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For example human monoclonal autoantibodies (MAbs) to the TSHR are useful reagents for in vitro diagnostics. Measurement of TSHR autoantibodies (TRAbs) is helpful in diagnosis and management of autoimmune thyroid disease. Currently available highly sensitive and specific assays to measure TRAbs use the human TSHR MAb M22 instead of the TSH. Furthermore, preparations of the human TSHR MAb M22 are useful as the World Health Organisation International Standard for thyroid stimulating antibody and for calibration of the assays for measuring TRAbs. Preparations of thermostabilised TSHR extracellular domain have recently become available and this is likely to have an impact on improvements in specificity testing for TRAb assays. In addition the stable TSHR preparations have practical application for specific immunoadsorption of patient serum TRAbs. Human TSHR MAbs also have promising prospects as new therapeutics. Autoantibodies with TSHR antagonistic activities are \u201cnatural\u201d inhibitors of TSHR stimulation and are expected to be helpful in controlling TSHR activity in patients with Graves\u2019 disease, Graves\u2019 ophthalmopathy and thyroid cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-019-02180-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,29]],"date-time":"2020-05-29T12:03:05Z","timestamp":1590753785000},"page":"261-264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Practical applications of studies on the TSH receptor and TSH receptor autoantibodies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Furmaniak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.","family":"Sanders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Miller-Gallacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. 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RSR Limited is a developer of medical diagnostics including kits for measuring TSH receptor antibodies. J.F., J.S. and B.R.S. are Directors of AV7 Limited. AV7 Limited has no other competing interests to declare. K1-70 is currently in use as part of a Phase I, Single Ascending Intramuscular or Single Intravenous Dose, Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study in Subjects with Graves\u2019 Disease (IRAS ID 199697, Eudract number 2014-003815-12).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical standards"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed consent"}}]}}