{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:33:30Z","timestamp":1790969610764,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.13039\/501100013254","name":"National College Students Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202110023010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202110023010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.13039\/501100013254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic scientific research business expenses of central public welfare scientific research institutes of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences","award":["2017PT32020, 2018PT32001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017PT32020, 2018PT32001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03081-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]],"date-time":"2022-08-04T15:05:36Z","timestamp":1659625536000},"page":"114-122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["A noninvasive scoring model for the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a retrospective analysis of 311 patients based on easy-to-use parameters"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Lyu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huijuan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9996","key":"3081_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61375-1","volume":"386","author":"A Lacroix","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. Lacroix et al. Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Lancet 386(9996), 913\u2013927 (2015).","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-015-0640-y","volume":"18","author":"A Santos","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. Santos et al. Quality of life in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Pituitary 18(2), 195\u2013200 (2015).","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"M133","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-15-0354","volume":"173","author":"F Ferrau","year":"2015","unstructured":"F. Ferrau, M. Korbonits, Metabolic comorbidities in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 173(4), M133\u2013M157 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"12","key":"3081_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00235-7","volume":"9","author":"M Fleseriu","year":"2021","unstructured":"M. Fleseriu et al. Consensus on diagnosis and management of Cushing\u2019s disease: a guideline update. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 9(12), 847\u2013875 (2021).","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"11","key":"3081_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5299","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-030510","volume":"88","author":"AM Isidori","year":"2003","unstructured":"A.M. Isidori et al. Discriminatory Value of the Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Establishing the Diagnosis and Differential Diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88(11), 5299\u20135306 (2003).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-105-6-862","volume":"105","author":"LK Nieman","year":"1986","unstructured":"L.K. Nieman et al. The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 105(6), 862\u2013867 (1986).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.K08E-353","volume":"56","author":"T Suda","year":"2009","unstructured":"T. Suda et al. Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for ACTH-Dependent Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. Endocr. J. 56(3), 469\u2013476 (2009).","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"issue":"11","key":"3081_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03345640","volume":"31","author":"L Vilar","year":"2008","unstructured":"L. Vilar et al. The role of non-invasive dynamic tests in the diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. J. Endocrinol. Investig. 31(11), 1008\u20131013 (2008).","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"issue":"8","key":"3081_CR9","first-page":"2934","volume":"81","author":"G Dickstein","year":"1996","unstructured":"G. Dickstein et al. Plasma corticotropin and cortisol responses to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), arginine vasopressin (AVP), CRH plus AVP, and CRH plus metyrapone in patients with Cushing\u2019s disease. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 81(8), 2934\u20132941 (1996).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s11102-021-01126-7","volume":"24","author":"L Ding","year":"2021","unstructured":"L. Ding et al. Development and validation of a novel index for the differential diagnosis of corticotropin\u2010dependent Cushing syndrome. Pituitary 24(4), 507\u2013516 (2021).","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"issue":"7","key":"3081_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ20-0837","volume":"68","author":"J Qiao","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. Qiao et al. The usefulness of the combined high-dose dexamethasone suppression test and desmopressin stimulation test in establishing the source of ACTH secretion in ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocr. J. 68(7), 839\u2013848 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2265.2003.01776.x","volume":"58","author":"G Reimondo","year":"2003","unstructured":"G. Reimondo et al. The corticotrophin-releasing hormone test is the most reliable noninvasive method to differentiate pituitary from ectopic ACTH secretion in Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf) 58(6), 718\u2013724 (2003).","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3081_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0912","volume":"173","author":"K Ritzel","year":"2015","unstructured":"K. Ritzel et al. ACTH after 15 min distinguishes between Cushing\u2019s disease and ectopic Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a proposal for a short and simple CRH test. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 173(2), 197\u2013204 (2015).","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"3081_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720823","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.720823","volume":"12","author":"K Chen","year":"2021","unstructured":"K. Chen et al. An Optimized Pathway for the Differential Diagnosis of ACTH-Dependent Cushing\u2019s Syndrome Based on Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 12, 720823 (2021).","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-116-3-211","volume":"116","author":"MR Flack","year":"1992","unstructured":"M.R. Flack et al. Urine free cortisol in the high-dose dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of the Cushing syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 116(3), 211\u2013217 (1992).","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"3081_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.150.1.6316418","volume":"150","author":"JL Doppman","year":"1984","unstructured":"J.L. Doppman et al. Petrosal sinus sampling for Cushing syndrome: anatomical and technical considerations. Work in progress. Radiology 150(1), 99\u2013103 (1984).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"3081_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199109263251301","volume":"325","author":"EH Oldfield","year":"1991","unstructured":"E.H. Oldfield et al. Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing\u2019s syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 325(13), 897\u2013905 (1991).","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"3081_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-4356(01)00341-9","volume":"54","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2001","unstructured":"E.W. Steyerberg et al. Internal validation of predictive models: efficiency of some procedures for logistic regression analysis. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 54(8), 774\u2013781 (2001).","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"3081_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"h3868","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h3868","volume":"351","author":"M Pavlou","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Pavlou et al. How to develop a more accurate risk prediction model when there are few events. BMJ. 351, h3868 (2015).","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"10","key":"3081_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001744","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001744","volume":"11","author":"KG Moons","year":"2014","unstructured":"K.G. Moons et al. Critical appraisal and data extraction for systematic reviews of prediction modelling studies: the CHARMS checklist. PLoS Med. 11(10), e1001744 (2014).","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02764-4","volume":"73","author":"DA Vassiliadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"D.A. Vassiliadi et al. Inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing\u2019s syndrome: usefulness and pitfalls. Endocrine 73(3), 530\u2013539 (2021).","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"issue":"3","key":"3081_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-199503000-00007","volume":"309","author":"AS Midgette","year":"1995","unstructured":"A.S. Midgette, D.C. Aron, High-dose dexamethasone suppression testing versus inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome: a decision analysis. Am. J. Med. Sci. 309(3), 162\u2013170 (1995).","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"3081_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.178.1.1845785","volume":"178","author":"DL Miller","year":"1991","unstructured":"D.L. Miller, J.L. Doppman, Petrosal sinus sampling: Technique and rationale. Radiology 178(1), 37\u201347 (1991).","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3081_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A0930","volume":"29","author":"CD Gandhi","year":"2008","unstructured":"C.D. Gandhi et al. Neurologic complications of inferior petrosal sinus sampling. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 29(4), 760\u2013765 (2008).","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"3081_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dgaa409","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa409","volume":"105","author":"C Frete","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Frete et al. Non-invasive Diagnostic Strategy in ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 105, dgaa409 (2020).","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"283","key":"3081_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/77.2.1113","volume":"77","author":"SB Blunt","year":"1990","unstructured":"S.B. Blunt et al. An evaluation of the distinction of ectopic and pituitary ACTH dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome by clinical features, biochemical tests and radiological findings. Q. J. Med. 77(283), 1113\u20131133 (1990).","journal-title":"Q. J. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"3081_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-980192","volume":"39","author":"T Friedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"T. Friedman et al. Dynamic Pituitary MRI has High Sensitivity and Specificity for the Diagnosis of Mild Cushing\u2019s Syndrome and should be Part of the Initial Workup. Hormone Metab. Res. 39(6), 451\u2013456 (2007).","journal-title":"Hormone Metab. Res."},{"key":"3081_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-021-02891-y","volume":"75","author":"X Shi","year":"2022","unstructured":"X. Shi et al. High-dose dexamethasone suppression test is inferior to pituitary dynamic enhanced MRI in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing\u2019s syndrome. Endocrine. 75, 516\u2013524 (2022).","journal-title":"Endocrine."},{"key":"3081_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-021-01695-1","volume":"45","author":"E Ferrante","year":"2021","unstructured":"E. Ferrante et al. Indication to dynamic and invasive testing in Cushing\u2019s disease according to different neuroradiological findings. J Endocrinol Investig. 45, 629\u2013637 (2021).","journal-title":"J Endocrinol Investig."},{"key":"3081_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659232","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/659232","volume":"2013","author":"GS Kolesnikova","year":"2013","unstructured":"G.S. Kolesnikova et al. Comparative Analysis of Clinical, Hormonal and Morphological Studies in Patients with Neuroendocrine ACTH-Producing Tumours. Int J Endocrinol. 2013, 659232 (2013).","journal-title":"Int J Endocrinol."},{"issue":"5","key":"3081_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.11.014","volume":"27","author":"R Walia","year":"2021","unstructured":"R. Walia et al. Etiology-, Sex-, and Tumor Size-Based Differences in Adrenocorticotropin-Dependent Cushing Syndrome. Endocr Pract. 27(5), 471\u2013477 (2021). p","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-022-03081-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-022-03081-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-022-03081-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]],"date-time":"2022-09-14T12:20:52Z","timestamp":1663158052000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-022-03081-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["3081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-022-03081-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 March 2022","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 May 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of PUMCH, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (approval number: JS1233). Patients signed informed consent before information and blood samples were collected and approved using their information and samples in future scientific research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}}]}}