{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T19:38:40Z","timestamp":1791488320599,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cabergoline is widely used to treat hyperprolactinemia, but its effects on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) remain unclear. Since hyperprolactinemia is present in nearly 30% of PCOS cases, this study aims to assess the impact of cabergoline on androgen levels and clinical outcomes in PCOS with elevated prolactin cases, discussing these findings with the results in prolactinoma cases.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>A total of 66 women aged 18\u201340 were included in this retrospective cohort study, with 36 in the PCOS with elevated prolactin group (median 24.0 (22.0\u201327.5) years) and 30 in the prolactinoma group (median 28.0 (23.7\u201333.0) years). Only patients who had been started on cabergoline treatment and had available follow-up data were included. Hormonal profiles and clinical findings, including hirsutism, and menstrual cycle regularity, were assessed before and after cabergoline treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>After cabergoline treatment, significant reductions in prolactin and total testosterone levels were observed in both groups. In the PCOS group, total testosterone decreased from 0.65\u20130.49\u2009ng\/mL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate levels from 407.5\u2013301.0\u2009\u00b5g\/dL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In the prolactinoma group, total testosterone decreased from 0.39\u20130.29\u2009ng\/mL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Menstrual irregularities improved markedly in both groups, with prevalence decreasing from 83.3\u20135.6% in PCOS group and from 80.0\u201310.0% in the prolactinoma group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Furthermore, in PCOS group, the prevalence of hirsutism was decreased from 86.1\u201361.1% (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.007).<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Cabergoline is effective in lowering prolactin and androgen levels while improving menstrual regularity in both PCOS and prolactinoma patients, highlighting its potential as a valuable therapeutic option for patients with PCOS with elevated prolactin.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04279-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T11:18:34Z","timestamp":1747826314000},"page":"547-555","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cabergoline monotherapy in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with elevated prolactin: a viable option?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7660-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asl\u0131","family":"S\u0131g\u0131n\u0131r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4957-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayri","family":"Bostan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0022-5704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emre Sedar","family":"Sayg\u0131l\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7684-0319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ceren","family":"Tufan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3590-2656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ersen","family":"Karak\u0131l\u0131c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"4279_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.6.0318","volume":"18","author":"A Dunaif","year":"1997","unstructured":"A. Dunaif, Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome: mechanism and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr. Rev. 18, 774\u2013800 (1997). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/edrv.18.6.0318.","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"4279_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2015-1018","volume":"36","author":"DA Dumesic","year":"2015","unstructured":"D.A. Dumesic, S.E. Oberfield, E. Stener-Victorin, J.C. Marshall, J.S. Laven, R.S. Legro, Scientific statement on the diagnostic criteria, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and molecular genetics of polycystic ovary syndrome. Endocr. Rev. 36, 487\u2013525 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/er.2015-1018.","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"4279_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24","volume":"14","author":"HF Escobar-Morreale","year":"2018","unstructured":"H.F. Escobar-Morreale, Polycystic ovary syndrome: definition, aetiology, diagnosis and treatment. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 14, 270\u2013284 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrendo.2018.24.","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4279_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1517\/14728222.2015.1075511","volume":"19","author":"M Luque-Ram\u00edrez","year":"2015","unstructured":"M. Luque-Ram\u00edrez, H.F. Escobar-Morreale, Targets to treat androgen excess in polycystic ovary syndrome. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 19, 1545\u20131560 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14728222.2015.1075511.","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"4279_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-41","volume":"8","author":"H Teede","year":"2010","unstructured":"H. Teede, A. Deeks, L. Moran, Polycystic ovary syndrome: a complex condition with psychological, reproductive and metabolic manifestations that impacts on health across the lifespan. BMC Med 8, 41 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-8-41.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"4279_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad082","volume":"189","author":"M Forslund","year":"2023","unstructured":"M. Forslund, J. Melin, S. Alesi et al., Different kinds of oral contraceptive pills in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 189, S1\u2013S16 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad082.","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4279_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2447","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgad463","volume":"108","author":"HJ Teede","year":"2023","unstructured":"H.J. Teede, C.T. Tay, J.J.E. Laven et al., Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 108, 2447\u20132469 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/clinem\/dgad463.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4279_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.2217\/whe.10.43","volume":"6","author":"AD Genazzani","year":"2010","unstructured":"A.D. Genazzani, F. Ricchieri, C. Lanzoni, Use of metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. Womens Health 6, 577\u2013593 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2217\/whe.10.43.","journal-title":"Womens Health"},{"key":"4279_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.80891","volume":"20","author":"SI Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"S.I. Kim, J.H. Yoon, D.C. Park, S.H. Yang, Y.I. Kim, What is the optimal prolactin cutoff for predicting the presence of a pituitary adenoma in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome?. Int. J. Med. Sci. 20, 463\u2013467 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/ijms.80891.","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"4279_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2124","DOI":"10.3390\/life13112124","volume":"13","author":"L Mastnak","year":"2023","unstructured":"L. Mastnak, R. Herman, S. Ferjan, A. Jane\u017e, M. Jensterle, Prolactin in polycystic ovary syndrome: metabolic effects and therapeutic prospects. Life 13, 2124 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/life13112124.","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"4279_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2016.1151493","volume":"15","author":"RS Auriemma","year":"2016","unstructured":"R.S. Auriemma, L.F. Grasso, R. Pivonello, A. Colao, The safety of treatments for prolactinomas. Expert Opin. Drug. Saf. 15, 503\u2013512 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14740338.2016.1151493.","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug. Saf."},{"key":"4279_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4721","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-2758","volume":"93","author":"M Ono","year":"2008","unstructured":"M. Ono, N. Miki, T. Kawamata et al., Prospective study of high-dose cabergoline treatment of prolactinomas in 150 patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 93, 4721\u20134727 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2007-2758.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4279_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(16)58563-x","volume":"66","author":"AM Paoletti","year":"1996","unstructured":"A.M. Paoletti, A. Cagnacci, G.F. Depau, M. Orr\u00f9, S. Ajossa, G.B. Melis, The chronic administration of cabergoline normalizes androgen secretion and improves menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 66, 527\u2013532 (1996). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(16)58563-x.","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"4279_CR14","first-page":"93","volume":"13","author":"A Ghaneei","year":"2015","unstructured":"A. Ghaneei, A. Jowkar, M.R. Hasani Ghavam, M.E. Ghaneei, Cabergoline plus metformin therapy effects on menstrual irregularity and androgen system in polycystic ovary syndrome women with hyperprolactinemia. Iran J. Reprod. Med. 13, 93\u2013100 (2015).","journal-title":"Iran J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"4279_CR15","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Prescribing information for Dostinex (cabergoline). Available at: http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2011\/020664s011lbl.pdf. (2011) Accessed 12 January 2024."},{"key":"4279_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004","volume":"81","author":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group, Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 81, 19\u201325 (2004). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004.","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"4279_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-1692","volume":"96","author":"S Melmed","year":"2011","unstructured":"S. Melmed, F.F. Casanueva, A.R. Hoffman et al., Diagnosis and treatment of hyperprolactinemia: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96, 273\u2013288 (2011). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jc.2010-1692.","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"4279_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/s0015-0282(98)00462-2","volume":"71","author":"S Ajossa","year":"1999","unstructured":"S. Ajossa, A.M. Paoletti, S. Guerriero, S. Floris, M. Mannias, G.B. Melis, Effect of chronic administration of cabergoline on uterine perfusion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril. 71, 314\u2013318 (1999). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0015-0282(98)00462-2.","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"4279_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s13224-017-1022-3","volume":"67","author":"MAM Elsersy","year":"2017","unstructured":"M.A.M. Elsersy, Efficacy of combined cabergoline and metformin compared to metformin alone on cycle regularity in patients with polycystic ovarian disease with hyperprolactinemia: a randomized clinical trial. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. India 67, 363\u2013369 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13224-017-1022-3.","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. India"},{"key":"4279_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03348155","volume":"10","author":"GM Prelevi\u0107","year":"1987","unstructured":"G.M. Prelevi\u0107, M.I. W\u00fcrzburger, L.A. Peri\u0107, Acute effects of L-dopa and bromocriptine on serum PRL, LH and FSH levels in patients with hyperprolactinemic and normoprolactinemic polycystic ovary syndrome. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 10, 389\u2013395 (1987). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF03348155.","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"4279_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2016.03.005","volume":"37","author":"NE Baskind","year":"2016","unstructured":"N.E. Baskind, A.H. Balen, Hypothalamic-pituitary, ovarian and adrenal contributions to polycystic ovary syndrome. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 37, 80\u201397 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2016.03.005.","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"4279_CR22","unstructured":"S.L. Richard, Androgen excess disorders. in Danforth\u2019s Obstetrics and Gynecology, J.R. Scott, P.J. Di Saia, C.B. Hammond, W.N. Spellacy eds. (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2003). pp. 663\u2013672"},{"key":"4279_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1987.tb01187.x","volume":"27","author":"AJ Chapman","year":"1987","unstructured":"A.J. Chapman, M.D. Wilson, M. Obhrai et al., Effect of bromocriptine on LH pulsatility in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin. Endocrinol. 27, 571\u2013580 (1987). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1987.tb01187.x.","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4279_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.25122\/jml-2023-0317","volume":"16","author":"IN Hamad","year":"2023","unstructured":"I.N. Hamad, S.A.A. Kadhim, H.A. Fawzi, S.M. Al-Temimi, B. Mohammad, A. Swadi, Effects of combined metformin and cabergoline versus metformin alone on ovarian and hormonal activities in Iraqi patients with PCOS and hyperprolactinemia: a randomized clinical trial. J. Med. Life. 16, 1615\u20131621 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.25122\/jml-2023-0317.","journal-title":"J. Med. Life."}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04279-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04279-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04279-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,24]],"date-time":"2025-07-24T15:11:59Z","timestamp":1753369919000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04279-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4279"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04279-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of \u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Medicine (Date: 17.04.2024\/No: 2024-12).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}}]}}