{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:34:09Z","timestamp":1792607649366,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neuromol Med"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the primary cause of dementia in the elderly. However, effective therapies that modify the disease process in AD remain elusive. Far-infrared radiation (FIR) is commonly utilized as a complementary treatment a range of disease, for example insomnia and rheumatoid arthritis. In this research, we explored how FIR light impacts the cognitive functions of TgCRND8 AD mice and elucidated its underlying molecular mechanism. The cognitive capabilities of TgCRND8 mice assessed by employing the Morris water maze. The concentrations of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1, IL-4, A\u03b240, and A\u03b242 protein were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunostaining was conducted to assess the A\u03b2 deposits and microglial presence in the brains of TgCRND8 mice. Western blot was applied to detect the protein expressions of tau phosphorylation, amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) production, Jak-2\/Stat3, and Nrf-2\/HO-1 pathways. The results indicated that FIR light notably ameliorated the cognitive impairments of the AD mice, reduced both A\u03b2 deposition and tau protein hyperphosphorylation at sites of Thr205, Ser369, Ser404, and Thr181, suppressed the release of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2, attenuated the ratios of p-Jak-2\/Jak-2 and p-Stat3\/Stat3, while increased the protein levels of IL-4, Nrf-2, and HO-1 in the brains of TgCRND8 mice. These findings amply demonstrated that FIR light ameliorated cognitive deficits of TgCRND8 mice via reducing both A\u03b2 burden and tau protein hyperphosphorylation, suppressing the neuroinflammation, and restoring the levels of the oxidative-related proteins through modulating Jak-2\/Stat3 and Nrf-2\/HO-1 pathways. These experimental findings indicate that FIR light treatment is a promising treatment approach for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-025-08860-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T11:07:22Z","timestamp":1747307242000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Far-Infrared Radiation Ameliorates the Cognitive Dysfunction in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Transgenic Mouse via Modulating Jak-2\/Stat3 and Nrf-2\/HO-1 Pathways"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuxia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koon Kit","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Xiu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan-Fang","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0781-z","volume":"26","author":"NR Barth\u00e9lemy","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barth\u00e9lemy, N. R., Li, Y., Joseph-Mathurin, N., Gordon, B. A., Hassenstab, J., Benzinger, T. L. S., Buckles, V., Fagan, A. M., Perrin, R. J., Goate, A. M., Morris, J. C., Karch, C. M., Xiong, C., Allegri, R., Mendez, P. C., Berman, S. B., Ikeuchi, T., Mori, H., Shimada, H., \u2026 McDade, E. (2020). A soluble phosphorylated tau signature links tau, amyloid and the evolution of stages of dominantly inherited Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature Medicine, 26(3), 398\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0781-z","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"key":"8860_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00121","volume":"11","author":"NR Barth\u00e9lemy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Barth\u00e9lemy, N. R., Mallipeddi, N., Moiseyev, P., Sato, C., & Bateman, R. J. (2019). Tau phosphorylation rates measured by mass spectrometry differ in the intracellular brain vs. extracellular cerebrospinal fluid compartments and are differentially affected by Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience., 11, 121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00121","journal-title":"Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience."},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-3-247","volume":"16","author":"R Briggs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Briggs, R., Kennelly, S. P., & O\u2019Neill, D. (2016). Drug treatments in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Clinical Medicine (London, England), 16(3), 247\u2013253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-3-247","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine (London, England)"},{"issue":"12","key":"8860_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121922","volume":"9","author":"RF Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, R. F., Liu, K. F., Lee, S. S., Huang, S. H., Wu, Y. C., Lin, Y. N., Wang, C. T., & Kuo, Y. R. (2021). Far-infrared therapy accelerates diabetic wound healing via recruitment of tissue angiogenesis in a full-thickness wound healing model in rats. Biomedicines, 9(12), 1922. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biomedicines9121922","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"8860_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2021.08.015","volume":"38","author":"X Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhang, H., Zeng, W., Wang, N., Lo, H. H., Ip, C. K., Yang, L. J., Hsiao, W. L. W., Sin, W. M., Xia, C., Law, B. Y. K., & Wong, V. K. W. (2022). Far infrared irradiation suppresses experimental arthritis in rats by down-regulation of genes involved inflammatory response and autoimmunity. Journal of Advanced Research, 38, 107\u2013118. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jare.2021.08.015","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02853-3","volume":"20","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, Y., & Yu, Y. (2023). Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Interplay mechanisms and clinical translation. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 20(1), 165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02853-3","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"8860_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00457","volume":"10","author":"D Chu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chu, D., & Liu, F. (2019). Pathological changes of Tau related to Alzheimer\u2019s disease. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 10(2), 931\u2013944. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acschemneuro.8b00457","journal-title":"ACS Chemical Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"8860_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2023.0907","volume":"15","author":"Q Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng, Q., Wu, C., Parker, E., Liu, T. C. Y., Duan, R., & Yang, L. (2024). Microglia and astrocytes in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Significance and summary of recent advances. Aging and Disease, 15(4), 1537\u20131564. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/ad.2023.0907","journal-title":"Aging and Disease"},{"issue":"8","key":"8860_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0938-9","volume":"26","author":"S Dujardin","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dujardin, S., Commins, C., Lathuiliere, A., Beerepoot, P., Fernandes, A. R., Kamath, T. V., De Los Santos, M. B., Klickstein, N., Corjuc, D. L., Corjuc, B. T., Dooley, P. M., Viode, A., Oakley, D. H., Moore, B. D., Mullin, K., Jean-Gilles, D., Clark, R., Atchison, K., Moore, R., \u2026 Hyman, B. T. (2020). Tau molecular diversity contributes to clinical heterogeneity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Nature Medicine, 26(8), 1256\u20131263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-020-0938-9","journal-title":"Nature Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00533-w","volume":"23","author":"GB Frisoni","year":"2022","unstructured":"Frisoni, G. B., Altomare, D., Thal, D. R., Ribaldi, F., van der Kant, R., Ossenkoppele, R., Blennow, K., Cummings, J., van Duijn, C., Nilsson, P. M., Dietrich, P. Y., Scheltens, P., & Dubois, B. (2022). The probabilistic model of Alzheimer disease: The amyloid hypothesis revised. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 23(1), 53\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41583-021-00533-w","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"8860_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253320","volume":"16","author":"K Fukui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fukui, K., Kimura, S., Kato, Y., & Kohno, M. (2021). Effects of far infrared light on Alzheimer\u2019s disease-transgenic mice. PLoS ONE, 16(6), Article e0253320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0253320","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"8860_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101756","volume":"82","author":"M George","year":"2022","unstructured":"George, M., Tharakan, M., Culberson, J., Reddy, A. P., & Reddy, P. H. (2022). Role of Nrf2 in aging, Alzheimer\u2019s and other neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Research Reviews, 82, 101756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101756","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30440-3","volume":"20","author":"J Graff-Radford","year":"2021","unstructured":"Graff-Radford, J., Yong, K. X. X., Apostolova, L. G., Bouwman, F. H., Carrillo, M., Dickerson, B. C., Rabinovici, G. D., Schott, J. M., Jones, D. T., & Murray, M. E. (2021). New insights into atypical Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the era of biomarkers. Lancet Neurology, 20(3), 222\u2013234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(20)30440-3","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"issue":"8","key":"8860_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.02.001","volume":"89","author":"H Hampel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hampel, H., Vassar, R., De Strooper, B., Hardy, J., Willem, M., Singh, N., Zhou, J., Yan, R., Vanmechelen, E., De Vos, A., Nistic\u00f2, R., Corbo, M., Imbimbo, B. P., Streffer, J., Voytyuk, I., Timmers, M., Tahami Monfared, A. A., Irizarry, M., Albala, B., \u2026 Vergallo, A. (2021). The \u03b2-secretase BACE1 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Biological Psychiatry, 89(8), 745\u2013756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.02.001","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"8860_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6686","volume":"34","author":"MO Hindam","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hindam, M. O., Sayed, R. H., Skalicka-Wo\u017aniak, K., Budzy\u0144ska, B., & El Sayed, N. S. (2020). Xanthotoxin and umbelliferone attenuate cognitive dysfunction in a streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease: The role of JAK2\/STAT3 and Nrf2\/HO-1 signalling pathway modulation. Phytotherapy Research, 34(9), 2351\u20132365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ptr.6686","journal-title":"Phytotherapy Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"8860_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.08.001","volume":"26","author":"Y Huang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Li, W., Su, Z. Y., & Kong, A. N. (2015). The complexity of the Nrf2 pathway: Beyond the antioxidant response. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 26(12), 1401\u20131413. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2015.08.001","journal-title":"Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"8860_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","volume":"14","author":"CR Jack Jr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jack, C. R., Jr., Bennett, D. A., Blennow, K., Carrillo, M. C., Dunn, B., Haeberlein, S. B., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W., Jessen, F., Karlawish, J., Liu, E., Molinuevo, J. L., Montine, T., Phelps, C., Rankin, K. P., Rowe, C. C., Scheltens, P., Siemers, E., Snyder, H. M., & Sperling, R. (2018). NIA-AA research framework: Toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia, 14(4), 535\u2013562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.02.018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s & Dementia"},{"issue":"7","key":"8860_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23074004","volume":"23","author":"SR Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kim, S. R., Seong, K. J., Kim, W. J., & Jung, J. Y. (2022). Epigallocatechin gallate protects against hypoxia-induced inflammation in microglia via NF-\u03baB suppression and Nrf-2\/HO-1 activation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(7), 4004. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23074004","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"key":"8860_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014","volume":"4","author":"JW Kinney","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kinney, J. W., Bemiller, S. M., Murtishaw, A. S., Leisgang, A. M., Salazar, A. M., & Lamb, B. T. (2018). Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Alzheimers Dement (NY), 4, 575\u2013590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trci.2018.06.014","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (NY)"},{"key":"8860_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11624","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms11624","volume":"7","author":"EH Kobayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kobayashi, E. H., Suzuki, T., Funayama, R., Nagashima, T., Hayashi, M., Sekine, H., Tanaka, N., Moriguchi, T., Motohashi, H., Nakayama, K., & Yamamoto, M. (2016). Nrf2 suppresses macrophage inflammatory response by blocking proinflammatory cytokine transcription. Nature Communications, 7, 11624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms11624","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2017.10.008","volume":"39","author":"IV Kurochkin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kurochkin, I. V., Guarnera, E., & Berezovsky, I. N. (2018). Insulin-degrading enzyme in the fight against Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 39(1), 49\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tips.2017.10.008","journal-title":"Trends in Pharmacological Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","volume":"9","author":"HS Kwon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kwon, H. S., & Koh, S. H. (2020). Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: The roles of microglia and astrocytes. Transl. Neurodegener., 9(1), 42. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","volume":"17","author":"F Leng","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leng, F., & Edison, P. (2021). Neuroinflammation and microglial activation in Alzheimer disease: Where do we go from here? Nature Reviews. Neurology, 17(3), 157\u2013172. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-020-00435-y","journal-title":"Nature Reviews. Neurology"},{"key":"8860_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.08.194","volume":"82","author":"HQ Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li, H. Q., Ip, S. P., Yuan, Q. J., Zheng, G. Q., Tsim, K. K. W., Dong, T. T. X., Lin, G., Han, Y., Liu, Y., Xian, Y. F., & Lin, Z. X. (2019). Isorhynchophylline ameliorates cognitive impairment via modulating amyloid pathology, Tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation: Studies in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 82, 264\u2013278. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2019.08.194","journal-title":"Brain, Behavior, and Immunity"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02521-y","volume":"19","author":"Q Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li, Q., Peng, J., Luo, Y., Zhou, J., Li, T., Cao, L., Peng, S., Zuo, Z., & Wang, Z. (2022). Far infrared light irradiation enhances A\u03b2 clearance via increased exocytotic microglial ATP and ameliorates cognitive deficit in Alzheimer\u2019s disease-like mice. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 19(1), 145. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-022-02521-y","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"8860_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173273","volume":"210","author":"LJ Lissner","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lissner, L. J., Wartchow, K. M., Toniazzo, A. P., Gon\u00e7alves, C. A., & Rodrigues, L. (2021). Object recognition and Morris water maze to detect cognitive impairment from mild hippocampal damage in rats: A reflection based on the literature and experience. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 210, Article 173273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pbb.2021.173273","journal-title":"Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"issue":"332","key":"8860_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332ra344","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad3650","volume":"8","author":"CC Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu, C. C., Zhao, N., Yamaguchi, Y., Cirrito, J. R., Kanekiyo, T., Holtzman, D. M., & Bu, G. (2016). Neuronal heparan sulfates promote amyloid pathology by modulating brain amyloid-\u03b2 clearance and aggregation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Science Translational Medicine, 8(332), 332ra344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad3650","journal-title":"Science Translational Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"8860_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041210","volume":"27","author":"C Ma","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ma, C., Hong, F., & Yang, S. (2022). Amyloidosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Pathogeny, etiology, and related therapeutic directions. Molecules, 27(4), 1210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/molecules27041210","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"8860_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101206","volume":"64","author":"A Osama","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osama, A., Zhang, J., Yao, J., Yao, X., & Fang, J. (2020). Nrf2: A dark horse in Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment. Ageing Research Reviews, 64, 101206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.arr.2020.101206","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"issue":"8","key":"8860_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00168-5","volume":"21","author":"R Ossenkoppele","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ossenkoppele, R., van der Kant, R., & Hansson, O. (2022). Tau biomarkers in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Towards implementation in clinical practice and trials. Lancet Neurology, 21(8), 726\u2013734. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1474-4422(22)00168-5","journal-title":"Lancet Neurology"},{"key":"8860_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176490","volume":"970","author":"SP Panda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Panda, S. P., Kesharwani, A., Datta, S., Prasanth, D., Panda, S. K., & Guru, A. (2024). JAK2\/STAT3 as a new potential target to manage neurodegenerative diseases: An interactive review. European Journal of Pharmacology, 970, 176490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2024.176490","journal-title":"European Journal of Pharmacology"},{"key":"8860_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107349","volume":"208","author":"B Qin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Qin, B., Fu, S. J., Xu, X. F., Yang, J. J., Wang, Y., Wang, L. N., Huang, B. X., Zhong, J., Wu, W. Y., Lu, H. A., Law, B. Y. K., Wang, N., Wong, I. N., & Wong, V. K. W. (2024). Far-infrared radiation and its therapeutic parameters: A superior alternative for future regenerative medicine? Pharmacological Research, 208, 107349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2024.107349","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"issue":"12","key":"8860_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.07.014","volume":"13","author":"C Qu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qu, C., Xu, Q. Q., Yang, W., Zhong, M., Yuan, Q., Xian, Y. F., & Lin, Z. X. (2023). Gut dysbiosis aggravates cognitive deficits, amyloid pathology and lipid metabolism dysregulation in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 13(12), 1526\u20131547. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.07.014","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010864","volume":"24","author":"M Rusek","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rusek, M., Smith, J., El-Khatib, K., Aikins, K., Czuczwar, S. J., & Pluta, R. (2023). The role of the JAK\/STAT signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: New potential treatment target. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1), 864. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms24010864","journal-title":"International Journal of Molecular Sciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"8860_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe12030024","volume":"12","author":"C Tsagkaris","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tsagkaris, C., Papazoglou, A. S., Eleftheriades, A., Tsakopoulos, S., Alexiou, A., G\u0103man, M. A., & Moysidis, D. V. (2022). Infrared radiation in the management of musculoskeletal conditions and chronic pain: A systematic review. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(3), 334\u2013343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe12030024","journal-title":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"},{"key":"8860_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1515\/plm-2012-0034","volume":"4","author":"F Vatansever","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vatansever, F., & Hamblin, M. R. (2012). Far infrared radiation (FIR): Its biological effects and medical applications. Photonics & Lasers in Medicine, 4, 255\u2013266. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/plm-2012-0034","journal-title":"Photonics & Lasers in Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.015","volume":"523","author":"M Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang, M., Cao, J., Amakye, W. K., Gong, C., Li, Q., & Ren, J. (2020). Mid infrared light treatment attenuates cognitive decline and alters the gut microbiota community in APP\/PS1 mouse model. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 523(1), 60\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.12.015","journal-title":"Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications"},{"key":"8860_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112936","volume":"141","author":"X Wen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wen, X., & Hu, J. (2024). Targeting STAT3 signaling pathway in the treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s disease with compounds from natural products. International Immunopharmacology, 141, 112936. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112936","journal-title":"International Immunopharmacology"},{"key":"8860_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796867","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.796867","volume":"12","author":"J Xie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Xie, J., Van Hoecke, L., & Vandenbroucke, R. E. (2021). The impact of systemic inflammation on Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 796867. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.796867","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02704-1","volume":"20","author":"QQ Xu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Xu, Q. Q., Su, Z. R., Yang, W., Zhong, M., Xian, Y. F., & Lin, Z. X. (2023). Patchouli alcohol attenuates the cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease via modulating neuropathology and gut microbiota through suppressing C\/EBP\u03b2\/AEP pathway. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 20(1), 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-023-02704-1","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"8860_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2546","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02546","volume":"10","author":"R Xue","year":"2019","unstructured":"Xue, R., Wan, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, X., Gao, W., & Wu, W. (2019). Nicotinic mitigation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress after chronic sleep deprivation. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 2546. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02546","journal-title":"Frontiers in Immunology"},{"key":"8860_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109504","volume":"114","author":"W Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang, W., Xu, Q. Q., Yuan, Q., Xian, Y. F., & Lin, Z. X. (2023). Sulforaphene, a CDK5 inhibitor, attenuates cognitive deficits in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease via reducing A\u03b2 deposition, Tau hyperphosphorylation and synaptic dysfunction. International Immunopharmacology, 114, 109504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109504","journal-title":"International Immunopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"8860_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02633-5","volume":"19","author":"P Zhao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhao, P., Wei, Y., Sun, G., Xu, L., Wang, T., Tian, Y., Chao, H., Tu, Y., & Ji, J. (2022). Fetuin-A alleviates neuroinflammation against traumatic brain injury-induced microglial necroptosis by regulating Nrf-2\/HO-1 pathway. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 19(1), 269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12974-022-02633-5","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"8860_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7825","DOI":"10.2147\/ijn.S444115","volume":"18","author":"Z Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Ruan, S., & Hu, Y. (2023). Current anti-amyloid-\u03b2 therapy for Alzheimer\u2019s disease treatment: From clinical research to nanomedicine. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 18, 7825\u20137845. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/ijn.S444115","journal-title":"International Journal of Nanomedicine"}],"container-title":["NeuroMolecular Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12017-025-08860-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12017-025-08860-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12017-025-08860-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T14:42:07Z","timestamp":1767192127000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12017-025-08860-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["8860"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12017-025-08860-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-1174"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-1174","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All authors have consented for publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}],"article-number":"34"}}