{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T21:34:30Z","timestamp":1793223270857,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-025-04549-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1771232657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Glycemic outcomes with smart MDI system in type 1 diabetes: insights from a 12-Month retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Longo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Ida","family":"Maiorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Matrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Di Nuzzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michela","family":"Petrizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Tomasuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariangela","family":"Caputo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Scappaticcio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bellastella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"4549_CR1","unstructured":"IDF Diabetes Atlas, 2025. Diabetes Atlas n.d. https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/resources\/idf-diabetes-atlas-2025\/ (accessed June 2, 2025)"},{"key":"4549_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2018.0384","volume":"21","author":"NC Foster","year":"2019","unstructured":"N.C. Foster, R.W. Beck, K.M. Miller, M.A. Clements, M.R. Rickels, L.A. DiMeglio et al., State of type 1 diabetes management and outcomes from the T1D exchange in 2016\u20132018. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 21, 66\u201372 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2018.0384","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"issue":"Suppl 27","key":"4549_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12742","volume":"19","author":"KC Donaghue","year":"2018","unstructured":"K.C. Donaghue, M.L. Marcovecchio, R.P. Wadwa, E.Y. Chew, T.Y. Wong, L.E. Calliari et al., ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr. Diabetes. 19(Suppl 27), 262\u2013274 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/pedi.12742","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"4549_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108440","volume":"169","author":"M Longo","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Longo, P. Caruso, M. Petrizzo, F. Castaldo, A. Sarnataro, M. Gicchino et al., Glycemic control in people with type 1 diabetes using a hybrid closed loop system and followed by telemedicine during the COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 169, 108440 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108440","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"4549_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108752","volume":"174","author":"H Chatwin","year":"2021","unstructured":"H. Chatwin, M. Broadley, J. Speight, A. Cantrell, A. Sutton, S. Heller et al., The impact of hypoglycaemia on quality of life outcomes among adults with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 174, 108752 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.108752","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"4549_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05648-4","volume":"65","author":"E Teo","year":"2022","unstructured":"E. Teo, N. Hassan, W. Tam, S. Koh, Effectiveness of continuous glucose monitoring in maintaining glycaemic control among people with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials and meta-analysis. Diabetologia. 65, 604\u2013619 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-021-05648-4","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4549_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14528","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14528","volume":"38","author":"R Lin","year":"2021","unstructured":"R. Lin, F. Brown, S. James, J. Jones, E. Ekinci, Continuous glucose monitoring: A review of the evidence in type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc. 38, e14528 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dme.14528","journal-title":"Diabet. Med. J. Br. Diabet. Assoc."},{"key":"4549_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1459","volume":"43","author":"MI Maiorino","year":"2020","unstructured":"M.I. Maiorino, S. Signoriello, A. Maio, P. Chiodini, G. Bellastella, L. Scappaticcio et al., Effects of continuous glucose monitoring on metrics of glycemic control in diabetes: A systematic review with Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Care. 43, 1146\u20131156 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc19-1459","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4549_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0133","volume":"40","author":"WH Polonsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"W.H. Polonsky, D. Hessler, K.J. Ruedy, R.W. Beck, DIAMOND Study Group, The impact of continuous glucose monitoring on markers of quality of life in adults with type 1 diabetes: further findings from the DIAMOND randomized clinical trial. Diabetes Care. 40, 736\u2013741 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc17-0133","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4549_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990281","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.990281","volume":"10","author":"G Keyu","year":"2022","unstructured":"G. Keyu, L. Jiaqi, Z. Liyin, Y. Jianan, F. Li, D. Zhiyi et al., Comparing the effectiveness of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with multiple daily insulin injection for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus evaluated by retrospective continuous glucose monitoring: A real-world data analysis. Front. Public. Health. 10, 990281 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.990281","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"4549_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-013-0060-6","volume":"46","author":"MI Maiorino","year":"2014","unstructured":"M.I. Maiorino, G. Bellastella, M. Petrizzo, M.R. Improta, C. Brancario, F. Castaldo et al., Treatment satisfaction and glycemic control in young type 1 diabetic patients in transition from pediatric health care: CSII versus MDI. Endocrine. 46, 256\u2013262 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-013-0060-6","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"4549_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2019.0417","volume":"22","author":"A Pease","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. Pease, C. Lo, A. Earnest, V. Kiriakova, D. Liew, S. Zoungas, The efficacy of technology in type 1 diabetes: A systematic Review, network Meta-analysis, and narrative synthesis. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 22, 411\u2013421 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2019.0417","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"4549_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3449","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3449","volume":"37","author":"O Diouri","year":"2021","unstructured":"O. Diouri, M. Cigler, M. Vettoretti, J.K. Mader, P. Choudhary, E. Renard et al., Hypoglycaemia detection and prediction techniques: A systematic review on the latest developments. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev. 37, e3449 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/dmrr.3449","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"4549_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02179-7","volume":"402","author":"D Russell-Jones","year":"2023","unstructured":"D. Russell-Jones, T. Babazono, R. Cailleteau, S. Engberg, C. Irace, M.I.S. Kjaersgaard et al., Once-weekly insulin Icodec versus once-daily insulin degludec as part of a basal-bolus regimen in individuals with type 1 diabetes (ONWARDS 6): a phase 3a, randomised, open-label, treat-to-target trial. Lancet Lond. Engl. 402, 1636\u20131647 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02179-7","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"4549_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.33393\/ao.2021.2266","volume":"8","author":"K Esposito","year":"2021","unstructured":"K. Esposito, A.M. Bolla, F. Costantino, M. Delvecchio, C. Molinari, C. Negri et al., Beyond the barriers of the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin therapy in type 1 diabetes: a new opportunity from catheter-less insulin pumps. AboutOpen. 8, 55\u201370 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33393\/ao.2021.2266","journal-title":"AboutOpen"},{"key":"4549_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2017.1313831","volume":"14","author":"TS Bailey","year":"2017","unstructured":"T.S. Bailey, J.Y. Stone, A novel pen-based Bluetooth-enabled insulin delivery system with insulin dose tracking and advice. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 14, 697\u2013703 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17425247.2017.1313831","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv"},{"key":"4549_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Giorgino, R. Bonfanti, F. Castaldo, C. Irace, A. Laurenzi, C. Maffeis et al., The utility of smart multiple daily injection systems in intensive Insulin-Treated people with diabetes: an Italian expert consensus. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2025:19322968251316577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19322968251316577","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251316577"},{"key":"4549_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296820951225","volume":"16","author":"R Harbison","year":"2022","unstructured":"R. Harbison, M. Hecht, J. MacLeod, Building a Data-Driven multiple daily insulin therapy model using smart insulin pens. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 16, 610\u2013616 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1932296820951225","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Sci. Technol."},{"key":"4549_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111859","volume":"217","author":"S Angelino","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Angelino, M. Longo, P. Caruso, L. Scappaticcio, Di N. Martino, Di C. Lorenzo, D. Forestiere, A. Paglionico, V. Bellastella, G. Maiorino, M. I., K. Esposito, Sleep quality and glucose control in adults with type 1 diabetes during the seasonal daylight saving time shifts. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 217, 111859 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111859","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"2","key":"4549_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0334","volume":"20","author":"MI Maiorino","year":"2018","unstructured":"M.I. Maiorino, G. Bellastella, O. Casciano, P. Cirillo, V. Simeon, P. Chiodini, M. Petrizzo, M. Gicchino, O. Romano, P. Caruso, D. Giugliano, K. Esposito, The effects of subcutaneous insulin infusion versus multiple insulin injections on glucose variability in young adults with type 1 diabetes: the 2-Year Follow-Up of the observational METRO study. Diabetes. Technol. Ther. 20(2), 117\u2013126 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2017.0334","journal-title":"Diabetes. Technol. Ther."},{"key":"4549_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S238588","volume":"13","author":"M Longo","year":"2020","unstructured":"M. Longo, L. Scappaticcio, G. Bellastella, V. Pernice, P. Cirillo, A. Maio, F. Castaldo, D. Giugliano, K. Esposito, M.I. Maiorino, METRO Study Group, Alterations in the levels of Circulating and endothelial progenitor cells levels in young adults with type 1 diabetes: A 2-Year Follow-Up from the observational METRO study. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome Obesity: Targets Therapy. 13, 777\u2013784 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/DMSO.S238588","journal-title":"Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome Obesity: Targets Therapy"},{"key":"4549_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02567-3","author":"M Longo","year":"2025","unstructured":"M. Longo, M. Petrizzo, P. Caruso, M.I. Maiorino, K. Esposito, Smart insulin pen after pancreatectomy: a successful strategy for managing type 3c diabetes. Acta Diabetol. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00592-025-02567-3. Advance online publication","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"4549_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"F. Giorgino, R. Bonfanti, F. Castaldo, C. Irace, A. Laurenzi, C. Maffeis, G. Pappagallo, D. Pitocco, I. Rabbone, E. Zarra, A.E. Scaramuzza, (2025). The Utility of Smart Multiple Daily Injection Systems in Intensive Insulin-Treated People With Diabetes: An Italian Expert Consensus. Journal of diabetes science and technology, 19322968251316577. Advance online publication. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19322968251316577","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251316577"},{"key":"4549_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0686-7","volume":"52","author":"MI Maiorino","year":"2016","unstructured":"M.I. Maiorino, O. Casciano, E. Della Volpe, G. Bellastella, D. Giugliano, K. Esposito, Reducing glucose variability with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion increases endothelial progenitor cells in type 1 diabetes: an observational study. Endocrine. 52, 244\u2013252 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-015-0686-7","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"4549_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-0063","volume":"57","author":"A Ceriello","year":"2008","unstructured":"A. Ceriello, K. Esposito, L. Piconi, M.A. Ihnat, J.E. Thorpe, R. Testa et al., Oscillating glucose is more deleterious to endothelial function and oxidative stress than mean glucose in normal and type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes. 57, 1349\u20131354 (2008). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/db08-0063","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"4549_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16098","volume":"26","author":"RA Ajjan","year":"2024","unstructured":"R.A. Ajjan, The clinical importance of measuring glycaemic variability: utilising new metrics to optimise glycaemic control. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 26(Suppl 7), 3\u201316 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.16098","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"4549_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028","volume":"42","author":"T Battelino","year":"2019","unstructured":"T. Battelino, T. Danne, R.M. Bergenstal, S.A. Amiel, R. Beck, T. Biester et al., Clinical targets for continuous glucose monitoring data interpretation: recommendations from the international consensus on time in range. Diabetes Care. 42, 1593\u20131603 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dci19-0028","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4549_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1990","volume":"39","author":"Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Research Group","year":"2016","unstructured":"Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study Research Group, Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT\/EDIC study 30-Year Follow-up. Diabetes Care. 39, 686\u2013693 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-1990","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4549_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05366-3","volume":"64","author":"SA Amiel","year":"2021","unstructured":"S.A. Amiel, The consequences of hypoglycaemia. Diabetologia. 64, 963\u2013970 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00125-020-05366-3","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"4549_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3390\/diabetology6010007","volume":"6","author":"P Pantanetti","year":"2025","unstructured":"P. Pantanetti, G. Cangelosi, S. Morales Palomares, G. Ferrara, F. Biondini, S. Mancin et al., Real-World life analysis of a continuous glucose monitoring and smart insulin pen system in type 1 diabetes: A cohort study. Diabetology. 6, 7 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diabetology6010007","journal-title":"Diabetology"},{"key":"4549_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.0365","volume":"26","author":"J MacLeod","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. MacLeod, G.H. Im, M. Smith, R.A. Vigersky, Shining the spotlight on multiple daily insulin therapy: Real-World evidence of the inpen smart insulin pen. Diabetes Technol. Ther. 26, 33\u201339 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2023.0365","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04549-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04549-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04549-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T21:05:23Z","timestamp":1771275923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04549-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-025-04549-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"M.L., M.I.M, R.M., N.D.M., M.P., P.C., M.T., M.C., L.S., and G.B. declare no competing interests. K.E. has been member on advisory boards foe Eli Lilly & Co., NovoNordisk, Lifescan, Roche, Bayer and has received honoraria for these activities.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"80"}}