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We aimed to determine associations of TSH, FT4, and FT3 levels with current smoking.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was performed in 5766 euthyroid participants (Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease cohort). Current smoking was determined by self-report, categorized as never, former, and current (\u226420 and &gt;20 cigarettes per day). Smoke exposure was determined by urinary cotinine.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Current smoking of \u226420 and &gt;20 cigarettes per day was associated with lower TSH and higher FT3 levels. FT4 levels were higher in subjects smoking &lt;20 cigarettes per day vs. never and former smokers. Current smokers also consumed more alcohol. Multivariable linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, anti-TPO autoantibody positivity, alcohol consumption, and other variables demonstrated that lower TSH, higher FT4 and higher FT3 were associated with smoking \u226420 cigarettes per day vs. subjects who never smoked (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.018, and <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, respectively) without a further significant incremental effect of smoking &gt;20 cigarettes per day. In agreement, TSH was inversely, whereas FT4 and FT3 levels were positively associated with urinary cotinine (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001 for each). In contrast, alcohol consumption &gt;30\u2009g per day conferred higher TSH and lower FT3 levels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec>\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Cigarette smoking is associated with modestly higher FT4 and FT3, and lower TSH levels, partly opposing effects of alcohol consumption.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02125-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,9]],"date-time":"2019-11-09T14:03:03Z","timestamp":1573308183000},"page":"613-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Cigarette smoking is associated with higher thyroid hormone and lower TSH levels: the PREVEND study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"67","author":[{"given":"Eke G.","family":"Gruppen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny","family":"Kootstra-Ros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke Muller","family":"Kobold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margery A.","family":"Connelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daan","family":"Touw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens H. 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