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Women were classified based on their OGTT results: isolated fasting hyperglycemia (group A), isolated post-load hyperglycemia (group B), and combined hyperglycemia (group C). Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Most women had fasting hyperglycemia (54.1%), followed by isolated post-load hyperglycemia (29.2%), and combined hyperglycemia (16.7%). In the univariate analysis, women in Groups A and C had higher BMI before pregnancy (29.0 [7.6] kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and 30.6 [9.3] kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>, respectively) compared with women in Group B (26.3 [6.2] kg\/m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>). Groups A and C had a higher prevalence of insulin use compared with Group B (81.3 and 88.4% vs. 49.3%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Their neonates had higher birth weights (3221\u2009\u00b1\u2009525\u2009g and 3208\u2009\u00b1\u2009512\u2009g vs. 3030\u2009\u00b1\u2009591\u2009g, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039) and higher rates of large-for-gestational-age (11.5 and 16.3% vs. 2.7%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.032). However, the multivariable analyses did not show significant differences among the groups.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The GDM subtypes identified through the OGTT were related to distinct metabolic phenotypes and pregnancy outcomes, indicating the presence of heterogeneity in GDM. Future studies are required to confirm these findings and explore whether the OGTT could be used to guide individualized GDM treatment.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04329-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T06:28:15Z","timestamp":1750919295000},"page":"95-103","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gestational diabetes mellitus subtypes according to oral glucose tolerance test and pregnancy outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kleoniki I.","family":"Athanasiadou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0651-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula A.","family":"Paschou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Markozannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Vasileiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotini","family":"Kanouta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Antsaklis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"Theodora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Psaltopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Goulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleni","family":"Anastasiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"4329_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","volume":"358","author":"The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group","year":"2008","unstructured":"The HAPO Study Cooperative Research Group, Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes. 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