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ACE-2 mRNA was identified in several human tissues and recently also in thyroid cells in vitro.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the ACE-2 mRNA levels in human thyroid cells in primary cultures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Primary thyroid cell cultures were treated with IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 alone or in combination for 24\u2009h. ACE-2 mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. As a control, the levels of IFN-\u03b3 inducible chemokine (CXCL10) were measured in the respective cell culture supernatants.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The mean levels of ACE-2 mRNA increased after treatment with IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 in all the thyroid cell preparations, while the combination treatment did not consistently synergically increase ACE-2-mRNA. At difference, CXCL10 was consistently increased by IFN-\u03b3 and synergically further increased by the combination treatment with IFN-\u03b3\u2009+\u2009TNF-\u03b1, with respect to IFN-\u03b3 alone.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of the present study show that IFN-\u03b3 and, to a lesser extent TNF-\u03b1 consistently increase ACE-2 mRNA levels in NHT primary cultures. More interestingly, the combined stimulation (proven to be effective according to the synergic effect registered for CXCL10) produces different responses in terms of ACE-2 mRNA modulation. These results would suggest that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines could facilitate the entering of the virus in cells by further increasing ACE-2 expression and\/or account for the different degree of severity of SARS-COV-2 infection. This hypothesis deserves to be confirmed by further specific studies.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02807-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T10:04:25Z","timestamp":1625479465000},"page":"638-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Modulation of ACE-2 mRNA by inflammatory cytokines in human thyroid cells: a pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Coperchini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Croce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Denegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rubina","family":"Ruggiero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Magri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Chiovato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Rotondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2807_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"S. 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