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Multivariable logistic and linear regression analyses were performed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 633 women (513 White, 64 Black, 32 Asian, and 24 Other\/Middle Eastern) were considered eligible for inclusion. Asian women had higher HbA1c than White, Black, and Other (5.5% (37 mmol\/mol) vs. 5.1% (32 mmol\/mol), 5.2% (33 mmol\/mol), and 5.1% (32 mmol\/mol), respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The mean birth weight was higher in Asian than White, Black, or Other groups (3429\u00a0g vs. 3102\u00a0g, 3279\u00a0g, and 3159\u00a0g, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.05). Insulin therapy during pregnancy was more common in Asian and Other\/Middle Eastern than White and Black women (71% and 79.2% vs. 54.5% and 52.4%, respectively,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03) and was independently associated with Middle Eastern ethnicity (aOR 6.73, 95% CI 1.31\u201334.46,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.02).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study confirmed the presence of ethnic differences in pregnancies complicated by GDM and the higher metabolic burden in Asian and Middle Eastern populations. Ethnicity-specific strategies for GDM prevention and early screening should be implemented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-026-04624-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T02:13:27Z","timestamp":1777947207000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Ethnic differences in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus: a multiethnic cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-8156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kleoniki I.","family":"Athanasiadou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Markozannes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotini","family":"Kanouta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Mitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Antsaklis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Pappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Psaltopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Daskalakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5005-1995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios G.","family":"Goulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Vasileiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0651-1376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stavroula A.","family":"Paschou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4624_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1361","author":"E Vounzoulaki","year":"2020","unstructured":"E. 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