{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T22:57:35Z","timestamp":1782341855332,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Medical Research Center of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["YDZJ202202CXJD042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJ202202CXJD042"]}]},{"name":"Major Special Projects of Jilin Provincial Department of Science and Technology","award":["(20210303001SF"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(20210303001SF"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China General Project","award":["82270850"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82270850"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04237-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,2]],"date-time":"2025-05-02T11:43:24Z","timestamp":1746186204000},"page":"291-307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Causal associations between congenital adrenal hyperplasia and neuropsychiatric conditions- a Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaokun","family":"Gang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixia","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"4237_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1909786","volume":"383","author":"DP Merke","year":"2020","unstructured":"D.P. Merke, R.J. Auchus, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 383, 1248\u20131261 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1909786.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"4237_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnab016","volume":"43","author":"HL Claahsen-van der Grinten","year":"2022","unstructured":"H.L. Claahsen-van der Grinten, P.W. Speiser, S.F. Ahmed, W. Arlt, R.J. Auchus, H. Falhammar, C.E. Fl\u00fcck, L. Guasti, A. Huebner, B. Kortmann, N. Krone, D.P. Merke, W.L. Miller, A. Nordenstr\u00f6m, N. Reisch, D.E. Sandberg, N. Stikkelbroeck, P. Touraine, A. Utari, S.A. Wudy, P.C. White, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia-current insights in pathophysiology, diagnostics, and management. Endocr. Rev. 43, 91\u2013159 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/endrev\/bnab016.","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"4237_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2017.46","volume":"19","author":"F Hannah-Shmouni","year":"2017","unstructured":"F. Hannah-Shmouni, R. Morissette, N. Sinaii, M. Elman, T.R. Prezant, W. Chen, A. Pulver, D.P. Merke, Revisiting the prevalence of nonclassic congenital adrenal hyperplasia in US ashkenazi jews and caucasians. Genet. Med. 19, 1276\u20131279 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/gim.2017.46.","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"4237_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-019-0997-0","volume":"21","author":"J Rehm","year":"2019","unstructured":"J. Rehm, K.D. Shield, Global burden of disease and the impact of mental and addictive disorders. Curr. Psychiatry Rep. 21, 10 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-019-0997-0.","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"4237_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/s2215-0366(24)00163-9","volume":"11","author":"PD McGorry","year":"2024","unstructured":"P.D. McGorry, C. Mei, N. Dalal, M. Alvarez-Jimenez, S.J. Blakemore, V. Browne, B. Dooley, I.B. Hickie, P.B. Jones, D. McDaid, C. Mihalopoulos, S.J. Wood, F.A. El Azzouzi, J. Fazio, E. Gow, S. Hanjabam, A. Hayes, A. Morris, E. Pang, K. Paramasivam, I. Quagliato Nogueira, J. Tan, S. Adelsheim, M.R. Broome, M. Cannon, A.M. Chanen, E. Chen, A. Danese, M. Davis, T. Ford, P.P. Gonsalves, M.P. Hamilton, J. Henderson, A. John, F. Kay-Lambkin, L.K. Le, C. Kieling, N. Mac Dhonnag\u00e1in, A. Malla, D.H. Nieman, D. Rickwood, J. Robinson, J.L. Shah, S. Singh, I. Soosay, K. Tee, J. Twenge, L. Valmaggia, T. van Amelsvoort, S. Verma, J. Wilson, A. Yung, S.N. Iyer, E. Killackey, The lancet psychiatry commission on youth mental health. Lancet Psychiatry 11, 731\u2013774 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2215-0366(24)00163-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"4237_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2021.1328","volume":"37","author":"JH Kim","year":"2022","unstructured":"J.H. Kim, S. Choi, Y.A. Lee, J. Lee, S.G. Kim, Epidemiology and long-term adverse outcomes in korean patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a nationwide study. Endocrinol. Metab. 37, 138\u2013147 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2021.1328.","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4237_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-018-1959-z","volume":"137","author":"Q Lao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Q. Lao, M.D. Jardin, R. Jayakrishnan, M. Ernst, D.P. Merke, Complement component 4 variations may influence psychopathology risk in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Hum. Genet. 137, 955\u2013960 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-018-1959-z.","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"4237_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1097\/psy.0000000000000718","volume":"81","author":"A de Vries","year":"2019","unstructured":"A. de Vries, R. Roehle, L. Marshall, L. Fris\u00e9n, T.C. van de Grift, B. Kreukels, C. Bouvattier, B. K\u00f6hler, U. Thyen, A. Nordenstr\u00f6m, M. Rapp, P.T. Cohen-Kettenis, G. dsd-LIFE, Mental health of a large group of adults with disorders of sex development in six European countries. Psychosom. Med. 81, 629\u2013640 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/psy.0000000000000718.","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"4237_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3803\/EnM.2022.1528","volume":"37","author":"A Nordenstr\u00f6m","year":"2022","unstructured":"A. Nordenstr\u00f6m, S. Lajic, H. Falhammar, Long-term outcomes of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Endocrinol. Metab. 37, 587\u2013598 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3803\/EnM.2022.1528.","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4237_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15100.x","volume":"38","author":"E Plante","year":"1996","unstructured":"E. Plante, C. Boliek, A. Binkiewicz, W.K. Erly, Elevated androgen, brain development and language\/learning disabilities in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 38, 423\u2013437 (1996). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15100.x.","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child. Neurol."},{"key":"4237_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2016-000085","volume":"65","author":"AM Agoston","year":"2017","unstructured":"A.M. Agoston, M.T. Gonzalez-Bolanos, M. Semrud-Clikeman, N. Vanderburg, K. Sarafoglou, Executive functioning in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. Investig. Med. 65, 49\u201352 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/jim-2016-000085.","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"4237_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6816","DOI":"10.1523\/jneurosci.0254-23.2023","volume":"43","author":"WO Dos Santos","year":"2023","unstructured":"W.O. Dos Santos, V. Juliano, F.M. Chaves, H.R. Vieira, R. Frazao, E.O. List, J.J. Kopchick, C.D. Munhoz, J. Donato Jr, Growth hormone action in somatostatin neurons regulates anxiety and fear memory. J. Neurosci. 43, 6816\u20136829 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/jneurosci.0254-23.2023.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"4237_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.06.017","volume":"60","author":"H Engberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"H. Engberg, A. Butwicka, A. Nordenstr\u00f6m, A.L. Hirschberg, H. Falhammar, P. Lichtenstein, A. Nordenskj\u00f6ld, L. Fris\u00e9n, M. Land\u00e9n, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia and risk for psychiatric disorders in girls and women born between 1915 and 2010: a total population study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 60, 195\u2013205 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.06.017.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"4237_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","volume":"32","author":"GD Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"G.D. Smith, S. Ebrahim, \u2018Mendelian randomization\u2019: can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?. Int. J. Epidemiol. 32, 1\u201322 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyg070.","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"4237_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20120362","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2012.0362","volume":"368","author":"AC Nica","year":"2013","unstructured":"A.C. Nica, E.T. Dermitzakis, Expression quantitative trait loci: present and future. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 368, 20120362 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.2012.0362.","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"4237_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(13)70007-x","volume":"1","author":"S Gidl\u00f6f","year":"2013","unstructured":"S. Gidl\u00f6f, H. Falhammar, A. Thil\u00e9n, U. von D\u00f6beln, M. Ritz\u00e9n, A. Wedell, A. Nordenstr\u00f6m, One hundred years of congenital adrenal hyperplasia in Sweden: a retrospective, population-based cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 1, 35\u201342 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(13)70007-x.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"4237_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5110","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0917","volume":"95","author":"W Arlt","year":"2010","unstructured":"W. Arlt, D.S. Willis, S.H. Wild, N. Krone, E.J. Doherty, S. Hahner, T.S. Han, P.V. Carroll, G.S. Conway, D.A. Rees, R.H. Stimson, B.R. Walker, J.M. Connell, R.J. Ross, United Kingdom Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Adult Study Executive (CaHASE), Health status of adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia: a cohort study of 203 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 95, 5110\u20135121 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-0917.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4237_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.17219","volume":"318","author":"CA Emdin","year":"2017","unstructured":"C.A. Emdin, A.V. Khera, S. Kathiresan, Mendelian randomization. Jama 318, 1925\u20131926 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2017.17219.","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"4237_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz1776","volume":"369","author":"C Gtex","year":"2020","unstructured":"C. Gtex, The GTEx consortium atlas of genetic regulatory effects across human tissues. Science 369, 1318\u20131330 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaz1776.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4237_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2190","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq340","volume":"26","author":"CJ Willer","year":"2010","unstructured":"C.J. Willer, Y. Li, G.R. Abecasis, METAL: fast and efficient meta-analysis of genomewide association scans. Bioinformatics 26, 2190\u20132191 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq340.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"4237_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3211","volume":"47","author":"BK Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"B.K. Bulik-Sullivan, P.R. Loh, H.K. Finucane, S. Ripke, J. Yang, Schizophrenia Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics C., N. Patterson, M.J. Daly, A.L. Price, B.M. Neale, LD Score regression distinguishes confounding from polygenicity in genome-wide association studies. Nat. Genet. 47, 291\u2013295 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3211.","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"4237_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3406","volume":"47","author":"B Bulik-Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"B. Bulik-Sullivan, H.K. Finucane, V. Anttila, A. Gusev, F.R. Day, P.R. Loh, C. ReproGen, C. Psychiatric Genomics, C. Genetic Consortium for Anorexia Nervosa of the Wellcome Trust Case Control, L. Duncan, J.R. Perry, N. Patterson, E.B. Robinson, M.J. Daly, A.L. Price, B.M. Neale, An atlas of genetic correlations across human diseases and traits. Nat. Genet. 47, 1236\u20131241 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ng.3406.","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"4237_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0255-0","volume":"50","author":"LJ O\u2019Connor","year":"2018","unstructured":"L.J. O\u2019Connor, A.L. Price, Distinguishing genetic correlation from causation across 52 diseases and complex traits. Nat. Genet. 50, 1728\u20131734 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41588-018-0255-0.","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"4237_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00022.2016","volume":"32","author":"AA McDonough","year":"2017","unstructured":"A.A. McDonough, J.H. Youn, Potassium homeostasis: the knowns, the unknowns, and the health benefits. Physiology 32, 100\u2013111 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physiol.00022.2016.","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"4237_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz132","volume":"11","author":"KM Hirahatake","year":"2020","unstructured":"K.M. Hirahatake, A. Astrup, J.O. Hill, J.L. Slavin, D.B. Allison, K.C. Maki, Potential cardiometabolic health benefits of full-fat dairy: the evidence base. Adv. Nutr. 11, 533\u2013547 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/advances\/nmz132.","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"4237_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-021-04870-7","volume":"122","author":"CT Tran","year":"2022","unstructured":"C.T. Tran, T. Atanasovska, C. Graff, J. Melgaard, J.K. Kanters, R. Smith, A.C. Petersen, K.P. Kjeldsen, M.J. McKenna, Plasma potassium concentration and cardiac repolarisation markers, T(peak)-T(end) and T(peak)-T(end)\/QT, during and after exercise in healthy participants and in end-stage renal disease. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 122, 691\u2013702 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00421-021-04870-7.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"4237_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4622","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21134622","volume":"21","author":"M Sumi\u0144ska","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Sumi\u0144ska, K. Bogusz-G\u00f3rna, D. Wegner, M. Fichna, Non-classic disorder of adrenal steroidogenesis and clinical dilemmas in 21-hydroxylase deficiency combined with backdoor androgen pathway. Mini-review and case report. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 4622 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21134622.","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"4237_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1108-1419","volume":"129","author":"B Carvalho","year":"2021","unstructured":"B. Carvalho, C.J. Marques, R. Santos-Silva, M. Fontoura, D. Carvalho, F. Carvalho, Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an update on genetic analysis of CYP21A2 gene. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes 129, 477\u2013481 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-1108-1419.","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"4237_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.111219","volume":"136","author":"D Qiao","year":"2025","unstructured":"D. Qiao, C. Mu, H. Chen, D. Wen, Z. Wang, B. Zhang, F. Guo, C. Wang, R. Zhang, C. Wang, H. Cui, S. Li, Implications of prenatal exposure to hyperandrogen for hippocampal neurodevelopment and autism-like behavior in offspring. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 136, 111219 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2024.111219.","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4237_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00043","volume":"11","author":"S Ouanes","year":"2019","unstructured":"S. Ouanes, J. Popp, High cortisol and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review of the literature. Front. Aging Neurosci. 11, 43 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00043.","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"4237_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.024","volume":"118","author":"J Holleman","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. Holleman, M. Daniilidou, I. K\u00e5reholt, M. Asp\u00f6, G. Hagman, C.T. Udeh-Momoh, G. Spulber, M. Kivipelto, A. Solomon, A. Matton, S. Sindi, Diurnal cortisol, neuroinflammation, and neuroimaging visual rating scales in memory clinic patients. Brain Behav. Immun. 118, 499\u2013509 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.03.024.","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"4237_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-012-1217-8","volume":"131","author":"W Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"W. Chen, Z. Xu, M. Nishitani, C. Van Ryzin, N.B. McDonnell, D.P. Merke, Complement component 4 copy number variation and CYP21A2 genotype associations in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Hum. Genet. 131, 1889\u20131894 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00439-012-1217-8.","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"4237_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1017\/s1092852919001603","volume":"25","author":"YJ Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Y.J. Li, X. Zhang, Y.M. Li, Antineuroinflammatory therapy: potential treatment for autism spectrum disorder by inhibiting glial activation and restoring synaptic function. CNS Spectr. 25, 493\u2013501 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s1092852919001603.","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"4237_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"A. Inamdar, B. Gurupadayya & H. Sharma The role of glial cells in autism spectrum disorder: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2174\/0118715273337007241115102118","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715273337007241115102118"},{"key":"4237_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00580-x","volume":"27","author":"D Kaur","year":"2019","unstructured":"D. Kaur, V. Sharma, R. Deshmukh, Activation of microglia and astrocytes: a roadway to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease. Inflammopharmacology 27, 663\u2013677 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-019-00580-x.","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"4237_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.14336\/ad.2023.0608","volume":"15","author":"M Nasb","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Nasb, W. Tao, N. Chen, Alzheimer\u2019s disease puzzle: delving into pathogenesis hypotheses. Aging Dis. 15, 43\u201373 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14336\/ad.2023.0608.","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"4237_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.2.286","volume":"155","author":"GR Swanwick","year":"1998","unstructured":"G.R. Swanwick, M. Kirby, I. Bruce, F. Buggy, R.F. Coen, D. Coakley, B.A. Lawlor, Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: lack of association between longitudinal and cross-sectional findings. Am. J. Psychiatry 155, 286\u2013289 (1998). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1176\/ajp.155.2.286.","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"4237_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12750","volume":"96","author":"A Milligan Armstrong","year":"2021","unstructured":"A. Milligan Armstrong, T. Porter, H. Quek, A. White, J. Haynes, C. Jackaman, V. Villemagne, K. Munyard, S.M. Laws, G. Verdile, D. Groth, Chronic stress and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: the\u2009interplay between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, genetics and microglia. Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc. 96, 2209\u20132228 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12750.","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"4237_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.015","volume":"34","author":"A Brureau","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. Brureau, C. Zussy, B. Delair, C. Ogier, G. Ixart, T. Maurice, L. Givalois, Deregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis functions in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease rat model. Neurobiol. Aging 34, 1426\u20131439 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.11.015.","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"4237_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12463","volume":"15","author":"S White","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. White, R. Mauer, C. Lange, O. Klimecki, W. Huijbers, M. Wirth, I. Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging, The effect of plasma cortisol on hippocampal atrophy and clinical progression in mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 15, e12463 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dad2.12463.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"4237_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2024.106634","volume":"174","author":"M Oz","year":"2024","unstructured":"M. Oz, L.A. Kury, B. Sadek, M.O. Mahgoub, The role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the pathophysiology and pharmacotherapy of autism spectrum disorder: focus on \u03b17 nicotinic receptors. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 174, 106634 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biocel.2024.106634.","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"4237_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1025019030121","volume":"33","author":"JM Curin","year":"2003","unstructured":"J.M. Curin, J. Terzi\u0107, Z.B. Petkovi\u0107, L. Zekan, I.M. Terzi\u0107, I.M. Susnjara, Lower cortisol and higher ACTH levels in individuals with autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 33, 443\u2013448 (2003). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1025019030121.","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"4237_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.15055","volume":"100","author":"LO Ridder","year":"2024","unstructured":"L.O. Ridder, C.M. Balle, A. Skakkeb\u00e6k, M. Lind-Holst, M.M. Nielsen, P. Hermann, S. Hansen, D.G. Nielsen, S. Knorr, N.H. Andersen, M.H. Viuff, A. Berglund, C.H. Gravholt, Endocrine, cardiac and neuropsychological aspects of adult congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin. Endocrinol. 100, 515\u2013526 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/cen.15055.","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4237_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.02.006","volume":"50","author":"R Knickmeyer","year":"2006","unstructured":"R. Knickmeyer, S. Baron-Cohen, B.A. Fane, S. Wheelwright, G.A. Mathews, G.S. Conway, C.G. Brook, M. Hines, Androgens and autistic traits: a study of individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Horm. Behav. 50, 148\u2013153 (2006). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.02.006.","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"4237_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115455","volume":"310","author":"S Baron-Cohen","year":"2005","unstructured":"S. Baron-Cohen, R.C. Knickmeyer, M.K. Belmonte, Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism. Science 310, 819\u2013823 (2005). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1115455.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"4237_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1000732","volume":"13","author":"MR Firestein","year":"2022","unstructured":"M.R. Firestein, R.D. Romeo, H. Winstead, D.A. Goldman, W.A. Grobman, D.M. Haas, S. Parry, U.M. Reddy, R.M. Silver, R.J. Wapner, F.A. Champagne, Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy and polycystic ovary syndrome are associated with child communication and social skills in a sex-specific and androgen-dependent manner. Front. Endocrinol. 13, 1000732 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2022.1000732.","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4237_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209442","volume":"165","author":"WR Nardi","year":"2024","unstructured":"W.R. Nardi, P. Kelly, A. Roy, S. Becker, J. Brewer, S. Sun, A systematic review and meta-analysis of psychosocial interventions for persons with comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders. J. Subst. Use Addict. Treat. 165, 209442 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.josat.2024.209442.","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use Addict. Treat."},{"key":"4237_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E554","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-3707","volume":"99","author":"H Falhammar","year":"2014","unstructured":"H. Falhammar, A. Butwicka, M. Land\u00e9n, P. Lichtenstein, A. Nordenskj\u00f6ld, A. Nordenstr\u00f6m, L. Fris\u00e9n, Increased psychiatric morbidity in men with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 99, E554\u2013E560 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2013-3707.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4237_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-022-01824-4","volume":"45","author":"L La\u0161ait\u0117","year":"2022","unstructured":"L. La\u0161ait\u0117, R. Navardauskait\u0117, K. Sem\u0117nien\u0117, R. Verkauskien\u0117, Psychological stress, emotions, and quality of life in men and women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 45, 1925\u20131934 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40618-022-01824-4.","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"4237_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/s1081-1206(10)61756-5","volume":"92","author":"SH Bolanos","year":"2004","unstructured":"S.H. Bolanos, D.A. Khan, M. Hanczyc, M.S. Bauer, N. Dhanani, E.S. Brown, Assessment of mood states in patients receiving long-term corticosteroid therapy and in controls with patient-rated and clinician-rated scales. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 92, 500\u2013505 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s1081-1206(10)61756-5.","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"4237_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-024-01162-3","volume":"24","author":"CM Drzewiecki","year":"2024","unstructured":"C.M. Drzewiecki, A.S. Fox, Understanding the heterogeneity of anxiety using a translational neuroscience approach. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 24, 228\u2013245 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13415-024-01162-3.","journal-title":"Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04237-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04237-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04237-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T06:49:06Z","timestamp":1751611746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04237-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4237"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04237-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 April 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 April 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All data utilized in this study were sourced from publicly accessible GWAS databases and approved by their respective institutional review boards. Consequently, no additional ethical approval was required for this research.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}