{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:04:52Z","timestamp":1785881092308,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Alma Mater Studiorum - Universit\u00e0 di Bologna"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study compares the efficacy and safety of three levothyroxine (LT4) formulations in pediatric patients with congenital hypothyroidism (CH).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective-prospective observational monocentric study conducted at the Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy. Patients\u2019 data were collected from diagnostic confirmation following CH positivity on newborn screening (occurring between January 2019 and April 2024) through age 3 years. According to the LT4 pharmaceutical formulation used in routine clinical practice, patients were assigned to one of three specific groups: T (tablets), D (oral drops), or S (oral solution).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      82 patients were enrolled (group D,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200930; group S,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925; group T,\n                      <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200927). At 7\u201315 days of follow-up, the median TSH concentration was significantly higher in group S compared with group T (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020). Accordingly, the proportion of patients with serum TSH concentrations above the reference range was significantly higher in group S compared with group T at this time point (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005). Another difference was observed at 12 months of follow-up, when the proportion of patients with serum fT4 concentrations below the reference range was higher in group D than in groups S and T (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011). No treatment-related adverse effects were observed with any formulation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three LT4 formulations were equally effective in normalizing and maintaining serum TSH and fT4 within reference ranges. However, the clinical relevance of the differences observed at specific time points requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-026-04663-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T16:40:34Z","timestamp":1779986434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison between liquid and tablet formulations in the treatment of congenital hypothyroidism"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Parzianello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Cantarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Bortolamedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Egidio","family":"Candela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Cassio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Baronio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello","family":"Lanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Ortolano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"4663_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R297","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0383","volume":"179","author":"C Peters","year":"2018","unstructured":"C. Peters, Van A.S.P. Trotsenburg, N. Schoenmakers, DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE, Congenital hypothyroidism: update and perspectives. Eur. J. Endocrinol. dicembre. 179(6), R297\u2013317 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/EJE-18-0383","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol. dicembre"},{"key":"4663_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2023.12.024","volume":"142","author":"JS de Souza","year":"2024","unstructured":"de J.S. Souza, Thyroid hormone biosynthesis and its role in brain development and maintenance. Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol. 142, 329\u2013365 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2023.12.024","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4663_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3275\/8849","volume":"36","author":"A Cassio","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. Cassio, C. Corbetta, I. Antonozzi, F. Calaciura, U. Caruso, G. Cesaretti et al., The Italian screening program for primary congenital hypothyroidism: actions to improve screening, diagnosis, follow-up, and surveillance. J. Endocrinol. Invest. marzo. 36(3), 195\u2013203 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3275\/8849","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest. marzo"},{"issue":"3","key":"4663_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2020.0333","volume":"31","author":"P van Trotsenburg","year":"2021","unstructured":"van P. Trotsenburg, A. Stoupa, J. L\u00e9ger, T. Rohrer, C. Peters, L. Fugazzola et al., Congenital Hypothyroidism: A 2020\u20132021 Consensus Guidelines Update-An ENDO-European Reference Network Initiative Endorsed by the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and the European Society for Endocrinology. Thyroid marzo. 31(3), 387\u2013419 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/thy.2020.0333","journal-title":"Thyroid marzo"},{"key":"4663_CR5","unstructured":"Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), Summary of Product Characteristics: Eutirox. Updated on 03 April 2024"},{"key":"4663_CR6","unstructured":"Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), Summary of Product Characteristics: Tirosint. Updated on 05 January 2024"},{"key":"4663_CR7","unstructured":"Italian Medicines Agency (AIFA), Summary of Product Characteristics: Tifactor. Updated on 15 December 2018"},{"key":"4663_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R. Ortolano, E. Cantarelli, F. Baronio, V. Assirelli, E. Candela, C. Mastrangelo et al., Comparison between Liquid and Tablet Formulations in the Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism up to 3 Years of Age: The First Italian Study. Children (Basel). 19 settembre. 2024;11(9):1136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children11091136","DOI":"10.3390\/children11091136"},{"issue":"6","key":"4663_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.070","volume":"162","author":"A Cassio","year":"2013","unstructured":"A. Cassio, S. Monti, A. Rizzello, I. Bettocchi, F. Baronio, G. D\u2019Addabbo et al., Comparison between Liquid and Tablet Formulations of Levothyroxine in the Initial Treatment of Congenital Hypothyroidism. J. Pediatr. giugno. 162(6), 1264\u20131269e2 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.11.070","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. giugno"},{"issue":"1","key":"4663_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1159\/000356047","volume":"81","author":"E Peroni","year":"2014","unstructured":"E. Peroni, M.C. Vigone, S. Mora, L.A. Bassi, C. Pozzi, A. 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Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna (012\/2024\/Oss\/AOUBo).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"192"}}