{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:07:26Z","timestamp":1793200046916,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common chronic inflammatory airway disease caused by inhaled allergens, and its prevalence has increased in recent decades. AR not only causes nasal leakage, itchy nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, and allergic conjunctivitis but also induces asthma, as well as sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, memory loss, and other phenomena that seriously affect the patient\u2019s ability to study and work, lower their quality of life, and burden society. The current methods used to diagnose and treat AR are still far from ideal. Multi-omics technology can be used to comprehensively and systematically analyze the differentially expressed DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites and their biological functions in patients with AR. These capabilities allow for an in-depth understanding of the intrinsic pathogenic mechanism of AR, the ability to explore key cells and molecules that drive its progression, and to design personalized treatment for AR. This article summarizes the progress made in studying AR by use of genomics, epigenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics in order to illustrate the important role of multi-omics technologies in facilitating the precise diagnosis and treatment of AR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09028-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:13:48Z","timestamp":1739859228000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Multi-omics in Allergic Rhinitis: Mechanism Dissection and Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Hao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xicheng","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"9028_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.294.6567.279","volume":"294","author":"DM Fleming","year":"1987","unstructured":"Fleming DM, Crombie DL (1987) Prevalence of asthma and hay fever in England and Wales. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 294:279\u2013283","journal-title":"Br Med J Clin Res Ed"},{"key":"9028_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"g4153","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4153","volume":"349","author":"JG Barr","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barr JG, Al-Reefy H, Fox AT, Hopkins C (2014) Allergic rhinitis in children. BMJ 349:g4153","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"10","key":"9028_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2022-005618","volume":"44","author":"C Barrie","year":"2023","unstructured":"Barrie C (2023) Allergic rhinitis. Pediatr Rev 44(10):537\u2013550","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"9028_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S81541","volume":"9","author":"P Giavina-Bianchi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giavina-Bianchi P, Takejima P, Kalil J, Agondi RC (2016) United airway disease: current perspectives. J Asthma Allergy 9:93\u2013100","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-019-0391-9","volume":"15","author":"M Romano","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romano M, James S, Farrington E, Perry R, Elliott L (2019) The impact of perennial allergic rhinitis with\/without allergic asthma on sleep, work and activity level. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol Off J Can Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 15:81","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol Off J Can Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25159","volume":"101","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2023) Brain response in allergic rhinitis: profile and proposal. J Neurosci Res 101:480\u2013491","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"9028_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.04.010","volume":"145","author":"PW Hellings","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hellings PW, Steelant B (2020) Epithelial barriers in allergy and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 145:1499\u20131509","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.013","volume":"147","author":"MK Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee MK, Wyss AB, Carnes MU et al (2021) House dust microbiota in relation to adult asthma and atopy in a US farming population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147:910\u2013920","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2022.11.003","volume":"72","author":"M Okano","year":"2023","unstructured":"Okano M et al (2023) Executive summary: Japanese guidelines for allergic rhinitis 2020. Allergol Int Off J Jpn Soc Allergol 72:41\u201353","journal-title":"Allergol Int Off J Jpn Soc Allergol"},{"key":"9028_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2016.1112786","volume":"15","author":"I J\u00e1uregui","year":"2016","unstructured":"J\u00e1uregui I et al (2016) Bilastine: a new antihistamine with an optimal benefit-to-risk ratio for safety during driving. Expert Opin Drug Saf 15:89\u201398","journal-title":"Expert Opin Drug Saf"},{"key":"9028_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4397","volume":"31","author":"N Juel-Berg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Juel-Berg N et al (2017) Intranasal corticosteroids compared with oral antihistamines in allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 31:19\u201328","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13601-019-0303-6","volume":"10","author":"V Hox","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hox V et al (2020) Benefits and harm of systemic steroids for short- and long-term use in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis: an EAACI position paper. Clin Transl Allergy 10:1","journal-title":"Clin Transl Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12953","volume":"47","author":"GK Scadding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scadding GK et al (2017) BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 47:856\u2013889","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.09.010","volume":"11","author":"P Ponda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ponda P, Carr T, Rank MA, Bousquet J (2023) Nonallergic rhinitis, allergic rhinitis, and immunotherapy: advances in the last decade. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 11:35\u201342","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract"},{"key":"9028_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000781","volume":"21","author":"JA Dantzer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dantzer JA, Wood RA (2021) Update on omalizumab in allergen immunotherapy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 21:559\u2013568","journal-title":"Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2022.2033051","volume":"25","author":"M M\u00fcller","year":"2022","unstructured":"M\u00fcller M, Igarashi A, Hashiguchi K et al (2022) The impact of omalizumab on paid and unpaid work productivity among severe Japanese cedar pollinosis (JCP) patients. J Med Econ 25:220\u2013229","journal-title":"J Med Econ"},{"key":"9028_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12968\/hmed.2021.0570","volume":"83","author":"ZA Siddiqui","year":"2022","unstructured":"Siddiqui ZA, Walker A, Pirwani MM et al (2022) Allergic rhinitis: diagnosis and management. Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 83:1\u20139","journal-title":"Br J Hosp Med (Lond)"},{"key":"9028_CR18","first-page":"860","volume":"15","author":"JS Berg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Berg JS et al (2013) Processes and preliminary outputs for identification of actionable genes as incidental findings in genomic sequence data in the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research Consortium. Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet 15:860\u2013867","journal-title":"Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR19","first-page":"405","volume":"17","author":"S Richards","year":"2015","unstructured":"Richards S et al (2015) Standards and guidelines for the interpretation of sequence variants: a joint consensus recommendation of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology. Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet 17:405\u2013424","journal-title":"Genet Med Off J Am Coll Med Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02168","volume":"426","author":"International HapMap Consortium","year":"2003","unstructured":"International HapMap Consortium (2003) The International HapMap Project. Nature 426:789\u2013796","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9028_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.49","volume":"17","author":"S Goodwin","year":"2016","unstructured":"Goodwin S, McPherson JD, McCombie WR (2016) Coming of age: ten years of next-generation sequencing technologies. Nat Rev Genet 17:333\u2013351","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2686","volume":"45","author":"DA Hinds","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hinds DA et al (2013) A genome-wide association meta-analysis of self-reported allergy identifies shared and allergy-specific susceptibility loci. Nat Genet 45:907\u2013911","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60130-X","volume":"378","author":"AN Greiner","year":"2011","unstructured":"Greiner AN, Hellings PW, Rotiroti G, Scadding GK (2011) Allergic rhinitis. Lancet Lond Engl 378:2112\u20132122","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"9028_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12495","volume":"69","author":"D Nilsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nilsson D et al (2014) Replication of genomewide associations with allergic sensitization and allergic rhinitis. Allergy 69:1506\u20131514","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2694","volume":"45","author":"K B\u00f8nnelykke","year":"2013","unstructured":"B\u00f8nnelykke K et al (2013) Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identifies ten loci influencing allergic sensitization. Nat Genet 45:902\u2013906","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.03.007","volume":"132","author":"E Fuertes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuertes E et al (2013) Childhood allergic rhinitis, traffic-related air pollution, and variability in the GSTP1, TNF, TLR2, and TLR4 genes: results from the TAG Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 132:342-352.e2","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"9028_CR27","first-page":"487","volume":"31","author":"S Zgliczy\u0144ski","year":"1980","unstructured":"Zgliczy\u0144ski S et al (1980) Attempt at diagnosis of pituitary microadenomas as a cause of spontaneous hyperprolactinemia. Endokrynol Pol 31(5):487\u2013496","journal-title":"Endokrynol Pol"},{"key":"9028_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0157-1","volume":"50","author":"J Waage","year":"2018","unstructured":"Waage J et al (2018) Genome-wide association and HLA fine-mapping studies identify risk loci and genetic pathways underlying allergic rhinitis. Nat Genet 50:1072\u20131080","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3424","volume":"47","author":"L Paternoster","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paternoster L et al (2015) Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of 21,000 cases and 95,000 controls identifies new risk loci for atopic dermatitis. Nat Genet 47:1449\u20131456","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"193","key":"9028_CR30","first-page":"1728","volume":"1950","author":"T Mori","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mori T et al (2014) Lnk\/Sh2b3 controls the production and function of dendritic cells and regulates the induction of IFN-\u03b3-producing T cells. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950(193):1728\u20131736","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"9028_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms6593","volume":"5","author":"PMA Sleiman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sleiman PMA et al (2014) GWAS identifies four novel eosinophilic esophagitis loci. Nat Commun 5:5593","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"9028_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3985","volume":"49","author":"MA Ferreira","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferreira MA et al (2017) Shared genetic origin of asthma, hay fever and eczema elucidates allergic disease biology. Nat Genet 49:1752\u20131757","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2004","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12122004","volume":"12","author":"BY Choi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Choi BY, Han M, Kwak JW, Kim TH (2021) Genetics and epigenetics in allergic rhinitis. Genes 12:2004","journal-title":"Genes"},{"key":"9028_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2010.09.008","volume":"126","author":"MK Rochat","year":"2010","unstructured":"Rochat MK et al (2010) Allergic rhinitis as a predictor for wheezing onset in school-aged children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 126:1170-1175.e2","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.030","volume":"133","author":"MAR Ferreira","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ferreira MAR et al (2014) Genome-wide association analysis identifies 11 risk variants associated with the asthma with hay fever phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133:1564\u20131571","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201712-2529OC","volume":"197","author":"ACY Mak","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mak ACY et al (2018) Whole-genome sequencing of pharmacogenetic drug response in racially diverse children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 197:1552\u20131564","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"9028_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2020.12.007","volume":"108","author":"G Galat\u00e0","year":"2021","unstructured":"Galat\u00e0 G et al (2021) Genome-wide association study identifies novel susceptibility loci for KIT D816V positive mastocytosis. Am J Human Genet 108(2):284\u2013294","journal-title":"Am J Human Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44008","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044008","volume":"7","author":"A Ramasamy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramasamy A et al (2012) Genome-wide association studies of asthma in population-based cohorts confirm known and suggested loci and identify an additional association near HLA. PLoS ONE 7:e44008","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9028_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12327","volume":"45","author":"MA Portelli","year":"2015","unstructured":"Portelli MA, Hodge E, Sayers I (2015) Genetic risk factors for the development of allergic disease identified by genome-wide association. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 45:21\u201331","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.10.035","volume":"133","author":"B Soza\u0144ska","year":"2014","unstructured":"Soza\u0144ska B, B\u0142aszczyk M, Pearce N, Cullinan P (2014) Atopy and allergic respiratory disease in rural Poland before and after accession to the European Union. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133:1347\u20131353","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.01.031","volume":"133","author":"MJ Ege","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ege MJ, von Mutius E (2014) Atopy: a mirror of environmental changes? J Allergy Clin Immunol 133:1354\u20131355","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.07.010","volume":"134","author":"Y-CB Wu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wu Y-CB et al (2014) Influence of seasonal exposure to grass pollen on local and peripheral blood IgE repertoires in patients with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 134:604\u2013612","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2014.08.003","volume":"135","author":"JI Silverberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Silverberg JI, Braunstein M, Lee-Wong M (2015) Association between climate factors, pollen counts, and childhood hay fever prevalence in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol 135:463\u2013469","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0668.2008.00573.x","volume":"19","author":"L H\u00e4gerhed-Engman","year":"2009","unstructured":"H\u00e4gerhed-Engman L et al (2009) Low home ventilation rate in combination with moldy odor from the building structure increase the risk for allergic symptoms in children. Indoor Air 19:184\u2013192","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"9028_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000741","volume":"28","author":"H-I Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen H-I, Lin Y-T, Jung C-R, Hwang B-F (2017) Interaction between catalase gene promoter polymorphisms and indoor environmental exposure in childhood allergic rhinitis. Epidemiol Camb Mass 28(Suppl 1):S126\u2013S132","journal-title":"Epidemiol Camb Mass"},{"key":"9028_CR46","unstructured":"Meta-analysis of determinants for pet ownership in 12 European birth cohorts on asthma and allergies: a GA2LEN initiative - PubMed. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/18721248\/. Accessed 1 Sept 2024"},{"key":"9028_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2008.01732.x","volume":"63","author":"B Takkouche","year":"2008","unstructured":"Takkouche B, Gonz\u00e1lez-Barcala F-J, Etminan M, Fitzgerald M (2008) Exposure to furry pets and the risk of asthma and allergic rhinitis: a meta-analysis. Allergy 63:857\u2013864","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-023-00556-1","volume":"24","author":"K Fan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fan K et al (2023) Identification of key genes and the pathophysiology associated with allergen-specific immunotherapy for allergic rhinitis. BMC Immunol 24:19","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3000","volume":"12","author":"VK Rakyan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rakyan VK, Down TA, Balding DJ, Beck S (2011) Epigenome-wide association studies for common human diseases. Nat Rev Genet 12:529\u2013541","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9131432","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9131432","volume":"2018","author":"P Bayrak Degirmenci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bayrak Degirmenci P et al (2018) Allergic rhinitis and its relationship with IL-10, IL-17, TGF-\u03b2, IFN-\u03b3, IL 22, and IL-35. Dis Markers 2018:9131432","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"9028_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12647","volume":"46","author":"JY Li","year":"2016","unstructured":"Li JY et al (2016) Association between DNA hypomethylation at IL13 gene and allergic rhinitis in house dust mite-sensitized subjects. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 46:298\u2013307","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13263","volume":"73","author":"ML North","year":"2018","unstructured":"North ML et al (2018) Blood and nasal epigenetics correlate with allergic rhinitis symptom development in the environmental exposure unit. Allergy 73:196\u2013205","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.04.021","volume":"130","author":"RS Swamy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swamy RS et al (2012) Epigenetic modifications and improved regulatory T-cell function in subjects undergoing dual sublingual immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 130:215-224.e7","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1159\/000358486","volume":"163","author":"H Suojalehto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Suojalehto H et al (2014) Altered microRNA expression of nasal mucosa in long-term asthma and allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 163:168\u2013178","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1815-7","volume":"90","author":"K Pileti\u010d","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pileti\u010d K, Kunej T (2016) MicroRNA epigenetic signatures in human disease. Arch Toxicol 90:2405\u20132419","journal-title":"Arch Toxicol"},{"key":"9028_CR56","unstructured":"MicroRNA-29 family reverts aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNA methyltransferases 3A and 3B - PubMed. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/17890317\/. Accessed 2 Sept 2024"},{"key":"9028_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3075","volume":"33","author":"Y Wang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wang Y et al (2015) Regulation of Trek1 expression in nasal mucosa with allergic rhinitis by specific immunotherapy. Cell Biochem Funct 33:23\u201328","journal-title":"Cell Biochem Funct"},{"key":"9028_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9191","DOI":"10.1038\/srep09191","volume":"5","author":"J Jiang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Jiang J et al (2015) Trek1 contributes to maintaining nasal epithelial barrier integrity. Sci Rep 5:9191","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"9028_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3831","volume":"15","author":"TA Wynn","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wynn TA (2015) Type 2 cytokines: mechanisms and therapeutic strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 15:271\u2013282","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1186\/rr39","volume":"2","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2001","unstructured":"Barnes PJ (2001) Th2 cytokines and asthma: an introduction. Respir Res 2:64\u201365","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"9028_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.161.3.9810056","volume":"161","author":"T Laitinen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Laitinen T et al (2000) Association study of the chromosomal region containing the FCER2 gene suggests it has a regulatory role in atopic disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161:700\u2013706","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"9028_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2015.8.3.243","volume":"8","author":"J-S Cho","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cho J-S et al (2015) Antiallergic effects of trichostatin A in a murine model of allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 8:243\u2013249","journal-title":"Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"9028_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081652","volume":"18","author":"A Casamassimi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Casamassimi A, Federico A, Rienzo M, Esposito S, Ciccodicola A (2017) Transcriptome profiling in human diseases: new advances and perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 18:1652","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"9028_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.12.024","volume":"153","author":"YH Shin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shin YH et al (2024) Allergic rhinitis phenotypes with distinct transcriptome profiles in children: a birth cohort. J Allergy Clin Immunol 153:1319\u20131329","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9028_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1080\/02770900600566348","volume":"43","author":"DW Cockcroft","year":"2006","unstructured":"Cockcroft DW et al (2006) Airway hyperresponsiveness as a determinant of the early asthmatic response to inhaled allergen. J Asthma 43(3):175\u20138","journal-title":"J Asthma"},{"key":"9028_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1048195","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1048195","volume":"14","author":"M Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang M et al (2023) Transcriptomic analysis of asthma and allergic rhinitis reveals CST1 as a biomarker of unified airways. Front Immunol 14:1048195","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1159\/000525791","volume":"183","author":"P Jin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jin P et al (2022) Peripheral circular RNA profiling from patients with allergic rhinitis identified hsa_circRNA_404013 as a potential diagnostic biomarker. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 183:1078\u20131088","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636477","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.636477","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou Y et al (2021) Long non-coding RNAs and mRNAs expression profiles of monocyte-derived dendritic cells from PBMCs in AR. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:636477","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"9028_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.24151","volume":"39","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y et al (2024) Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the landscape of biomarker in allergic rhinitis patient undergoing intracervical lymphatic immunotherapy and related pan-cancer analysis. Environ Toxicol 39:2817\u20132829","journal-title":"Environ Toxicol"},{"key":"9028_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14432","volume":"54","author":"S Starchenka","year":"2024","unstructured":"Starchenka S et al (2024) Peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome profile in a clinical trial with subcutaneous, grass pollen allergoid immunotherapy. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 54:130\u2013142","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21179","volume":"3","author":"H Suojalehto","year":"2013","unstructured":"Suojalehto H et al (2013) MicroRNA profiles in nasal mucosa of patients with allergic and nonallergic rhinitis and asthma. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 3:612\u2013620","journal-title":"Int Forum Allergy Rhinol"},{"key":"9028_CR72","first-page":"3523","volume":"15","author":"L Li","year":"2018","unstructured":"Li L et al (2018) MicroRNA-let-7e regulates the progression and development of allergic rhinitis by targeting suppressor of cytokine signaling 4 and activating Janus kinase 1\/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway. Exp Ther Med 15:3523\u20133529","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"key":"9028_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2015.7.5.449","volume":"7","author":"G Wu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wu G et al (2015) Altered microRNA expression profiles of extracellular vesicles in nasal mucus from patients with allergic rhinitis. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 7:449\u2013457","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol Res"},{"issue":"190","key":"9028_CR74","first-page":"1576","volume":"1950","author":"TX Lu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lu TX et al (2013) MiR-223 deficiency increases eosinophil progenitor proliferation. J Immunol Baltim Md 1950(190):1576\u20131582","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"9028_CR75","first-page":"1089","volume":"276","author":"W Liu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Liu W, Ouyang H, Zeng Q, Luo R, Lu G (2019) Decreased Treg-derived miR-181a and miR-155 correlated with reduced number and function of Treg cells in allergic rhinitis children. Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol - Head Neck Surg 276:1089\u20131094","journal-title":"Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Off J Eur Fed Oto-Rhino-Laryngol Soc EUFOS Affil Ger Soc Oto-Rhino-Laryngol - Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"9028_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-00949-4","volume":"14","author":"X Wei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wei X et al (2021) Genome-wide analysis of long noncoding RNA expression profile in nasal mucosa with allergic rhinitis. BMC Med Genomics 14:100","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"key":"9028_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420912164","volume":"34","author":"Y Yang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yang Y et al (2020) Differential expression of long noncoding RNAs and their function-related mRNAs in the peripheral blood of allergic rhinitis patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy 34:508\u2013518","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"issue":"1077\u20131085","key":"9028_CR78","first-page":"e1","volume":"128","author":"M Kumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumar M et al (2011) Let-7 microRNA-mediated regulation of IL-13 and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 128(1077\u20131085):e1-10","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.01.029","volume":"137","author":"RP Panganiban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Panganiban RP et al (2016) Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers in patients with allergic rhinitis and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 137:1423\u20131432","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR80","first-page":"4042","volume":"18","author":"Y Gao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gao Y, Yu Z (2018) MicroRNA-16 inhibits interleukin-13-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion and mucus production in nasal epithelial cells by suppressing the I\u03baB kinase \u03b2\/nuclear factor-\u03baB pathway. Mol Med Rep 18:4042\u20134050","journal-title":"Mol Med Rep"},{"key":"9028_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e242","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2011.25.3682","volume":"25","author":"Y Shaoqing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shaoqing Y et al (2011) Microarray analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs in allergic rhinitis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 25:e242-246","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR82","first-page":"434","volume":"30","author":"Q Zeng","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zeng Q, Liu W, Luo R, Lu G (2019) MicroRNA-181a and microRNA-155 are involved in the regulation of the differentiation and function of regulatory T cells in allergic rhinitis children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Off Publ Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol 30:434\u2013442","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Off Publ Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR83","first-page":"1791","volume":"11","author":"M Jia","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jia M, Chu C, Wang M (2018) Correlation of microRNA profiles with disease risk and severity of allergic rhinitis. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 11:1791\u20131802","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"9028_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.04.050","volume":"103","author":"T Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang T, Chen D, Wang P, Xu Z, Li Y (2018) miR-375 prevents nasal mucosa cells from apoptosis and ameliorates allergic rhinitis via inhibiting JAK2\/STAT3 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother Biomed Pharmacother 103:621\u2013627","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"9028_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0139322","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139322","volume":"10","author":"Y-Q Deng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Deng Y-Q et al (2015) Intranasal administration of lentiviral miR-135a regulates mast cell and allergen-induced inflammation by targeting GATA-3. PLoS ONE 10:e0139322","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9028_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26133","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026133","volume":"6","author":"RJ Mayoral","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mayoral RJ et al (2011) MiR-221 influences effector functions and actin cytoskeleton in mast cells. PLoS ONE 6:e26133","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9028_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00056","volume":"8","author":"J Song","year":"2017","unstructured":"Song J et al (2017) Potential value of miR-221\/222 as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic biomarkers for diseases. Front Immunol 8:56","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.078","volume":"443","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Kosaka K, Miyazawa T, Kurata-Miura K, Yoshida T (2014) miR-142-3p enhances Fc\u03b5RI-mediated degranulation in mast cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 443:980\u2013986","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"9028_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2443.2011.01529.x","volume":"16","author":"T Ishizaki","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ishizaki T et al (2011) miR126 positively regulates mast cell proliferation and cytokine production through suppressing Spred1. Genes Cells Devoted Mol Cell Mech 16:803\u2013814","journal-title":"Genes Cells Devoted Mol Cell Mech"},{"key":"9028_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110997","volume":"124","author":"C Xia","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xia C et al (2023) Serum exosome-derived miR-146a-3p promotes macrophage M2 polarization in allergic rhinitis by targeting VAV3 via PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 124:110997","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"9028_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110007","volume":"118","author":"S Wu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu S et al (2023) MiR-223-3p regulates the eosinophil degranulation and enhances the inflammation in allergic rhinitis by targeting FBXW7. Int Immunopharmacol 118:110007","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"9028_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1159\/000528393","volume":"184","author":"Y Jing","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jing Y et al (2023) MiR-193b-3p regulates TLR4 expression to inhibit inflammation by targeting ETS1 in allergic rhinitis. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 184:727\u2013735","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0302708","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0302708","volume":"19","author":"PLOS One Staff","year":"2024","unstructured":"PLOS One Staff (2024) Correction: MicroRNA-29a promotes the proliferation of human nasal epithelial cells and inhibits their apoptosis and promotes the development of allergic rhinitis by down-regulating FOS expression. PLoS ONE 19:e0302708","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"9028_CR94","first-page":"250","volume":"62","author":"H Jian","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jian H, Feng H, Zhu L, Li X, Ma Z (2024) MicroRNA-150-5P regulates Th1\/Th2 cytokines expression levels by targeting EGR2 in allergic rhinitis. Rhinology 62:250\u2013256","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"9028_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5531970","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5531970","volume":"2024","author":"Y Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li Y, An R, Wu M, He J, He X (2024) miR-224-5p attenuates allergic responses in mice with allergic rhinitis by modulating the Th1\/Th2 response. Anal Cell Pathol Amst 2024:5531970","journal-title":"Anal Cell Pathol Amst"},{"key":"9028_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0393-7","volume":"560","author":"DT Montoro","year":"2018","unstructured":"Montoro DT et al (2018) A revised airway epithelial hierarchy includes CFTR-expressing ionocytes. Nature 560:319\u2013324","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"9028_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-023-02747-z","volume":"41","author":"X Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang X, Wu G, Ma X, Cheng L (2024) Immune cell alterations and PI3K-PKB pathway suppression in patients with allergic rhinitis undergoing sublingual immunotherapy. Adv Ther 41:777\u2013791","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"9028_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.06.025","volume":"152","author":"MC Altman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Altman MC et al (2023) Nasal and blood transcriptomic pathways underpinning the clinical response to grass pollen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 152:1247\u20131260","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16001","volume":"79","author":"MF Wipperman","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wipperman MF et al (2024) Differential modulation of allergic rhinitis nasal transcriptome by dupilumab and allergy immunotherapy. Allergy 79:894\u2013907","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5350","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065350","volume":"24","author":"V-A Duong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Duong V-A, Lee H (2023) Bottom-up proteomics: advancements in sample preparation. Int J Mol Sci 24:5350","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"9028_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3356","volume":"14","author":"AFM Altelaar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Altelaar AFM, Munoz J, Heck AJR (2013) Next-generation proteomics: towards an integrative view of proteome dynamics. Nat Rev Genet 14:35\u201348","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.55.091902.105237","volume":"55","author":"KP Rosenblatt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rosenblatt KP et al (2004) Serum proteomics in cancer diagnosis and management. Annu Rev Med 55:97\u2013112","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"9028_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12711","volume":"46","author":"X Chen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chen X et al (2016) A proteomics analysis reveals that A2M might be regulated by STAT3 in persistent allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 46:813\u2013824","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR104","first-page":"205","volume":"26","author":"Q Rasc\u00f3n-Cruz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rasc\u00f3n-Cruz Q et al (2021) Lactoferrin: a glycoprotein involved in immunomodulation, anticancer, and antimicrobial processes. Mol Basel Switz 26:205","journal-title":"Mol Basel Switz"},{"key":"9028_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2009.03414.x","volume":"40","author":"G-S Choi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Choi G-S et al (2010) Serum lactoferrin level as a serologic biomarker for allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol 40:403\u2013410","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100939g","volume":"10","author":"M Bl\u00fcggel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bl\u00fcggel M et al (2011) Toward protein biomarkers for allergy: CD4+ T cell proteomics in allergic and nonallergic subjects sampled in and out of pollen season. J Proteome Res 10:1558\u20131570","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"9028_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0081OC","volume":"60","author":"S-N Lee","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lee S-N et al (2019) Integrins \u03b1v\u03b25 and \u03b1v\u03b26 mediate IL-4-induced collective migration in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 60:420\u2013433","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"9028_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12989","volume":"72","author":"V Cardona","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cardona V, Luengo O, Labrador-Horrillo M (2017) Immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis and lower airway outcomes. Allergy 72:35\u201342","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559746","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.559746","volume":"11","author":"T-T Ma","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ma T-T et al (2020) Leukotriene A4 hydrolase is a candidate predictive biomarker for successful allergen immunotherapy. Front Immunol 11:559746","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR110","unstructured":"In-depth, proteomic analysis of nasal secretions from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps - PubMed. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/31332980\/. Accessed 2 Sept 2024"},{"key":"9028_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.037","volume":"147","author":"SS-T Kao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kao SS-T et al (2021) Proteomic analysis of nasal mucus samples of healthy patients and patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147:168\u2013178","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-6-118","volume":"6","author":"M Bryborn","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bryborn M, Adner M, Cardell L-O (2005) Psoriasin, one of several new proteins identified in nasal lavage fluid from allergic and non-allergic individuals using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Respir Res 6:118","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"9028_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2013.09.040","volume":"133","author":"PV Tomazic","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tomazic PV et al (2014) Nasal mucus proteomic changes reflect altered immune responses and epithelial permeability in patients with allergic rhinitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 133:741\u2013750","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1021\/pr050341h","volume":"5","author":"B Ghafouri","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ghafouri B, Irander K, Lindbom J, Tagesson C, Lindahl M (2006) Comparative proteomics of nasal fluid in seasonal allergic rhinitis. J Proteome Res 5:330\u2013338","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"9028_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5703","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23105703","volume":"23","author":"JC Vizuet-de-Rueda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vizuet-de-Rueda JC, Montero-Vargas JM, Galv\u00e1n-Morales M\u00c1, Porras-Guti\u00e9rrez-de-Velasco R, Teran LM (2022) Current insights on the impact of proteomics in respiratory allergies. Int J Mol Sci 23:5703","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"9028_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.10.036","volume":"140","author":"N Caillot","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caillot N et al (2017) Sialylated Fetuin-A as a candidate predictive biomarker for successful grass pollen allergen immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 140:759-770.e13","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2020.1748502","volume":"17","author":"PV Tomazic","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomazic PV, Darnhofer B, Birner-Gruenberger R (2020) Nasal mucus proteome and its involvement in allergic rhinitis. Expert Rev Proteomics 17:191\u2013199","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"key":"9028_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.08.001","volume":"43","author":"JL Markley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markley JL et al (2017) The future of NMR-based metabolomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 43:34\u201340","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"9028_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.21401","volume":"33","author":"C Junot","year":"2014","unstructured":"Junot C, Fenaille F, Colsch B, B\u00e9cher F (2014) High resolution mass spectrometry based techniques at the crossroads of metabolic pathways. Mass Spectrom Rev 33:471\u2013500","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom Rev"},{"key":"9028_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nobakht M. Gh BF, Aliannejad R, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Taheri S, Oskouie AA (2015) The metabolomics of airway diseases, including COPD, asthma and cystic fibrosis. Biomarkers 20(1):5-16.","DOI":"10.3109\/1354750X.2014.983167"},{"key":"9028_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1150043","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1150043","volume":"13","author":"Z Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen Z et al (2023) Fecal and serum metabolomic signatures and gut microbiota characteristics of allergic rhinitis mice model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 13:1150043","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"9028_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"771136","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.771136","volume":"12","author":"Y Yuan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yuan Y et al (2021) Airway microbiome and serum metabolomics analysis identify differential candidate biomarkers in allergic rhinitis. Front Immunol 12:771136","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8060619","volume":"8","author":"S Rittchen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rittchen S, Heinemann A (2019) Therapeutic potential of hematopoietic prostaglandin D2 synthase in allergic inflammation. Cells 8:619","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"9028_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.02.051","volume":"142","author":"DJ Adamko","year":"2018","unstructured":"Adamko DJ et al (2018) Severity of allergic rhinitis assessed by using urine metabolomic profiling: proof of concept. J Allergy Clin Immunol 142:687-689.e6","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.107211","volume":"90","author":"S Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie S et al (2021) Prediction of sublingual immunotherapy efficacy in allergic rhinitis by serum metabolomics analysis. Int Immunopharmacol 90:107211","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"9028_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2018.11.005","volume":"12","author":"Y-J Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou Y-J, Li L-S, Sun J-L, Guan K, Wei J-F (2019) 1H NMR-based metabolomic study of metabolic profiling for pollinosis. World Allergy Organ J 12:100005","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"key":"9028_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00305","volume":"11","author":"H-Y Shi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shi H-Y et al (2020) Clinical efficacy evaluation of 1-year subcutaneous immunotherapy for Artemisia sieversiana pollen allergic rhinitis by serum metabolomics. Front Pharmacol 11:305","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"9028_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-090711-163814","volume":"13","author":"EA Grice","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grice EA, Segre JA (2012) The human microbiome: our second genome. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 13:151\u2013170","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet"},{"key":"9028_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.31.100177.000543","volume":"31","author":"DC Savage","year":"1977","unstructured":"Savage DC (1977) Microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract. Annu Rev Microbiol 31:107\u2013133","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"9028_CR130","first-page":"689","volume":"30","author":"C-Y Chiu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chiu C-Y et al (2019) Gut microbial-derived butyrate is inversely associated with IgE responses to allergens in childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol Off Publ Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol 30:689\u2013697","journal-title":"Pediatr Allergy Immunol Off Publ Eur Soc Pediatr Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30052-7","volume":"8","author":"DM Patrick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patrick DM et al (2020) Decreasing antibiotic use, the gut microbiota, and asthma incidence in children: evidence from population-based and prospective cohort studies. Lancet Respir Med 8:1094\u20131105","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"9028_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26266-z","volume":"12","author":"F De Filippis","year":"2021","unstructured":"De Filippis F et al (2021) Specific gut microbiome signatures and the associated pro-inflamatory functions are linked to pediatric allergy and acquisition of immune tolerance. Nat Commun 12:5958","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"9028_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068366","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2068366","volume":"14","author":"M-J Lee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lee M-J et al (2022) Disordered development of gut microbiome interferes with the establishment of the gut ecosystem during early childhood with atopic dermatitis. Gut Microbes 14:2068366","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"9028_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420920477","volume":"34","author":"X Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu X et al (2020) Dysbiosis of fecal microbiota in allergic rhinitis patients. Am J Rhinol Allergy 34:650\u2013660","journal-title":"Am J Rhinol Allergy"},{"key":"9028_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01430-0","volume":"19","author":"L Zhu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhu L et al (2020) Gut microbial characteristics of adult patients with allergy rhinitis. Microb Cell Factories 19:171","journal-title":"Microb Cell Factories"},{"key":"9028_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25091","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025091","volume":"100","author":"Y-J Su","year":"2021","unstructured":"Su Y-J, Luo S-D, Hsu C-Y, Kuo H-C (2021) Differences in gut microbiota between allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and skin urticaria: a pilot study. Medicine (Baltimore) 100:e25091","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"9028_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000510536","volume":"182","author":"AM Watts","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watts AM et al (2021) The gut microbiome of adults with allergic rhinitis is characterised by reduced diversity and an altered abundance of key microbial taxa compared to controls. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 182:94\u2013105","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105272","volume":"161","author":"M-S Zhou","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhou M-S et al (2021) Altered diversity and composition of gut microbiota in patients with allergic rhinitis. Microb Pathog 161:105272","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"9028_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.06.013","volume":"147","author":"MK Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee MK et al (2021) House dust microbiota in relation to adult asthma and atopy in a US farming population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 147:910\u2013920","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01091-0","volume":"9","author":"X Fu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fu X et al (2021) Indoor bacterial, fungal and viral species and functional genes in urban and rural schools in Shanxi Province, China-association with asthma, rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in high school students. Microbiome 9:138","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"9028_CR141","unstructured":"The causality between intestinal flora and allergic diseases: insights from a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis - PubMed. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36969260\/. Accessed 2 Sept 2024"},{"key":"9028_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04259-8","volume":"357","author":"M Kalliom\u00e4ki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kalliom\u00e4ki M et al (2001) Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Lond Engl 357:1076\u20131079","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"9028_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6976.12021","volume":"37","author":"K Selle","year":"2013","unstructured":"Selle K, Klaenhammer TR (2013) Genomic and phenotypic evidence for probiotic influences of Lactobacillus gasseri on human health. FEMS Microbiol Rev 37:915\u2013935","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"9028_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.09","volume":"13","author":"H Kozakova","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kozakova H et al (2016) Colonization of germ-free mice with a mixture of three lactobacillus strains enhances the integrity of gut mucosa and ameliorates allergic sensitization. Cell Mol Immunol 13:251\u2013262","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"9028_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.04.007","volume":"59","author":"A Rezazadeh","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rezazadeh A, Shahabi S, Bagheri M, Nabizadeh E, Jazani NH (2018) The protective effect of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium as the gut microbiota members against chronic urticaria. Int Immunopharmacol 59:168\u2013173","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"9028_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01203","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01203-20","volume":"86","author":"N Esber","year":"2020","unstructured":"Esber N et al (2020) Three candidate probiotic strains impact gut microbiota and induce anergy in mice with cow\u2019s milk allergy. Appl Environ Microbiol 86:e01203-e1220","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"9028_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.09.006","volume":"154","author":"H-H Chua","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chua H-H et al (2018) Intestinal dysbiosis featuring abundance of Ruminococcus gnavus associates with allergic diseases in infants. Gastroenterology 154:154\u2013167","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"9028_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e867","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00184-7","volume":"3","author":"CG-M Alcazar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alcazar CG-M et al (2022) The association between early-life gut microbiota and childhood respiratory diseases: a systematic review. Lancet Microbe 3:e867\u2013e880","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"9028_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36892","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000036892","volume":"103","author":"P Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun P et al (2024) Molecular characterization of allergic constitution based on network pharmacology and multi-omics analysis methods. Medicine (Baltimore) 103:e36892","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"9028_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2021.03.002","volume":"45","author":"W-C Huang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang W-C et al (2021) Ginsenoside Rg3 ameliorates allergic airway inflammation and oxidative stress in mice. J Ginseng Res 45:654\u2013664","journal-title":"J Ginseng Res"},{"key":"9028_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2416","DOI":"10.1039\/D2FO03885D","volume":"14","author":"J Liu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liu J et al (2023) Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics to reveal the effect of ginsenoside Rg3 on allergic rhinitis in mice. Food Funct 14:2416\u20132431","journal-title":"Food Funct"},{"key":"9028_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01825-z","volume":"22","author":"Q Tao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao Q et al (2023) Identification and analysis of lipid metabolism-related genes in allergic rhinitis. Lipids Health Dis 22:105","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"9028_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15412","volume":"77","author":"U Radzikowska","year":"2022","unstructured":"Radzikowska U et al (2022) Omics technologies in allergy and asthma research: an EAACI position paper. Allergy 77(10):2888\u20132908","journal-title":"Allergy"}],"container-title":["Clinical Reviews in Allergy &amp; Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12016-025-09028-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12016-025-09028-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12016-025-09028-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]],"date-time":"2025-02-18T06:13:56Z","timestamp":1739859236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12016-025-09028-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-025-09028-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0267","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"22 January 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 February 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}}],"article-number":"19"}}