder K, Tschopp J (2010) The inflammasomes. Cell 140:821\u2013832. doi:\n10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.040","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12691","volume":"170","author":"J Marie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Marie J, Kovacs D, Pain C et al (2014) Inflammasome activation and vitiligo\/nonsegmental vitiligo progression. Br J Dermatol 170:816\u2013823. doi:\n10.1111\/bjd.12691","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.06.006","volume":"25","author":"C Shu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shu C, Li X, Li P (2014) The mechanism of double-stranded DNA sensing through the cGAS-STING pathway. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 25:641\u2013648. doi:\n10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.06.006","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"8622_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1087","volume":"5","author":"M Yoneyama","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T et al (2004) The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 5:730\u2013737. doi:\n10.1038\/ni1087","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8622_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.45","volume":"128","author":"CJ Denman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Denman CJ, McCracken J, Hariharan V et al (2008) HSP70i accelerates depigmentation in a mouse model of autoimmune vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 128:2041\u20132048. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2008.45","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174ra28","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005127","volume":"5","author":"JA Mosenson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mosenson JA, Zloza A, Nieland JD et al (2013) Mutant HSP70 reverses autoimmune depigmentation in vitiligo. Sci Transl Med 5:174ra28. doi:\n10.1126\/scitranslmed.3005127","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"8622_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.12147","volume":"40","author":"RA Spritz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Spritz RA (2013) Modern vitiligo genetics sheds new light on an ancient disease. J Dermatol 40:310\u2013318. doi:\n10.1111\/1346-8138.12147","journal-title":"J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.09.021","volume":"137","author":"Y Jin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jin Y, Andersen GHL, Santorico SA, Spritz RA (2017) Multiple functional variants of IFIH1, a gene involved in triggering innate immune responses, protect against vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 137:522\u2013524. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jid.2016.09.021","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2873","volume":"10","author":"GY Chen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen GY, Nu\u00f1ez G (2010) Sterile inflammation: sensing and reacting to damage. Nat Rev Immunol 10:826\u2013837. doi:\n10.1038\/nri2873","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8622_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jacquemin C, Rambert J, Guillet S et al (2017) HSP70 potentiates interferon-alpha production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells: relevance for cutaneous lupus and vitiligo pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol. doi:\n10.1111\/bjd.15550","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15550"},{"key":"8622_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00858","volume":"418","author":"P Scaffidi","year":"2002","unstructured":"Scaffidi P, Misteli T, Bianchi ME (2002) Release of chromatin protein HMGB1 by necrotic cells triggers inflammation. Nature 418:191\u2013195. doi:\n10.1038\/nature00858","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8622_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1457","volume":"8","author":"J Tian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tian J, Avalos AM, Mao S-Y et al (2007) Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE. Nat Immunol 8:487\u2013496. doi:\n10.1038\/ni1457","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8622_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim JY, Lee EJ, Seo J, Oh SH (2016) Impact of HMGB1 on melanocytic survival and its involvement in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol. doi:\n10.1111\/bjd.15151","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.15151"},{"key":"8622_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.268","volume":"134","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu L, Jin L et al (2014) Oxidative stress-induced calreticulin expression and translocation: new insights into the destruction of melanocytes. J Invest Dermatol 134:183\u2013191. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2013.268","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Speeckaert R, Voet S, Hoste E, van Geel N (2017) S100B is a potential disease activity marker in non-segmental vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jid.2017.01.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.01.033"},{"key":"8622_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51040","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051040","volume":"7","author":"R Yu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yu R, Broady R, Huang Y et al (2012) Transcriptome analysis reveals markers of aberrantly activated innate immunity in vitiligo lesional and non-lesional skin. PLoS One 7:e51040. doi:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0051040","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8622_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.12","volume":"131","author":"Y Jin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jin Y, Birlea SA, Fain PR et al (2011) Genome-wide analysis identifies a quantitative trait locus in the MHC class II region associated with generalized vitiligo age of onset. J Invest Dermatol 131:1308\u20131312. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2011.12","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1038\/skinbio.2011.7","volume":"131","author":"RA Spritz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Spritz RA (2011) The genetics of vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 131:E18\u2013E20. doi:\n10.1038\/skinbio.2011.7","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1711700209","volume":"170","author":"AM Badri","year":"1993","unstructured":"Badri AM, Todd PM, Garioch JJ et al (1993) An immunohistological study of cutaneous lymphocytes in vitiligo. J Pathol 170:149\u2013155. doi:\n10.1002\/path.1711700209","journal-title":"J Pathol"},{"key":"8622_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.002","volume":"14","author":"M Dwivedi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dwivedi M, Kemp EH, Laddha NC et al (2015) Regulatory T cells in vitiligo: implications for pathogenesis and therapeutics. Autoimmun Rev 14:49\u201356. doi:\n10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.10.002","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"8622_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1078\/0171-9335-00423","volume":"83","author":"J Steitz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Steitz J, Wenzel J, Gaffal E, T\u00fcting T (2004) Initiation and regulation of CD8+T cells recognizing melanocytic antigens in the epidermis: implications for the pathophysiology of vitiligo. Eur J Cell Biol 83:797\u2013803. doi:\n10.1078\/0171-9335-00423","journal-title":"Eur J Cell Biol"},{"key":"8622_CR62","first-page":"3055","volume":"177","author":"T Lambe","year":"1950","unstructured":"Lambe T, Leung JCH, Bouriez-Jones T et al (1950) (2006) CD4 T cell-dependent autoimmunity against a melanocyte neoantigen induces spontaneous vitiligo and depends upon Fas-Fas ligand interactions. J Immunol Baltim Md 177:3055\u20133062","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"8622_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3818","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-07-034066","volume":"108","author":"L Gattinoni","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gattinoni L, Ranganathan A, Surman DR et al (2006) CTLA-4 dysregulation of self\/tumor-reactive CD8+ T-cell function is CD4+ T-cell dependent. Blood 108:3818\u20133823. doi:\n10.1182\/blood-2006-07-034066","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"8622_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-11-120998","volume":"112","author":"P Muranski","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muranski P, Boni A, Antony PA et al (2008) Tumor-specific Th17-polarized cells eradicate large established melanoma. Blood 112:362\u2013373. doi:\n10.1182\/blood-2007-11-120998","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"8622_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000069521.42488.1B","volume":"83","author":"A Wa\u0144kowicz-Kali\u0144ska","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wa\u0144kowicz-Kali\u0144ska A, van den Wijngaard RMJGJ, Tigges BJ et al (2003) Immunopolarization of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to type-1-like is associated with melanocyte loss in human vitiligo. Lab Investig J Tech Methods Pathol 83:683\u2013695","journal-title":"Lab Investig J Tech Methods Pathol"},{"key":"8622_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.09.048","volume":"60","author":"PY Basak","year":"2009","unstructured":"Basak PY, Adiloglu AK, Ceyhan AM et al (2009) The role of helper and regulatory T cells in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol 60:256\u2013260. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jaad.2008.09.048","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2010.03972.x","volume":"36","author":"DA Bassiouny","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bassiouny DA, Shaker O (2011) Role of interleukin-17 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Clin Exp Dermatol 36:292\u2013297. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2010.03972.x","journal-title":"Clin Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kotobuki Y, Tanemura A, Yang L et al (2011) Dysregulation of melanocyte function by Th17-related cytokines: significance of Th17 cell infiltration in autoimmune vitiligo vulgaris. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00945.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00945.x"},{"key":"8622_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2013.2023","volume":"23","author":"MA Elela","year":"2013","unstructured":"Elela MA, Hegazy RA, Fawzy MM et al (2013) Interleukin 17, interleukin 22 and FoxP3 expression in tissue and serum of non-segmental vitiligo: a case-controlled study on eighty-four patients. Eur J Dermatol EJD 23:350\u2013355. doi:\n10.1684\/ejd.2013.2023","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol EJD"},{"key":"8622_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00945.x","volume":"25","author":"Y Kotobuki","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kotobuki Y, Tanemura A, Yang L et al (2012) Dysregulation of melanocyte function by Th17-related cytokines: significance of Th17 cell infiltration in autoimmune vitiligo vulgaris. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 25:219\u2013230. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00945.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.237","volume":"133","author":"CQF Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang CQF, Akalu YT, Suarez-Farinas M et al (2013) IL-17 and TNF synergistically modulate cytokine expression while suppressing melanogenesis: potential relevance to psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 133:2741\u20132752. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2013.237","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12160","volume":"53","author":"M Abdallah","year":"2014","unstructured":"Abdallah M, Lotfi R, Othman W, Galal R (2014) Assessment of tissue FoxP3+, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in active and stable nonsegmental vitiligo. Int J Dermatol 53:940\u2013946. doi:\n10.1111\/ijd.12160","journal-title":"Int J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00688.x","volume":"23","author":"J Klarquist","year":"2010","unstructured":"Klarquist J, Denman CJ, Hernandez C et al (2010) Reduced skin homing by functional Treg in vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 23:276\u2013286. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2010.00688.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00920.x","volume":"25","author":"M Ben Ahmed","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ben Ahmed M, Zaraa I, Rekik R et al (2012) Functional defects of peripheral regulatory T lymphocytes in patients with progressive vitiligo. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 25:99\u2013109. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1755-148X.2011.00920.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37513","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037513","volume":"7","author":"Y Lili","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lili Y, Yi W, Ji Y et al (2012) Global activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes correlates with an impairment in regulatory T cells in patients with generalized vitiligo. PLoS One 7:e37513. doi:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0037513","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8622_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2013.540","volume":"134","author":"S Chatterjee","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chatterjee S, Eby JM, Al-Khami AA et al (2014) A quantitative increase in regulatory T cells controls development of vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 134:1285\u20131294. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2013.540","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.188.6.1203","volume":"188","author":"GS Ogg","year":"1998","unstructured":"Ogg GS, Rod Dunbar P, Romero P et al (1998) High frequency of skin-homing melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autoimmune vitiligo. J Exp Med 188:1203\u20131208","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"8622_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01408.x","volume":"117","author":"B Palermo","year":"2001","unstructured":"Palermo B, Campanelli R, Garbelli S et al (2001) Specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against Melan-A\/MART1, tyrosinase and gp100 in vitiligo by the use of major histocompatibility complex\/peptide tetramers: the role of cellular immunity in the etiopathogenesis of vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 117:326\u2013332. doi:\n10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01408.x","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01363.x","volume":"116","author":"KS Lang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lang KS, Caroli CC, Muhm A et al (2001) HLA-A2 restricted, melanocyte-specific CD8(+) T lymphocytes detected in vitiligo patients are related to disease activity and are predominantly directed against MelanA\/MART1. J Invest Dermatol 116:891\u2013897. doi:\n10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2001.01363.x","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12413.x","volume":"121","author":"RL Mandelcorn-Monson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mandelcorn-Monson RL, Shear NH, Yau E et al (2003) Cytotoxic T lymphocyte reactivity to gp100, MelanA\/MART-1, and tyrosinase, in HLA-A2-positive vitiligo patients. J Invest Dermatol 121:550\u2013556. doi:\n10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2003.12413.x","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2008.31","volume":"128","author":"S Adams","year":"2008","unstructured":"Adams S, Lowes MA, O\u2019Neill DW et al (2008) Lack of functionally active Melan-A(26-35)-specific T cells in the blood of HLA-A2+ vitiligo patients. J Invest Dermatol 128:1977\u20131980. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2008.31","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.32","volume":"129","author":"JG Boorn van den","year":"2009","unstructured":"van den Boorn JG, Konijnenberg D, Dellemijn TAM et al (2009) Autoimmune destruction of skin melanocytes by perilesional T cells from vitiligo patients. J Invest Dermatol 129:2220\u20132232. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2009.32","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa1292","volume":"346","author":"Y Maeda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maeda Y, Nishikawa H, Sugiyama D et al (2014) Detection of self-reactive CD8+ T cells with an anergic phenotype in healthy individuals. Science 346:1536\u20131540. doi:\n10.1126\/science.aaa1292","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"8622_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0749.13.s8.29.x","volume":"13","author":"Y Kawakami","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kawakami Y, Suzuki Y, Shofuda T et al (2000) T cell immune responses against melanoma and melanocytes in cancer and autoimmunity. Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc 13(Suppl 8):163\u2013169","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc"},{"key":"8622_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.192.11.1637","volume":"192","author":"C Yee","year":"2000","unstructured":"Yee C, Thompson JA, Roche P et al (2000) Melanocyte destruction after antigen-specific immunotherapy of melanoma: direct evidence of t cell-mediated vitiligo. J Exp Med 192:1637\u20131644","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"8622_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780138","volume":"80","author":"R Wijngaard van den","year":"2000","unstructured":"van den Wijngaard R, Wankowicz-Kalinska A, Le Poole C et al (2000) Local immune response in skin of generalized vitiligo patients. Destruction of melanocytes is associated with the prominent presence of CLA+ T cells at the perilesional site. Lab Investig J Tech Methods Pathol 80:1299\u20131309","journal-title":"Lab Investig J Tech Methods Pathol"},{"key":"8622_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2012.1117","volume":"7","author":"J Wu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wu J, Zhou M, Wan Y, Xu A (2013) CD8+ T cells from vitiligo perilesional margins induce autologous melanocyte apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 7:237\u2013241. doi:\n10.3892\/mmr.2012.1117","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"8622_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902778","volume":"184","author":"RK Gregg","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gregg RK, Nichols L, Chen Y et al (2010) Mechanisms of spatial and temporal development of autoimmune vitiligo in tyrosinase-specific TCR transgenic mice. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950 184:1909\u20131917. doi:\n10.4049\/jimmunol.0902778","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"8622_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12146","volume":"174","author":"S You","year":"2013","unstructured":"You S, Cho Y-H, Byun J-S, Shin E-C (2013) Melanocyte-specific CD8+ T cells are associated with epidermal depigmentation in a novel mouse model of vitiligo. Clin Exp Immunol 174:38\u201344. doi:\n10.1111\/cei.12146","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"key":"8622_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.463","volume":"132","author":"JE Harris","year":"2012","unstructured":"Harris JE, Harris TH, Weninger W et al (2012) A mouse model of vitiligo with focused epidermal depigmentation requires IFN-\u03b3 for autoreactive CD8+ T-cell accumulation in the skin. J Invest Dermatol 132:1869\u20131876. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2011.463","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.14016","volume":"173","author":"KC Webb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Webb KC, Tung R, Winterfield LS et al (2015) Tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 inhibition can stabilize disease in progressive vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 173:641\u2013650. doi:\n10.1111\/bjd.14016","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Larsabal M, Marti A, Jacquemin C et al (2017) Vitiligo-like lesions occurring in patients receiving anti-programmed cell death-1 therapies are clinically and biologically distinct from vitiligo. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.10.044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.10.044"},{"key":"8622_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223ra23","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007811","volume":"6","author":"M Rashighi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rashighi M, Agarwal P, Richmond JM et al (2014) CXCL10 is critical for the progression and maintenance of depigmentation in a mouse model of vitiligo. Sci Transl Med 6:223ra23. doi:\n10.1126\/scitranslmed.3007811","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"8622_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Richmond JM, Masterjohn E, Chu R et al (2017) CXCR3 depleting antibodies prevent and reverse vitiligo in mice. J Invest Dermatol. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jid.2016.10.048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2016.10.048"},{"key":"8622_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2080","volume":"95","author":"L Yang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yang L, Wei Y, Sun Y et al (2015) Interferon-gamma inhibits melanogenesis and induces apoptosis in melanocytes: a pivotal role of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitiligo. Acta Derm Venereol 95:664\u2013670. doi:\n10.2340\/00015555-2080","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"8622_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93232","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093232","volume":"9","author":"S Wang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wang S, Zhou M, Lin F et al (2014) Interferon-\u03b3 induces senescence in normal human melanocytes. PLoS One 9:e93232. doi:\n10.1371\/journal.pone.0093232","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"8622_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304988111","volume":"111","author":"VT Natarajan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Natarajan VT, Ganju P, Singh A et al (2014) IFN-\u03b3 signaling maintains skin pigmentation homeostasis through regulation of melanosome maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 111:2301\u20132306. doi:\n10.1073\/pnas.1304988111","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8622_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-013-0039-3","volume":"14","author":"CR Camara-Lemarroy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Camara-Lemarroy CR, Salas-Alanis JC (2013) The role of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo. Am J Clin Dermatol 14:343\u2013350. doi:\n10.1007\/s40257-013-0039-3","journal-title":"Am J Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12460991","volume":"96","author":"VB Swope","year":"1991","unstructured":"Swope VB, Abdel-Malek Z, Kassem LM, Nordlund JJ (1991) Interleukins 1 alpha and 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha are paracrine inhibitors of human melanocyte proliferation and melanogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 96:180\u2013185","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202446","volume":"18","author":"W Englaro","year":"1999","unstructured":"Englaro W, Bahadoran P, Bertolotto C et al (1999) Tumor necrosis factor alpha-mediated inhibition of melanogenesis is dependent on nuclear factor kappa B activation. Oncogene 18:1553\u20131559. doi:\n10.1038\/sj.onc.1202446","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"8622_CR101","first-page":"4431","volume":"176","author":"RA Clark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clark RA, Chong B, Mirchandani N et al (2006) The vast majority of CLA+ T cells are resident in normal skin. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950 176:4431\u20134439","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md 1950"},{"key":"8622_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279ra39","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010302","volume":"7","author":"R Watanabe","year":"2015","unstructured":"Watanabe R, Gehad A, Yang C et al (2015) Human skin is protected by four functionally and phenotypically discrete populations of resident and recirculating memory T cells. Sci Transl Med 7:279ra39. doi:\n10.1126\/scitranslmed.3010302","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"8622_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3883","volume":"21","author":"CO Park","year":"2015","unstructured":"Park CO, Kupper TS (2015) The emerging role of resident memory T cells in protective immunity and inflammatory disease. Nat Med 21:688\u2013697. doi:\n10.1038\/nm.3883","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"8622_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.018","volume":"36","author":"J Seneschal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Seneschal J, Clark RA, Gehad A et al (2012) Human epidermal Langerhans cells maintain immune homeostasis in skin by activating skin resident regulatory T cells. Immunity 36:873\u2013884. doi:\n10.1016\/j.immuni.2012.03.018","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8622_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.01.009","volume":"46","author":"S Cheuk","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cheuk S, Schlums H, Gallais S\u00e9r\u00e9zal I et al (2017) CD49a expression defines tissue-resident CD8(+) T cells poised for cytotoxic function in human skin. Immunity 46:287\u2013300. doi:\n10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.01.009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8622_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69361-1_22","volume-title":"Vitiligo","author":"RA Spritz","year":"2010","unstructured":"Spritz RA (2010) Genetics. In: Picardo M, Ta\u00efeb A (eds) Vitiligo. Springer, Berlin, pp 155\u2013162"},{"key":"8622_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3680","volume":"48","author":"Y Jin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jin Y, Andersen G, Yorgov D et al (2016) Genome-wide association studies of autoimmune vitiligo identify 23 new risk loci and highlight key pathways and regulatory variants. Nat Genet 48:1418\u20131424. doi:\n10.1038\/ng.3680","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"8622_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8229.128767","volume":"21","author":"DA Alenizi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alenizi DA (2014) Consanguinity pattern and heritability of vitiligo in Arar, Saudi Arabia. J Fam Community Med 21:13\u201316. doi:\n10.4103\/2230-8229.128767","journal-title":"J Fam Community Med"},{"key":"8622_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12166","volume":"168","author":"A Gey","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gey A, Diallo A, Seneschal J et al (2013) Autoimmune thyroid disease in vitiligo: multivariate analysis indicates intricate pathomechanisms. Br J Dermatol 168:756\u2013761. doi:\n10.1111\/bjd.12166","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11002.x","volume":"167","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Diallo A, L\u00e9aut\u00e9-Labr\u00e8ze C et al (2012) Pre- vs. post-pubertal onset of vitiligo: multivariate analysis indicates atopic diathesis association in pre-pubertal onset vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 167:490\u2013495. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11002.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb A, Ezzedine K (2013) Vitiligo: the white armour? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. doi:\n10.1111\/pcmr.12076","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12076"},{"key":"8622_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12561","volume":"30","author":"EY Gan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gan EY, Eleftheriadou V, Esmat S et al (2017) Repigmentation in vitiligo: position paper of the Vitiligo Global Issues Consensus Conference. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 30:28\u201340. doi:\n10.1111\/pcmr.12561","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res"},{"key":"8622_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2006.00355.x","volume":"20","author":"A Ta\u00efeb","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ta\u00efeb A, Picardo M (2007) The definition and assessment of vitiligo: a consensus report of the Vitiligo European Task Force. Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc 20:27\u201335. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1600-0749.2006.00355.x","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res Spons Eur Soc Pigment Cell Res Int Pigment Cell Soc"},{"key":"8622_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.527","volume":"135","author":"M Cavali\u00e9","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cavali\u00e9 M, Ezzedine K, Fontas E et al (2015) Maintenance therapy of adult vitiligo with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Invest Dermatol 135:970\u2013974. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2014.527","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1159\/000433424","volume":"231","author":"H Singh","year":"2015","unstructured":"Singh H, Kumaran MS, Bains A, Parsad D (2015) A randomized comparative study of oral corticosteroid minipulse and low-dose oral methotrexate in the treatment of unstable vitiligo. Dermatol Basel Switz 231:286\u2013290. doi:\n10.1159\/000433424","journal-title":"Dermatol Basel Switz"},{"key":"8622_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.12399","volume":"316","author":"K Ezzedine","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ezzedine K, Whitton M, Pinart M (2016) Interventions for vitiligo. JAMA 316:1708\u20131709. doi:\n10.1001\/jama.2016.12399","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"8622_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6215-15-51","volume":"15","author":"V Eleftheriadou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Eleftheriadou V, Thomas K, Ravenscroft J et al (2014) Feasibility, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial of hand-held NB-UVB phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo at home (HI-Light trial: Home Intervention of Light therapy). Trials 15:51. doi:\n10.1186\/1745-6215-15-51","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"8622_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1159\/000439563","volume":"232","author":"J Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee J, Chu H, Lee H et al (2016) A retrospective study of methylprednisolone mini-pulse therapy combined with narrow-band UVB in non-segmental vitiligo. Dermatol Basel Switz 232:224\u2013229. doi:\n10.1159\/000439563","journal-title":"Dermatol Basel Switz"},{"key":"8622_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11197.x","volume":"168","author":"A Taieb","year":"2013","unstructured":"Taieb A, Alomar A, B\u00f6hm M et al (2013) Guidelines for the management of vitiligo: the European Dermatology Forum consensus. Br J Dermatol 168:5\u201319. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2012.11197.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.12331","volume":"26","author":"T Luger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luger T, Boguniewicz M, Carr W et al (2015) Pimecrolimus in atopic dermatitis: consensus on safety and the need to allow use in infants. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Off Publ Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol 26:306\u2013315. doi:\n10.1111\/pai.12331","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Off Publ Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"8622_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08793.x","volume":"159","author":"F Sassi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sassi F, Cazzaniga S, Tessari G et al (2008) Randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of 308-nm excimer laser alone or in combination with topical hydrocortisone 17-butyrate cream in the treatment of vitiligo of the face and neck. Br J Dermatol 159:1186\u20131191. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08793.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09077.x","volume":"161","author":"P Kostopoulou","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kostopoulou P, Jouary T, Quintard B et al (2009) Objective vs. subjective factors in the psychological impact of vitiligo: the experience from a French referral centre. Br J Dermatol 161:128\u2013133. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2009.09077.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08881.x","volume":"159","author":"DJ Gawkrodger","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gawkrodger DJ, Ormerod AD, Shaw L et al (2008) Guideline for the diagnosis and management of vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 159:1051\u20131076. doi:\n10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2008.08881.x","journal-title":"Br J Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR124","unstructured":"Sacchidanand S (2008) IADVL dermatosurgery guidelines: charting uncharted territory. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 74(7):4"},{"key":"8622_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.5.643","volume":"143","author":"HW Lim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lim HW, Hexsel CL (2007) Vitiligo: to treat or not to treat. Arch Dermatol 143:643\u2013646. doi:\n10.1001\/archderm.143.5.643","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12344","volume":"23","author":"TS Anbar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anbar TS, Hegazy RA, Picardo M, Taieb A (2014) Beyond vitiligo guidelines: combined stratified\/personalized approaches for the vitiligo patient. Exp Dermatol 23:219\u2013223. doi:\n10.1111\/exd.12344","journal-title":"Exp Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.1520","volume":"151","author":"BG Craiglow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Craiglow BG, King BA (2015) Tofacitinib citrate for the treatment of vitiligo: a pathogenesis-directed therapy. JAMA Dermatol 151:1110\u20131112. doi:\n10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.1520","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.09.073","volume":"74","author":"JE Harris","year":"2016","unstructured":"Harris JE, Rashighi M, Nguyen N et al (2016) Rapid skin repigmentation on oral ruxolitinib in a patient with coexistent vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA). J Am Acad Dermatol 74:370\u2013371. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.09.073","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"8622_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rothstein B, Joshipura D, Saraiya A et al (2017) Treatment of vitiligo with the topical Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib. J Am Acad Dermatol. doi:\n10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.049"},{"key":"8622_CR130","first-page":"534","volume":"11","author":"KM Alghamdi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Alghamdi KM, Khurrum H, Taieb A, Ezzedine K (2012) Treatment of generalized vitiligo with anti-TNF-\u03b1 agents. J Drugs Dermatol JDD 11:534\u2013539","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol JDD"},{"key":"8622_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.335","volume":"135","author":"C Regazzetti","year":"2015","unstructured":"Regazzetti C, Joly F, Marty C et al (2015) Transcriptional analysis of vitiligo skin reveals the alteration of WNT pathway: a promising target for repigmenting vitiligo patients. J Invest Dermatol 135:3105\u20133114. doi:\n10.1038\/jid.2015.335","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"}],"container-title":["Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12016-017-8622-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12016-017-8622-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12016-017-8622-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,2,2]],"date-time":"2018-02-02T23:50:34Z","timestamp":1517615434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12016-017-8622-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["8622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-017-8622-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1080-0549","1559-0267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1080-0549","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0267","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,6]]}}}