{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:40:06Z","timestamp":1792449606021,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-026-09207-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T09:23:46Z","timestamp":1792401826000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Type 2 Inflammation in Airway Diseases: Eosinophilic Bronchiectasis as an Emerging Phenotype"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Carlo","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Cottini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Menzella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Corbellari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvise","family":"Berti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"9207_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flume PA, Chalmers JD, Olivier KN (2018) Advances in bronchiectasis: endotyping, genetics, microbiome, and disease heterogeneity. Lancet 392:880\u2013890. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31767-7","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31767-7"},{"key":"9207_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Polverino E et al (2017) European respiratory society guidelines for the management of adult bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 50(3):1700629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00629-2017","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00629-2017"},{"key":"9207_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cordeiro R, Choi H, Haworth CS, Chalmers JD (2024) The efficacy and safety of inhaled antibiotics for the treatment of bronchiectasis in adults: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 166(1):61\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2024.01.045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2024.01.045"},{"key":"9207_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sibila O et al (2022) Heterogeneity of treatment response in bronchiectasis clinical trials. Eur Respir J 59(5):2100777. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00777-2021","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00777-2021"},{"key":"9207_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haworth CS et al (2024) Inhaled colistimethate sodium in patients with bronchiectasis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: results of PROMIS-I and PROMIS-II, two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials assessing safety and efficacy over 12 months. Lancet Respir Med 12(10):787\u2013798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00225-X","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(24)00225-X"},{"key":"9207_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pembridge T, Chalmers JD (2021) Precision medicine in bronchiectasis. Breathe 17(4):210119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/20734735.0119-2021","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0119-2021"},{"key":"9207_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singh D, Brightling C (n.d.) Bronchiectasis, the latest eosinophilic airway disease: what about the microbiome? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 205(8):860\u2013862. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202201-0105ED","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202201-0105ED"},{"key":"9207_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kwok WC, Tam TCC, Lam DCL, Ip MSM, Ho JCM (2023) Blood eosinophil percentage as a predictor of response to inhaled corticosteroid in bronchiectasis. Clin Respir J 17(6):548\u2013555. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/crj.13624","DOI":"10.1111\/crj.13624"},{"key":"9207_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Campisi R et al (2024) Eosinophilic bronchiectasis: prevalence, severity, and associated features\u2014a cohort study. J Clin Med 13(16):4932. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13164932","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164932"},{"key":"9207_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Huang JT-J et al (2020) Sputum proteomics identifies distinct endotypes of exacerbations in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.congress-2020.324","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2020.324"},{"key":"9207_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amaro R, Perea L, Sibila O (2022) Future directions in bronchiectasis research. Clin Chest Med 43(1):179\u2013187. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.12.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2021.12.005"},{"key":"9207_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shoemark A et al (2022) Characterization of eosinophilic bronchiectasis: a European multicohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 205:894\u2013902. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202108-1889OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202108-1889OC"},{"key":"9207_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fr\u00f8ssing L, Von A, B\u00fclow, Porsbjerg C (2023) Bronchiectasis in severe asthma is associated with eosinophilic airway inflammation and activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol Glob 2(1):36\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jacig.2022.10.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacig.2022.10.001"},{"key":"9207_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda M\u00c1 et al (2023) The U-shaped relationship between eosinophil count and bronchiectasis severity: the effect of inhaled corticosteroids. Chest 164(3):606\u2013613. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chest.2023.04.029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.04.029"},{"key":"9207_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Matthaiou AM, Bizymi N, Hillas G, Liapikou A (2024) Eosinophilic inflammation in bronchiectasis: a wide-open field for future research. Explor Asthma Allergy 2(6):502\u2013510. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.37349\/eaa.2024.00061","DOI":"10.37349\/eaa.2024.00061"},{"key":"9207_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557241","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1557241","volume":"12","author":"Q He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Q, Li M, Cao J, Zhang M, Feng C (2025) Clinical characteristics and risk factors analysis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis combined with bronchiectasis. Front Med 12:1557241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2025.1557241","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"9207_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pollock J et al (2026) Clinical, molecular and microbial characterisation of the eosinophilic endotype of bronchiectasis: data from the EMBARC-BRIDGE study. Thorax 81(7):642\u2013653. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/thorax-2025-223305","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2025-223305"},{"issue":"4","key":"9207_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14488","volume":"176","author":"NM Butt","year":"2017","unstructured":"Butt NM et al (2017) Guideline for the investigation and management of eosinophilia. Br J Haematol 176(4):553\u2013572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.14488","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"key":"9207_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Emmi G et al (2023) Evidence-Based Guideline for the diagnosis and management of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 19(6):378\u2013393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41584-023-00958-w","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-023-00958-w"},{"issue":"6","key":"9207_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-024-02037-0","volume":"84","author":"C Lombardi","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lombardi C et al (2024) Anti-IL-5 Pathway Agents in Eosinophilic-Associated Disorders Across the Lifespan. Drugs 84(6):661\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40265-024-02037-0","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"9207_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lombardi C, Berti A, Cottini M (2022) The emerging roles of eosinophils: implications for the targeted treatment of eosinophilic-associated inflammatory conditions. Curr Res Immunol 3:42\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crimmu.2022.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crimmu.2022.03.002"},{"issue":"6","key":"9207_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1002\/art.43409","volume":"78","author":"A Berti","year":"2026","unstructured":"Berti A, Pagnoux C (2026) Interleukin-5, Eosinophils, and Interleukin-5 Pathway Inhibitors in Eosinophilic Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 78(6):1196\u20131205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/art.43409","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol"},{"key":"9207_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Maspero J et al (2022) Type 2 inflammation in asthma and other airway diseases. ERJ Open Res 8(3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00576-2021","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00576-2021"},{"key":"9207_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Weinstock J, Chen XX, Nino G, Koumbourlis A, Rastogi D (2021) The interplay between airway epithelium and the immune system \u2013 a primer for the respiratory clinician. Paediatr Respir Rev 38:2\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.prrv.2021.03.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prrv.2021.03.002"},{"key":"9207_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Burgel PR et al (2001) Human eosinophils induce mucin production in airway epithelial cells via epidermal growth factor receptor activation. J Immunol 167(10):5948\u20135954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.167.10.5948","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.10.5948"},{"key":"9207_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Siddiqui S et al (2023) Eosinophils and tissue remodeling: relevance to airway disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol 152(4):841\u2013857. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.06.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.06.005"},{"key":"9207_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Choi Y, Le Pham D, Lee D-H, Lee S-H, Kim S-H, Park H-S (2018) Biological function of eosinophil extracellular traps in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Exp Mol Med 50(8):1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s12276-018-0136-8","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-018-0136-8"},{"key":"9207_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Obeagu EI, Bluth MH (2024) Eosinophils and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: a new perspective. J Blood Med 15:227\u2013237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JBM.S451988","DOI":"10.2147\/JBM.S451988"},{"key":"9207_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pavord ID, Agusti A (2016) Blood eosinophil count: a biomarker of an important treatable trait in patients with airway disease. Eur Respir J 47(5):1299\u20131303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.00055-2016","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00055-2016"},{"key":"9207_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sibila O, Perea L, Aliberti S (2025) Emerging therapies in bronchiectasis. Eur Respir J 66(6):2501309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01309-2025","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01309-2025"},{"key":"9207_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Martinez-Garcia MA, Posadas T, Sotgiu G, Blasi F, Saderi L, Aliberti S (2020) Role of inhaled corticosteroids in reducing exacerbations in bronchiectasis patients with blood eosinophilia pooled post-hoc analysis of 2 randomized clinical trials. Respir Med 172:106127. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2020.106127"},{"key":"9207_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Garc\u00eda MA, Perpi\u00f1\u00e1-Tordera M, Rom\u00e1n-S\u00e1nchez P, Soler-Catalu\u00f1a JJ (2006) Inhaled steroids improve quality of life in patients with steady-state bronchiectasis. Respir Med 100(9):1623\u20131632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.12.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2005.12.002"},{"key":"9207_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chikumoto A et al (2022) Sequential biotherapy targeting IL-5 and IL-4\/13 in patients with eosinophilic asthma with sinusitis and otitis media. Biomolecules 12(4):522. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biom12040522","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12040522"},{"key":"9207_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S78049","volume":"9","author":"LD Tan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tan LD, Bratt JM, Godor D, Louie S, Kenyon NJ (2016) Benralizumab: a unique IL-5 inhibitor for severe asthma. J Asthma Allergy 9:71\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JAA.S78049","journal-title":"J Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"9207_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Al-Ahmad M, Ali A, Maher A (2023) Factors influencing poor response to type 2 targeted therapies in severe asthma: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pulm Med 23(1):490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-023-02786-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-023-02786-w"},{"key":"9207_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bendien SA et al (2023) Real-world effectiveness of IL-5\/5Ra targeted biologics in severe eosinophilic asthma with comorbid bronchiectasis. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 11(9):2724\u20132731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.05.041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.05.041"},{"key":"9207_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chalmers JD et al (2026) Benralizumab in bronchiectasis: results from the phase 3 MAHALE study. ERJ Open Res. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.01529-2025","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.01529-2025"},{"key":"9207_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bourdin A et al (2025) Dupilumab efficacy in patients with asthma and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Eur Respir J 66. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.congress-2025.OA2337","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2025.OA2337"},{"key":"9207_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bourdin A et al (2022) Dupilumab efficacy in subgroups of type 2 asthma with high-dose inhaled corticosteroids at baseline. Respir Med 202:106938. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.106938"},{"key":"9207_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chalmers JD et al (2025) Phase 3 trial of the DPP-1 inhibitor brensocatib in bronchiectasis. N Engl J Med 392(16):1569\u20131581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa2411664","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2411664"},{"key":"9207_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chalmers JD et al (2025) Brensocatib in patients with bronchiectasis: subgroup analyses from the WILLOW trial. ERJ Open Res 11(1):00505\u201302024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/23120541.00505-2024","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00505-2024"},{"key":"9207_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McDonnell M et al (2016) Multidimensional severity assessment in bronchiectasis - an analysis of 7 European cohorts. Eur Respir J 48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.congress-2016.OA274","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.congress-2016.OA274"},{"key":"9207_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marrades P et al (2026) Bronchiectasis and treatable traits: the journey from concept to clinical practice. Respir Med 251:108593. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2025.108593"},{"key":"9207_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koukaki E et al (2025) Inflammatory phenotypes of bronchiectasis. J Pers Med 15(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15100499","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15100499"},{"key":"9207_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao Y et al (2024) Endotypes of exacerbation in bronchiectasis: an observational cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 210(1):77\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1164\/rccm.202310-1729OC","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202310-1729OC"},{"key":"9207_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106491","volume":"185","author":"C Crimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crimi C et al (2021) Mepolizumab effectiveness in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma and co-presence of bronchiectasis: A real-world retrospective pilot study. Respir Med 185:106491. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.rmed.2021.106491","journal-title":"Respir Med"},{"key":"9207_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rademacher J, Konwert S, Fuge J, Dettmer S, Welte T, Ringshausen FC (2020) Anti-IL5 and anti-IL5R\u03b1 therapy for clinically significant bronchiectasis with eosinophilic endotype: a case series. Eur Respir J 55(1):1901333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01333-2019","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01333-2019"},{"key":"9207_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Oriano M et al (2021) T2-High endotype and response to biological treatments in patients with bronchiectasis. Biomedicines 9:772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9070772","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9070772"}],"container-title":["Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12016-026-09207-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12016-026-09207-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12016-026-09207-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T22:01:47Z","timestamp":1792447307000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12016-026-09207-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12016-026-09207-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0267"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0267","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"17 July 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 October 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors used ChatGPT (OpenAI) solely for language editing and grammar correction. No AI tool was used for data analysis, interpretation of results, or generation of scientific conclusions. All outputs were critically reviewed and revised by the authors, who take full responsibility for the manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial Intelligence (AI)-Assisted Technology Disclosure","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"87"}}