{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T14:23:54Z","timestamp":1756995834747,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573084800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n              <jats:p>Cushing\u2019s disease (CD) is a rare endocrine condition caused by a corticotroph pituitary tumor that produces adrenocorticotropic hormone. The current state of knowledge of CD treatment is presented in this article including factors that can be helpful in predicting remission and\/or recurrence of the disease. The primary goals in CD treatment are quick diagnosis and effective, prompt treatment as the persistent disease is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cooperation of a team consisting of experienced pediatrician\/adult endocrinologist, neuroradiologist, transsphenoidal neurosurgeon and (if necessary) radiotherapist contribute to the best treatment effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02036-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T14:03:01Z","timestamp":1573135381000},"page":"125-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Treatment challenges in pediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: Review of the literature with particular emphasis on predictive factors for the disease recurrence"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9602-5023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pasternak-Pietrzak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Moszczy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mieczys\u0142aw","family":"Szalecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2013-1048","volume":"36","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2015","unstructured":"R. Pivonello, M. De Leo, A. Cozzolino, A. Colao, The Treatment of Cushing\u2019s Disease. Endocrine Review 36(4), 385\u2013486 (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2013-1048","journal-title":"Endocrine Review"},{"key":"2036_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2734","volume":"93","author":"BM Biller","year":"2008","unstructured":"B.M. Biller, A.B. Grossman, P.M. Stewart, S. Melmed, X. Bertagna, J. Bertherat, Treatment of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93, 2454\u20132462 (2008)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"2036_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2807","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-1818","volume":"100","author":"LK Nieman","year":"2015","unstructured":"L.K. Nieman, B.M. Biller, J.W. Findling, M.H. Murad, J. Newell-Price, M.O. Savage, Treatment of cushing\u2019s syndrome: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100(8), 2807\u20132831 (2015)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"8","key":"2036_CR4","first-page":"2475","volume":"80","author":"MC Leinung","year":"1995","unstructured":"M.C. Leinung, L.A. Kane, B.W. Scheithauer, P.C. Carpenter, E.R. Laws Jr., D. Zimmerman, Long term follow-up of transsphenoidal surgery for the treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease in childhood. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80(8), 2475\u20132479 (1995)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-010-0231-x","volume":"13","author":"SV Acharya","year":"2010","unstructured":"S.V. Acharya, R.A. Gopal, J. Goerge, P.S. Menon, T.R. Bandgar, N.S. Shah, Radiotherapy in paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: efficacy and long term follow up of pituitary function. Pituitary 13(4), 293\u2013297 (2010). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-010-0231-x","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0013","volume":"173","author":"HL Storr","year":"2015","unstructured":"H.L. Storr, M.O. Savage, Management of endocrine disease: paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 173(1), 35\u201345 (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-15-0013","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"10","key":"2036_CR7","first-page":"3196","volume":"82","author":"DJ Devoe","year":"1997","unstructured":"D.J. Devoe, W.L. Miller, F.A. Conte, S.L. Kaplan, M.M. Grumbach, S.M. Rosenthal et al. Long-term outcome in children and adolescents after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 82(10), 3196\u20133202 (1997)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-3604","volume":"98","author":"RR Lonser","year":"2013","unstructured":"R.R. Lonser, J.J. Wind, L.K. Nieman, R.J. Weil, H.L. DeVroom, E.H. Oldfield, Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 98, 892\u2013901 (2013). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2012-3604","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2036_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1159\/000329173","volume":"76","author":"NS Shah","year":"2011","unstructured":"N.S. Shah, A. Lila, Childhood Cushing disease: a challenge in diagnosis and management. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 76(Suppl 1), 65\u201370 (2011). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000329173","journal-title":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics"},{"key":"2036_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021032","volume":"88","author":"HL Storr","year":"2003","unstructured":"H.L. Storr, P.N. Plowman, P.V. Carroll, I. Francois, G.E. Krassas, F. Afshar et al. Clinical and endocrine responses to pituitary radiotherapy in pediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: an effective second-line treatment. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88, 34\u201337 (2003)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR11","first-page":"413","volume":"103","author":"AS Kanter","year":"2005","unstructured":"A.S. Kanter, A.O. Diallo, J.A. Jane Jr., J.P. Sheehan, A.R. Asthagiri, R.J. Oskouian et al. Single-center experience with pediatric Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Neurosurgery 103, 413\u2013420 (2005)","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2036_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000166580.94215.53","volume":"57","author":"SM Joshi","year":"2005","unstructured":"S.M. Joshi, R.J. Hewitt, H.L. Storr, K. Rezajooi, H. Ellamushi, A.B. Grossman, Cushing\u2019s disease in children and adolescents: 20 years of experience in a single neurosurgical center. Neurosurgery 57, 281\u2013285 (2005). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000166580.94215.53","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"2036_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-1120","volume":"164","author":"HL Storr","year":"2011","unstructured":"H.L. Storr, K.I. Alexandraki, L. Martin, A.M. Isidori, G.A. Kaltsas, J.P. Monson et al. Comparisons in the epidemiology, diagnostic features and cure rate by transsphenoidal surgery between paediatric and adult-onset Cushing\u2019s disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 164(5), 667\u201374 (2011). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-10-1120","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/neurosurgery\/16.CN_suppl_1.185","volume":"16","author":"J Hardy","year":"1969","unstructured":"J. Hardy, Transphenoidal microsurgery of the normal and pathological pituitary. Clinical Neurosurgery 16, 185\u2013217 (1969)","journal-title":"Clinical Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200207000-00023","volume":"51","author":"I Ciric","year":"2002","unstructured":"I. Ciric, S. Rosenblatt, J.C. Zhao, Transsphenoidal microsurgery. Neurosurgery 51(1), 161\u2013169 (2002)","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2036_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.2.0293","volume":"97","author":"P Cappabianca","year":"2002","unstructured":"P. Cappabianca, L.M. Cavallo, A. Colao, E. de Divitiis, Surgical complications associated with the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenomas. Journal of Neurosurgery 97, 293\u20138 (2002)","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2036_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.12275","volume":"80","author":"HL Storr","year":"2014","unstructured":"H.L. Storr, W.M. Drake, J. Evanson, M. Matson, D.M. Berney, A.B. Grossman, S.A. Akker et al. Endonasal, endoscopic transsphenoidal pituitary surgery: early experience and outcome in paediaric Cushing\u2019s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 80, 270\u2013278 (2014). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.12275","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.010","volume":"37","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2008","unstructured":"R. Pivonello, M.C. De Martino, M. De Leo, G. Lombardi, A. Colao, Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 37, 135\u2013149 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2007.10.010","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2036_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68699-6","volume":"367","author":"J Newell-Price","year":"2006","unstructured":"J. Newell-Price, X. Bertagna, A.B. Grossman, L.K. Nieman, Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 367, 1605\u20131617 (2006). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68699-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2036_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03343985","volume":"25","author":"MA Magiakou","year":"2002","unstructured":"M.A. Magiakou, G.P. Chrousos, Cushing\u2019s syndrome in children and adolescents: current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Journal of Endocrinological Investigation 25(2), 181\u201394 (2002)","journal-title":"Journal of Endocrinological Investigation"},{"key":"2036_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5593","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","volume":"88","author":"G Arnaldi","year":"2003","unstructured":"G. Arnaldi, A. Angeli, A.B. Atkinson, X. Bertagna, F. Cavagnini, G.P. Chrousos et al. Diagnosis and complications of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a consensus statement. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 88, 5593\u20135602 (2003). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-030871","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03135.x","volume":"68","author":"TT Chung","year":"2008","unstructured":"T.T. Chung, J. Evanson, D. Walker, S.A. Akker, G.M. Besser, J.P. Monson et al. Safety of GH replacement in hypopituitary patients with nonirradiated pituitary and peripituitary tumours. Clinical Endocrinology 68, 965\u2013969 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2007.03135.x","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61375-1","volume":"386","author":"A Lacroix","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. Lacroix, R.A. Feelders, C.A. Stratakis, L.K. Nieman, Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 386, 913\u2013927 (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61375-1","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.08.002","volume":"41","author":"CA Stratakis","year":"2012","unstructured":"C.A. Stratakis, Cushing\u2019s syndrome in pediatrics. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 41(4), 793\u2013803 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ecl.2012.08.002","journal-title":"Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America"},{"key":"2036_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0756-8","volume":"19","author":"G Yordanova","year":"2016","unstructured":"G. Yordanova, L. Martin, F. Afshar, I. Sabin, G. Alusi, N.P. Plowman et al. Long-term outcomes of children treated for Cushing\u2019s disease: a single center experience. Pituitary 19, 612\u2013624 (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-016-0756-8","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2036_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199409083311002","volume":"331","author":"MA Magiakou","year":"1994","unstructured":"M.A. Magiakou, G. Mastorakos, E.H. Oldfield, Cushing\u2019s syndrome in children and adolescents, presentation, diagnosis and therapy. The New England Journal of Medicine 331, 629\u2013636 (1994). 10.1056","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2036_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-013-0506-6","volume":"37","author":"M Berker","year":"2014","unstructured":"M. Berker, I. I\u015fikay, D. Berker, M. Bayraktar, A. G\u00fcrlek, Early promising results for the endoscopic surgical treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease. Neurosurgical Review 37, 105\u2013114 (2014). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-013-0506-6","journal-title":"Neurosurgical Review"},{"key":"2036_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0921","volume":"168","author":"KI Alexandraki","year":"2013","unstructured":"K.I. Alexandraki, G.A. Kaltsas, A.M. Isidori, H.L. Storr, F. Afshar, I. Sabin et al. Long-term remission and recurrence rates in Cushing\u2019s disease: predictive factors in a single centre study. European Journal of Endocrinology 168, 639\u2013648 (2013). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-12-0921","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-014-0567-8","volume":"18","author":"G Aranda","year":"2015","unstructured":"G. Aranda, J. Ense\u00f1at, M. Mora, M. Puig-Domingo, M.J. Mart\u00ednez de Osaba, G. Casals, et al. Long-term remission and recurrence rate in a cohort of Cushing\u2019s disease: the need for long-term follow-up. Pituitary 18(1), 142\u20139 (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-014-0567-8","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"2036_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-2325","volume":"97","author":"M Lodish","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. Lodish, S.V. Dunn, N. Sinaii, M.F. Keil, C.A. Stratakis, Recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in children and adolescents after surgical cure of Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97, 1483\u20131491 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-2325","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2036_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S171","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.104032","volume":"16","author":"MO Savage","year":"2012","unstructured":"M.O. Savage, H.L. Storr, Pediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: management issues. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 16(Suppl 2), S171\u2013S175 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2230-8210.104032","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"3","key":"2036_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1992.tb01447.x","volume":"36","author":"AB Atkinson","year":"1992","unstructured":"A.B. Atkinson, D.R. McCance, L. Kennedy, B. Sheridan, Cyclical Cushing\u2019s syndrome first diagnosed after pituitary surgery: a trap for the unwary. Clinical Endocrinology 36(3), 297\u2013299 (1992)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR33","first-page":"63","volume":"83","author":"LS Blevins Jr.","year":"1998","unstructured":"L.S. Blevins Jr., J.H. Christy, M. Khajavi, G.T. Tindall, Outcomes of therapy for Cushing\u2019s disease due to adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83, 63\u201367 (1998)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-007-1133-1","volume":"149","author":"JJ Acebes","year":"2007","unstructured":"J.J. Acebes, J. Martino, C. Masuet, E. Montanya, J. Soler, Early post-operative ACTH and cortisol as predictors of remission in Cushing\u2019s disease. Acta Neurochirurgica 149, 471\u2013479 (2007). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00701-007-1133-1","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"key":"2036_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00975.x","volume":"38","author":"PJ Trainer","year":"1993","unstructured":"P.J. Trainer, H.S. Lawrie, J. Verhelst, T.A. Howlett, D.G. Lowe, A.B. Grossman et al. Transsphenoidal resection in Cushing\u2019s disease: undetectable serum cortisol as the definition of successful treatment. Clinical Endocrinology 38, 73\u201378 (1993)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2036_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0302","volume":"94","author":"DL Batista","year":"2009","unstructured":"D.L. Batista, E.H. Oldfield, M.F. Keil, C.A. Stratakis, Postoperative testing to predict recurrent Cushing disease in children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94(8), 2757\u20132765 (2009). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-0302","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0456","volume":"96","author":"JR Lindsay","year":"2011","unstructured":"J.R. Lindsay, E.H. Oldfield, C.A. Stratakis, L.K. Nieman, The postoperative basal cortisol and CRH tests for prediction of long-term remission from Cushing\u2019s disease after transsphenoidal surgery. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96, 2057\u20132064 (2011). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-0456","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000374722.50042.FF","volume":"67","author":"ME Sughrue","year":"2010","unstructured":"M.E. Sughrue, J.K. Shah, J.K. Devin, S. Kunwar, L.S. Blevins Jr., Utility of the immediate postoperative cortisol concentrations in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. Neurosurgery 67, 688\u2013695 (2010). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.NEU.0000374722.50042.FF","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"11","key":"2036_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(98)00189-9","volume":"45","author":"C Invitti","year":"1999","unstructured":"C. Invitti, G. Redaelli, G. Baldi, F. Cavagnini, Glucocorticoid receptors in anorexia nervosa and Cushing\u2019s disease. Biological Psychiatry 45(11), 1467\u20131471 (1999)","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"key":"2036_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.3.JNS162245","volume":"129","author":"JM Erfe","year":"2018","unstructured":"J.M. Erfe, A. Perry, J. McClaskey, S.E. Inzucchi, W.S. James, T. Eid et al. Long-term outcomes of tissue-based ACTH-antibody assay\u2013guided transsphenoidal resection of pituitary adenomas in Cushing disease. Journal of Neurosurgery 129, 629\u2013641 (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.3.JNS162245","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"5","key":"2036_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01261.x","volume":"54","author":"GH Chee","year":"2001","unstructured":"G.H. Chee, D.B. Mathias, R.A. James, P. Kendall-Taylor, Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in Cushing\u2019s disease: can we predict outcome? Clinical Endocrinology 54(5), 617\u201326 (2001)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/01\/0009","volume":"108","author":"BM Hofmann","year":"2008","unstructured":"B.M. Hofmann, M. Hlavac, R. Martinez, M. Buchfelder, O.A. M\u00fcller, R. Fahlbusch, Long-term results after microsurgery for Cushing disease: experience with 426 primary operations over 35 years. Journal of Neurosurgery 108(1), 9\u201318 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/108\/01\/0009","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2036_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1993.tb00976.x","volume":"38","author":"DR McCance","year":"1993","unstructured":"D.R. McCance, D.S. Gordon, T.F. Fannin, D.R. Hadden, L. Kennedy., B. Sheridan et al. Assessment of endocrine function after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 38, 79\u201386 (1993)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2036_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-65-5-906","volume":"65","author":"PC Avgerinos","year":"1987","unstructured":"P.C. Avgerinos, G.P. Chrousos, L.K. Nieman, E.H. Oldfield, D.L. Loriaux, G.B. Cutler Jr., The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in the postoperative evaluation of patients with cushing\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 65(5), 906\u2013913 (1987)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"2036_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3908","volume":"102","author":"D Asuzu","year":"2017","unstructured":"D. Asuzu, G.P. Chatain, C. Hayes, S. Benzo, R. McGlotten, M. Keil et al. Normalized early postoperative cortisol and ACTH values predict nonremission after surgery for cushing disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 102(7), 2179\u20132187 (2017). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2016-3908","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"5","key":"2036_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0007","volume":"178","author":"DA Vassiliadi","year":"2018","unstructured":"D.A. Vassiliadi, S. Tsagarakis, Diagnosis of endocrine disease: the role of the desmopressin test in the diagnosis and follow-up of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology 178(5), 201\u2013214 (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-18-0007","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K08E-353","volume":"56","author":"T Suda","year":"2009","unstructured":"T. Suda, K. Kageyama, T. Nigawara, S. Sakihara, Evaluation of diagnostic tests for ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrine Journal 56, 469\u2013476 (2009). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1507\/endocrj.K08E-353","journal-title":"Endocrine Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"2036_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","volume":"93","author":"LK Nieman","year":"2008","unstructured":"L.K. Nieman, B.M. Biller, J.W. Findling, J. Newell-Price, M.O. Savage, P.M. Stewart et al. The diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93(5), 1526\u20131540 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-0125","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01324.x","volume":"55","author":"M Losa","year":"2001","unstructured":"M. Losa, P. Mortini, S. Dylgjeri, R. Barzaghi et al. Desmopressin stimulation test before and after pituitary surgery in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 55(1), 61\u20138 (2001)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2036_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s007010170077","volume":"143","author":"L Barbetta","year":"2001","unstructured":"L. Barbetta, C. Dall\u2019Asta, G. Tomei, M. Locatelli et al. Assessment of cure and recurrence after pituitary surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. Acta Neurochirurgica 143(5), 477\u2013481 (2001)","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31822dda2c","volume":"70","author":"I Ciric","year":"2012","unstructured":"I. Ciric, J.C. Zhao, H. Du, J.W. Findling, M.E. Molitch, R.E. Weiss et al. Transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease: experience with 136 patients. Neurosurgery 70(1), 70\u201380 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31822dda2c","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2036_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2002.97.6.1343","volume":"97","author":"RD Dickerman","year":"2002","unstructured":"R.D. Dickerman, E.H. Oldfield, Basis of persistent and recurrent Cushing disease: an analysis of findings at repeated pituitary surgery. Journal of Neurosurgery 97, 1343\u20131349 (2002). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/jns.2002.97.6.1343","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2036_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021438","volume":"88","author":"N Patronas","year":"2003","unstructured":"N. Patronas, N. Bulakbasi, C.A. Stratakis, A. Lafferty, E.H. Oldfield, J. Doppman et al. Spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state technique is superior to conventional postcontrast spin echo technique for magnetic resonance imaging detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88, 1565\u20131569 (2003)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1778","volume":"90","author":"D Batista","year":"2005","unstructured":"D. Batista, N.A. Courkoutsakis, E.H. Oldfield et al. Detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas by magnetic resonance imaging in children and adolescents with Cushing disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, 5134\u20135140 (2005)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2015.01.001","volume":"22","author":"GU Mehta","year":"2015","unstructured":"G.U. Mehta, B.K. Montgomery, P. Raghavan, S. Sharma, L.K. Nieman, N. Patronas et al. Different imaging characteristics of concurrent pituitary adenomas in a patient with Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 22, 891\u2013894 (2015)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"2036_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.163.2.3562821","volume":"163","author":"AJ Dwyer","year":"1987","unstructured":"A.J. Dwyer, J.A. Frank, J.L. Doppman, E.H. Oldfield, A.M. Hickey, G.B. Cutler et al. Pituitary adenomas in patients with Cushing disease: initial experience with Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology 163, 421\u2013426 (1987)","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"2036_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.161.3.3786729","volume":"161","author":"W Kucharczyk","year":"1986","unstructured":"W. Kucharczyk, D.O. Davis, W.M. Kelly, G. Sze, D. Norman, T.H. Newton, Pituitary adenomas: high-resolution MR imaging at 1.5\u2009T. Radiology 161, 761\u2013765 (1986)","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2036_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.4.JNS17234.","volume":"129","author":"GP Chatain","year":"2018","unstructured":"G.P. Chatain, N. Patronas, J.G. Smirniotopoulos, M. Piazza, Potential utility of FLAIR in MRI-negative Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Neurosurgery 129(3), 620\u2013628 (2018). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2017.4.JNS17234.","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"key":"2036_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000001085","volume":"41","author":"Z Feng","year":"2016","unstructured":"Z. Feng, D. He, Z. Mao, Z. Wang, Y. Zhu, X. Zhang et al. Utility of 11C-methionine and 18F-FDG PET\/CT in patients with functioning pituitary adenomas. Clinical Nuclear Medicine 41, 130\u2013134 (2016)","journal-title":"Clinical Nuclear Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"2036_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000989","volume":"40","author":"J Zhoua","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Zhoua, H. Jua, L. Zhua, Y. Pana, J. Lvb, Y. Zhang, Value of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose PET\/CT in localizing the primary lesion in adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing syndrome. Nuclear Medicine Communications 40(5), 539\u2013544 (2019). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000989","journal-title":"Nuclear Medicine Communications"},{"key":"2036_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-69-6-1122","volume":"69","author":"GF Pieters","year":"1989","unstructured":"G.F. Pieters, A.R. Hermus, E. Meijer, A.G. Smals, P.W. Kloppenborg, Predictive factors for initial cure and relapse rate after pituitary surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 69, 1122\u20131126 (1989)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1159\/000258677","volume":"91","author":"RA Alwani","year":"2010","unstructured":"R.A. Alwani, W.W. de Herder, M.O. van Aken, J.H. van den Berge, E.J. Delwel, A.H.G. Dallenga et al. Biochemical predictors of outcome of pituitary surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. Neuroendocrinology 91, 169\u2013178 (2010). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000258677","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR63","first-page":"440","volume":"84","author":"C Invitti","year":"1999","unstructured":"C. Invitti, F. Pecori Giraldi, M. De Martin, F. Cavagnini, Diagnosis and management of Cushing\u2019s syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84, 440\u2013448 (1999)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1300235","volume":"130","author":"F Vignati","year":"1994","unstructured":"F. Vignati, M.E. Berselli, P. Loi, Early postoperative evaluation in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease: usefulness of ovine corticotropinreleasing hormone test in the prediction of recurrence of disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 130, 235\u2013241 (1994)","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2036_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2016.08.008","volume":"116","author":"Chun-Heng Kuo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chun-Heng, K., Shyang-Rong S., Hung-Yuan, L., Szu-Chi, C., Po-Ju, H., Fen-Yu, T.: Adrenocorticotropic hormone levels before treatment predict recurrence of Cushing\u2019s disease. J. Form. Med. Assoc. 116, 441\u2013447. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfma.2016.08.008","journal-title":"Journal of the Formosan Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13802","volume":"89","author":"Adriana Albani","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Albani, L.G. P\u00e9rez-Rivas, C. Dimopoulou, S. Zopp, P. Col\u00f3n-Bolea, S. Roeber, et al. The USP8 mutational status may predict long-term remission in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. Clin. Endocrinol. [Epub ahead of print], \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.13802","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2036_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2836","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00161","volume":"102","author":"FR Faucz","year":"2017","unstructured":"F.R. Faucz, A. Tirosh, C. Tatsi, Somatic USP8 gene mutations are a common cause of pediatric cushing disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 102(8), 2836\u20132843 (2017)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"2","key":"2036_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0689","volume":"174","author":"K Hayashi","year":"2016","unstructured":"K. Hayashi, N. Inoshita, K. Kawaguchi, A. Ibrahim Ardisasmita, H. Suzuki, N. Fukuhara et al. The USP8 mutational status may predict drug susceptibility in corticotroph adenomas of Cushing\u2019s disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 174(2), 213\u201326 (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-15-0689","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"12","key":"2036_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6348","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032180","volume":"89","author":"GD Hammer","year":"2004","unstructured":"G.D. Hammer, J.B. Tyrell, K.R. Lamborn, C.B. Applebury, E.T. Hannegan, S. Bell et al. Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing\u2019s disease: initial outcome and long-term results. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89(12), 6348\u20136357 (2004). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2003-032180","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.1994.80.1.0037","volume":"80","author":"Z Ram","year":"1994","unstructured":"Z. Ram, L.K. Nieman, G.B. Cutler Jr., Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Neurosurgery 80(1), 37\u201345 (1994)","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"2","key":"2036_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(95)00071-6","volume":"33","author":"D Zierhut","year":"1995","unstructured":"D. Zierhut, M. Flentje, J. Adolph, J. Erdmann, F. Raue, M. Wannenmacher, External radiotherapy of pituitary adenomas. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics 33(2), 307\u2013314 (1995)","journal-title":"International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics"},{"key":"2036_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5695","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8069","volume":"86","author":"J Estrada","year":"2001","unstructured":"J. Estrada, J. Garc\u00eda-Ur\u00eda, C. Lamas, J. Alfaro, T. Lucas, S. Diez et al. The complete normalization of the adrenocortical function as the criterion of cure after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86, 5695\u20135699 (2001). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.86.12.8069","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-06-0588","volume":"156","author":"LF Chan","year":"2007","unstructured":"L.F. Chan, H.L. Storr, P.N. Plowman, L.A. Perry, G.M. Besser, A.B. Grossman et al. Long-term anterior pituitary function in patients with paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease treated with pituitary radiotherapy. European Journal of Endocrinology 156(4), 477\u201382 (2007). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-06-0588","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197711032971801","volume":"297","author":"AS Jennings","year":"1977","unstructured":"A.S. Jennings, G.W. Liddle, D.N. Orth, Results of treating childhood Cushing\u2019s disease with pituitary irradiation. New England Journal of Medicine 297, 957\u2013962 (1977)","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2036_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1986.tb10219.x","volume":"75","author":"M Thoren","year":"1986","unstructured":"M. Thoren, T. Rahn, B. Hallengren, P.H. Kaad, K.O. Nilsson, H. Ravn et al. Treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease in childhood and adolescence by stereotactic pituitary irradiation. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 75, 388\u2013395 (1986)","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica"},{"key":"2036_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-92-5-613","volume":"92","author":"DE Schteingart","year":"1980","unstructured":"D.E. Schteingart, H.S. Tsao, C.I. Taylor, A. McKenzie, R. Victoria, B.A. Therrien, Sustained remission of Cushing\u2019s disease with mitotane and pitutiary irradiation. Annals of Internal Medicine 92, 613\u2013619 (1980). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326\/0003-4819-92-5-613","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"2036_CR77","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Clinical Endocrine Oncology","author":"PN Plowman","year":"1997","unstructured":"P.N. Plowman. Pituitary radiotherapy: techniques and potential complications. Clinical Endocrine Oncology. R. Sheaves, P.J. Jenkins, J.A. Wass (eds) Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford), 1997) 185\u2013188"},{"key":"2036_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.1999.00854.x","volume":"51","author":"PN Plowman","year":"1999","unstructured":"P.N. Plowman, Pituitary adenoma radiotherapy-when, who and how? Clinical Endocrinology 51, 265\u2013271 (1999)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2036_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199701163360303","volume":"336","author":"J Estrada","year":"1997","unstructured":"J. Estrada, M. Boronat, M. Mielgo, R. Magall\u00f3n, I. Millan, S. D\u00edez et al. The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing\u2019s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 336(3), 172\u2013177 (1997)","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2036_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-016-0742-1","volume":"19","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2016","unstructured":"M. Fleseriu, F. Castinetti, Updates on the role of adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitors in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a focus on novel therapies. Pituitary 19(6), 643\u2013653 (2016). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11102-016-0742-1","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0514","volume":"158","author":"F Castinetti","year":"2008","unstructured":"F. Castinetti, I. Morange, P. Jaquet, B. Conte-Devolx, T. Brue, Ketoconazole revisited: a preoperative or postoperative treatment in Cushing\u2019s disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 158(1), 91\u201399 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-07-0514","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2036_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1159\/000063459","volume":"55","author":"MO Savage","year":"2001","unstructured":"M.O. Savage, A. Lienhardt, M.C. Lebrethon, L.B. Johnston, A. Huebner., A.B. Grossman et al. Cushing\u2019s disease in childhood: presentation, investigation, treatment and long-term outcome. Hormone Research 55(Suppl 1), 24\u201330 (2001). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000063459","journal-title":"Hormone Research"},{"key":"2036_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2018.00262","volume":"9","author":"M Fuertes","year":"2018","unstructured":"M. Fuertes, J. Tkatch, J. Rosmino, L. Nieto, M.A. Guitelman, E. Artz, New insights in cushing disease treatment with focus on a derivative of vitamin A. Frontiers in Endocrinology 9, 262 (2018)","journal-title":"Frontiers in Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2036_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2616","volume":"100","author":"E Daniel","year":"2015","unstructured":"E. Daniel, S. Aylwin, O. Mustafa, S. Ball, A. Munir, K. Boelaert et al. Effectiveness of metyrapone in treating Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a retrospective multicenter study in 195 patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 100(11), 4146\u20134154 (2015). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2015-2616","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-12-0028","volume":"1","author":"L Ghataore","year":"2012","unstructured":"L. Ghataore, I. Chakraborti, S.J. Aylwin, K.M. Schulte, D. Dworakowska, P. Coskeran, Effects of mitotane treatment on human steroid metabolism: implications for patient management. Endocrine Connections 1(1), 37\u201347 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EC-12-0028","journal-title":"Endocrine Connections"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0358","volume":"167","author":"C Baudry","year":"2012","unstructured":"C. Baudry, J. Coste, R. Bou Khalil, S. Silvera, L. Guignat, J. Guibourdenche et al. Efficiency and tolerance of mitotane in Cushing\u2019s disease in 76 patients from a single center. European Journal of Endocrinology 167(4), 473\u2013481 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-12-0358","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2734","DOI":"10.2174\/092986708786242921","volume":"15","author":"P Igaz","year":"2008","unstructured":"P. Igaz, Z. Tombol, P.M. Szabo, I. Liko, K. Racz, Steroid biosynthesis inhibitors in the therapy of hypercortisolism: Theory and practice. Current Medicinal Chemistry 15, 2734\u20132747 (2008)","journal-title":"Current Medicinal Chemistry"},{"issue":"3","key":"2036_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000088587","volume":"64","author":"JE Greening","year":"2005","unstructured":"J.E. Greening, Efficient short-term control of hypercortisolaemia by low-dose etomidate in severe paediatric Cushing\u2019s disease. Hormone Research in Paediatrics 64(3), 140\u2013143 (2005)","journal-title":"Hormone Research in Paediatrics"},{"key":"2036_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1533","volume":"94","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2009","unstructured":"R. Pivonello, M.C. De Martino, P. Cappabianca, M. De Leo, A. Faggiano, G. Lombardi et al. The medical treatment of Cushing\u2019s disease: effectiveness of chronic treatment with the dopamine agonist cabergoline in patients unsuccessfully treated by surgery. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94, 223\u2013230 (2009). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1533","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1008","volume":"94","author":"M Boscaro","year":"2009","unstructured":"M. Boscaro, W.H. Ludlam, B. Atkinson, J.E. Glusman, S. Petersenn, M. Reincke et al. Treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing\u2019s disease with the multireceptor ligand somatostatin analog pasireotide (SOM230): a multicenter, phase II trial. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94, 115\u2013122 (2009). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1008","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2101","volume":"94","author":"C De Bruin","year":"2009","unstructured":"C. De Bruin, A.M. Pereira, R.A. Feelders, J.A. Romijn, F. Roelfsema, D.M. Sprij-Mooij et al. Coexpression of dopamine and somatostatin receptor subtypes in corticotroph adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 94, 1118\u20131124 (2009). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-2101","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4482","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1245","volume":"91","author":"DL Batista","year":"2006","unstructured":"D.L. Batista, X. Zhang, R. Gejman, P.J. Ansell, Y. Zhou, S.A. Johnson, The effects of SOM230 on cell proliferation and adrenocorticotropin secretion in human corticotroph pituitary adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 91, 4482\u20134488 (2006)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2452","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030837","volume":"89","author":"R Pivonello","year":"2004","unstructured":"R. Pivonello, D. Ferone, W.W. de Herder, Dopamine receptor expression and function in corticotroph pituitary tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89, 2452\u20132462 (2004)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1000094","volume":"362","author":"RA Feelders","year":"2010","unstructured":"R.A. Feelders, C. de Bruin, A.M. Pereira, J.A. Romijn, R.T. Netea-Maier, A.R. Hermus et al. Pasireotide alone or with cabergoline and ketoconazole in Cushing\u2019s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 362, 1846\u20131848 (2010). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMc1000094","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2036_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1159\/000072798","volume":"78","author":"S Park","year":"2003","unstructured":"S. Park, J. Kamegai, R.D. Kineman, Role of glucocorticoids in the regulation of pituitary somatostatin receptor subtype (sst1-sst5) mRNA levels: evidence for direct and somatostatin-mediated effects. Neuroendocrinology 78(3), 163\u2013175 (2003). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000072798","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105743","volume":"366","author":"A Colao","year":"2012","unstructured":"A. Colao, S. Petersen, J. Newell-Price, J.W. Findling, F. Gu, M. Maldonado et al. A 12-month phase 3study of pasireotide in Cushing\u2019s disease. New England Journal of Medicine 366, 914\u2013924 (2012)","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"2036_CR97","first-page":"425","volume":"11","author":"F Ceccato","year":"2015","unstructured":"F. Ceccato, C. Scaroni, M. Boscaro, Clinical use of pasireotide for Cushing\u2019s disease in adults. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management 11, 425\u2013434 (2015)","journal-title":"Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management"},{"issue":"6","key":"2036_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3350","volume":"97","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2012","unstructured":"M. Fleseriu, B.M. Biller, J.W. Findling, M.E. Molitch, D.E. Schteingart, C. Gross et al. Mifepristone, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, produces clinical and metabolic benefits in patients with Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97(6), 2039\u201349 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2011-3350","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2001.01026.x","volume":"54","author":"RS Newfield","year":"2001","unstructured":"R.S. Newfield, I.M. Spitz, C. Isacson, M.I. New, Long-term mifepristone (RU486) therapy resulting in massive benign endometrial hyperplasia. Clinical Endocrinology 54, 399\u2013404 (2001)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59602-4.00022-8","volume":"124","author":"TM Barber","year":"2014","unstructured":"T.M. Barber, E. Adams, J.A. Wass, Nelson syndrome: definition and management. Handbook of Clinical Neurology 124, 327\u201337 (2014). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-59602-4.00022-8","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"2036_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s002689910020","volume":"24","author":"SK Nagesser","year":"2000","unstructured":"S.K. Nagesser, A.P. van Seters, J. Kievit, J. Hermans, H.M. Krans, C.J. van de Velde, Long-term results of total adrenalectomy for Cushing\u2019s disease. World Journal of Surgery 24, 108\u2013113 (2000). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002689910020","journal-title":"World Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"2036_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1977.02120250035005","volume":"131","author":"NJ Hopwood","year":"1977","unstructured":"N.J. Hopwood, F.M. Kenny, Incidence of Nelson\u2019s syndrome after adrenalectomy for Cushing\u2019s disease in children: results of a nationwide survey. American Journal of Diseases of Children 131, 1353\u20131356 (1977)","journal-title":"American Journal of Diseases of Children"},{"key":"2036_CR103","first-page":"1067","volume":"96","author":"CG Thomas","year":"1984","unstructured":"C.G. Thomas, A.T. Smith, M. Benson, J. Griffith, Nelson\u2019s syndrome after Cushing\u2019s disease in childhood: a continuing problem. Surgery 96, 1067\u20131077 (1984)","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302010000100004","volume":"54","author":"Ricardo Santos de Oliveira","year":"2010","unstructured":"de Oliveira, R.S., de Castro, Mo, Rauber S.R., Martinelli, C.E. Jr., Moreira, A.C., Machado, H.R.: Surgical management of pediatric Cushing\u2019s disease: an analysis of 15 consecutive cases at a specialized neurosurgical center. Arq BrasEndocrinol Metab (2010) \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0004-27302010000100004","journal-title":"Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-10-0466","volume":"163","author":"TM Barber","year":"2010","unstructured":"T.M. Barber, E. Adams, O. Ansorge, J.V. Byrne, N. Karavitaki, J.A. Wass, Nelson\u2019s syndrome. European Journal of Endocrinology 163(4), 495\u2013507 (2010)","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02118.x","volume":"61","author":"AH Heald","year":"2004","unstructured":"A.H. Heald, S. Ghosh, S. Bray, Long-term negative impact on quality of life in patients with successfully treated Cushing\u2019s disease. Clinical Endocrinology 61, 458\u2013465 (2004). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02118.x","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1375","volume":"90","author":"MO Van Aken","year":"2005","unstructured":"M.O. Van Aken, A.M. Pereira, N.R. Biermasz, Quality of life in patients after long-term biochemical cure of Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, 3279\u20133286 (2005)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03288.x","volume":"69","author":"AA van der Klaauw","year":"2008","unstructured":"A.A. van der Klaauw, M. Kars, N.R. Biermasz, F. Roelfsema, O.M. Dekkers, E.P. Corssmit et al. Disease-specific impairments in quality of life during long-term follow-up of patients with different pituitary adenomas. Clinical Endocrinology 69, 775\u2013784 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03288.x","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-2032","volume":"95","author":"J Tiemensma","year":"2010","unstructured":"J. Tiemensma, N.E. Kokshoorn, N.R. Biermasz, B.J. Keijser, M.J. Wassenaar, H.A. Middelkoop et al. Subtle cognitive impairments in patients with long-term cure of Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95, 2699\u20132714 (2010). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2009-2032","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"key":"2036_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-12-0308","volume":"167","author":"MA Wagenmakers","year":"2012","unstructured":"M.A. Wagenmakers, R.T. Netea-Maier, J.B. Prins, T. Dekkers, M. den Heijer, A.R. Hermus et al. Impaired quality of life in patients in long-term remission of Cushing\u2019s syndrome of both adrenal and pituitary origin: a remaining effect of long-standing hypercortisolism? European Journal of Endocrinology 167, 687\u2013695 (2012). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-12-0308","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"key":"2036_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2008.03515.x","volume":"71","author":"MF Keil","year":"2009","unstructured":"M.F. Keil, D.P. Merke, R. Gandhi et al. Quality of life in children and adolescents 1-year after cure of Cushing syndrome: a prospective study. Clinical Endocrinology 71, 326\u2013333 (2009)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021518","volume":"88","author":"F Pecori Giraldi","year":"2003","unstructured":"F. Pecori Giraldi, M. Moro, F. Cavagnini; Study Group on the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis of the Italian Society of Endocrinology, Gender-related differences in the presentation and course of Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88(4), 1554\u20131558 (2003)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2002.01511.x","volume":"56","author":"DA Rees","year":"2002","unstructured":"D.A. Rees, F.W. Hanna, J.S. Davies, R.G. Mills, J. Vafidis, M.F. Scanlon, Long-term follow-up results of transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease in a single centre using strict criteria for remission. Clinical Endocrinology 56(4), 541\u2013551 (2002)","journal-title":"Clinical Endocrinology"},{"issue":"8","key":"2036_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-27302007000800022","volume":"51","author":"G Rollin","year":"2007","unstructured":"G. Rollin, N.P. Ferreira, M.A. Czepielewski, Prospective evaluation of transsphenoidal pituitary surgery in 108 patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia and Metabologia 51(8), 1355\u20131361 (2007)","journal-title":"Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia and Metabologia"},{"issue":"4","key":"2036_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/10\/0751","volume":"109","author":"DM Prevedello","year":"2008","unstructured":"D.M. Prevedello, N. Pouratian, J. Sherman, J.A. Jane Jr., M.L. Vance, M.B. Lopes et al. Management of Cushing\u2019s disease: outcome in patients with microadenoma detected on pituitary magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Neurosurgery 109(4), 751\u2013759 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/JNS\/2008\/109\/10\/0751","journal-title":"Journal of Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"2036_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1510727","volume":"151","author":"R Valero","year":"2004","unstructured":"R. Valero, S. Vallette-Kasic, B. Conte-Devolx, P. Jaquet, T. Brue, The desmopressin test as a predictive factor of outcome after pituitary surgery for Cushing\u2019s disease. European Journal of Endocrinology 151(6), 727\u2013733 (2004)","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2036_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490195","volume":"149","author":"S Cannav\u00f2","year":"2003","unstructured":"S. Cannav\u00f2, B. Almoto, C. Dall\u2019Asta, S. Corsello, R.M. Lovicu, E. De Menis et al. Long-term results of treatment in patients with ACTH-secreting pituitary macroadenomas. European Journal of Endocrinology 149(3), 195\u2013200 (2003)","journal-title":"European Journal of Endocrinology"},{"issue":"11","key":"2036_CR118","first-page":"3114","volume":"80","author":"D Bochicchio","year":"1995","unstructured":"D. Bochicchio, M. Losa, M. Buchfelder, Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing\u2019s disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European Cushing\u2019s Disease Survey Group. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 80(11), 3114\u20133120 (1995)","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"12","key":"2036_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4728","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-1171","volume":"93","author":"CA Carrasco","year":"2008","unstructured":"C.A. Carrasco, J. Coste, L. Guignat, Midnight salivary cortisol determination for assessing the outcome of transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93(12), 4728\u20134734 (2008). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2008-1171","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"7","key":"2036_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.81.7.8675592","volume":"81","author":"N Sonino","year":"1996","unstructured":"N. Sonino, M. Zielezny, G.A. Fava, F. Fallo, M. Boscaro, Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing\u2019s disease. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 81(7), 2647\u201352 (1996). \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jcem.81.7.8675592","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism"},{"issue":"1","key":"2036_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(99)00159-7","volume":"53","author":"K Hague","year":"2000","unstructured":"K. Hague, K.D. Post, S. Morgello, Absence of peritumoral Crooke\u2019s change is associated with recurrence in surgically treated Cushing\u2019s disease. Surgical Neurology 53(1), 77\u201381 (2000)","journal-title":"Surgical Neurology"}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-019-02036-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-019-02036-2\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-019-02036-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,6]],"date-time":"2020-11-06T00:27:14Z","timestamp":1604622434000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-019-02036-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-019-02036-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["1355-008X","1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1355-008X"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1559-0100"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"16 April 2019","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 November 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}