{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:19:27Z","timestamp":1790266767265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"a Sub-project of National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD0523304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0523304"]}]},{"name":"the Central Government Guides Local Science and Technology Development funds","award":["ZY04JD02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZY04JD02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017366","name":"Key Research and Development Program of Heilongjiang","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JD22C003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JD22C003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017366","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Joint Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["U25A2049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U25A2049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-026-04710-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:53:37Z","timestamp":1783680817000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association of rate-pressure product with diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: development and internal validation of a nomogram for diabetic retinopathy identification"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Shimeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruoxuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianpeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengye","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyu","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"4710_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2213-8587(25)00299-2","author":"I Genitsaridi","year":"2026","unstructured":"I. Genitsaridi, P. Salpea, A. Salim, S.F. Sajjadi, D. Tomic, S. James, S. Thirunavukkarasu, A. Issaka, L. Chen, A. Basit, et al. 11th edition of the IDF Diabetes Atlas: global, regional, and national diabetes prevalence estimates for 2024 and projections for 2050. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2213-8587(25)00299-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"4710_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-06002-z","author":"B Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"B. Wang, H. Li, H. Ma, Z. Chen, The association of cigarette smoking with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: based on cross-sectional survey and mendelian randomization. J. Transl Med. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-024-06002-z","journal-title":"J. Transl Med."},{"key":"4710_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2025.1687507","author":"C She","year":"2025","unstructured":"C. She, Y. Tao, S. Yang, Albumin-to-neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio: a novel dual-pathway biomarker for diabetic retinopathy risk assessment. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2025.1687507","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4710_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2025.103511","author":"X Wei","year":"2025","unstructured":"X. Wei, Y. Liu, F. Zhang, L. Geng, C. Shan, X. Cao, Z. Xiao, MSTNet: Multi-scale spatial-aware transformer with multi-instance learning for diabetic retinopathy classification. Med. Image Anal. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.media.2025.103511","journal-title":"Med. Image Anal."},{"key":"4710_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/dmso.S467799","author":"S Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Wang, B. Jia, S. Niu, S. Chen, Relationship Between the Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte Count, Platelet Count (HALP) Score and Type 2 Diabetes Retinopathy. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/dmso.S467799","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"4710_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-01821-8","author":"FS Yen","year":"2023","unstructured":"F.S. Yen, J.C. Wei, Y.H. Shih, C.C. Hsu, C.M. Hwu, Impact of individual microvascular disease on the risks of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-023-01821-8","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"4710_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Q. Wang, H. Cheng, S. Jiang, L. Zhang, X. Liu, P. Chen, J. Liu, Y. Li, X. Liu, L. Wang, Z. Li, G. Cai, X. Chen, Z. Dong: The relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1292412","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1292412"},{"key":"4710_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006127.pub3","author":"DV Do","year":"2023","unstructured":"D.V. Do, G. Han, S.A. Abariga, G. Sleilati, S.S. Vedula, Hawkins: Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD006127.pub3","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"4710_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1304512","author":"XF Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"X.F. Wang, X.W. Zhang, Y.J. Liu, X.Y. Zheng, M.R. Su, X.H. Sun, F. Jiang, Z.N. Liu, The causal effect of hypertension, intraocular pressure, and diabetic retinopathy: a Mendelian randomization study. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne). (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fendo.2024.1304512","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"4710_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/7876786","author":"Q Lou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Q. Lou, X. Chen, K. Wang, H. Liu, Z. Zhang, Y. Lee, The Impact of Systolic Blood Pressure, Pulse Pressure, and Their Variability on Diabetes Retinopathy among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J. Diabetes Res. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2022\/7876786","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"4710_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0168-8227(01)00219-4","author":"E Imano","year":"2001","unstructured":"E. Imano, T. Miyatsuka, M. Motomura, T. Kanda, M. Matsuhisa, Y. Kajimoto, Y. Yamasaki, M. Hori, Heart rate elevation and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normoalbuminuria. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. (2001). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0168-8227(01)00219-4","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"4710_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/6588932","author":"Y Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Y. Chen, M. Li, Y. Wang, J. Fu, X. Liu, Y. Zhang, L. Liu, S. Ta, Z. Lu, Z. Li, J. Zhou, X. Li, Association between Severity of Diabetic Retinopathy and Cardiac Function in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J. Diabetes Res. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2023\/6588932","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"4710_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_648_22","author":"S Ferdous","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Ferdous, R. Rajasegaran, M. Munisamy, S. Basu, K.T. Harichandrakumar, Cardiac Dysautonomia, Decreased Baroreflex Sensitivity and Increased Myocardial Workload in Patients with Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria: A Preliminary Report. Indian J. Dermatol. (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ijd.ijd_648_22","journal-title":"Indian J. Dermatol."},{"key":"4710_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104477","author":"Y Chen","year":"2026","unstructured":"Y. Chen, J. Sun, Z. Liu, R. Fu, Y. Wu, H. Zhao, L. Lin, X. Zhao, C. Zhu, C. Ruan, et al.Impact of rate-pressure product variability on new-onset cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality: A prospective cohort study. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.numecd.2025.104477","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"4710_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.S449905","author":"J Zhou","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. Zhou, Y.J. Li, X.D. Zhou, L.J. Wang, Rate-Pressure Product is a Novel Predictor for Short- and Long-Term Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Primary PCI\/Immediate Invasive Strategy. Clin. Interv Aging. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cia.S449905","journal-title":"Clin. Interv Aging"},{"key":"4710_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf004","author":"B Nikolaidou","year":"2025","unstructured":"B. Nikolaidou, A. Triantafyllou, P. Anyfanti, E. Gavriilaki, A. Lazaridis, P. Dolgyras, M. Gavriilaki, A. Stoimeni, K. Mastrogiannis, C. Trakatelli, M. Doumas, Gkaliagkousi: Nighttime Systolic Blood Pressure a Major Factor of Retinal Vascular Caliber Changes in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Am. J. Hypertens. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ajh\/hpaf004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"4710_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.298.8.902","author":"Q Mohamed","year":"2007","unstructured":"Q. Mohamed, M.C. Gillies, T.Y. Wong, Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. Jama. (2007). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.298.8.902","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"4710_CR18","unstructured":"Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Bmj, (1998)"},{"key":"4710_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-025-04136-y","author":"CC Shih","year":"2026","unstructured":"C.C. Shih, L.N. Shih, H.A. Lin, Y.T. Hsieh, The role of blood pressure stability in diabetic retinopathy development. Eye (Lond). (2026). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41433-025-04136-y","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"4710_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1583267","author":"F Liu","year":"2025","unstructured":"F. Liu, H. Cai, Diabetes and calcific aortic valve disease: implications of glucose-lowering medication as potential therapy. Front. Pharmacol. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2025.1583267","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"4710_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110644","author":"T Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"T. Wang, H. Li, C. Wang, X. Li, A. Deng, X. Jiao, Diabetic retinopathy as a sentinel of systemic vascular dysfunction: Shared molecular mechanisms with cardiovascular disease. Exp. Eye Res. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110644","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"4710_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40801-023-00400-3","author":"J Dalal","year":"2024","unstructured":"J. Dalal, P. Chandra, R. Chawla, V. Kumar, J. Abdullakutty, V. Natarajan, S.M.H. Naqvi, K. Gaurav, R. Rathod, G. Dhanaki, B. Kotak, S. Shah, Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Patients with Coexistent Hypertension, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, and Dyslipidemia: A Retrospective Study from India. Drugs Real. World Outcomes. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40801-023-00400-3","journal-title":"Drugs Real. World Outcomes"},{"key":"4710_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci15090919","author":"G Ayoub","year":"2025","unstructured":"G. Ayoub, Disease Diagnosis Using Retinal Vasculature: Insights from Flammer Syndrome and AI. Brain Sci. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci15090919","journal-title":"Brain Sci."},{"key":"4710_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01023-6","author":"JJ Drinkwater","year":"2020","unstructured":"J.J. Drinkwater, T.M.E. Davis, W.A. Davis, The relationship between carotid disease and retinopathy in diabetes: a systematic review. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12933-020-01023-6","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"4710_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/atvbaha.115.305631","author":"I Goncalves","year":"2015","unstructured":"I. Goncalves, E. Bengtsson, H.M. Colhoun, A.C. Shore, C. Palombo, A. Natali, A. Edsfeldt, P. Dun\u00e9r, G.N. Fredrikson, H. Bj\u00f6rkbacka, G. et al. Nilsson: Elevated Plasma Levels of MMP-12 Are Associated With Atherosclerotic Burden and Symptomatic Cardiovascular Disease in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol. (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1161\/atvbaha.115.305631","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc Biol."},{"key":"4710_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721211064024","author":"HG Ulutas","year":"2022","unstructured":"H.G. Ulutas, M. Guclu, M.E. Aslanci, G. Karatas, The relationship between carotid intima-media thickness and microvascular changes in retinal zones and optic disc in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/11206721211064024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"4710_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.105989","author":"JX Moore","year":"2020","unstructured":"J.X. Moore, S.J. Carter, V. Williams, S. Khan, M.W. Lewis-Thames, K. Gilbert, G. Howard, Physical health composite and risk of cancer mortality in the REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study. Prev. Med. (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ypmed.2020.105989","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"4710_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-17241-5","author":"X Zhou","year":"2025","unstructured":"X. Zhou, S. Wang, D. Yu, T. Niu, A prediction nomogram for mild cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetes mellitus based on the Chinese visceral adiposity index. Sci. Rep. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-17241-5","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"4710_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v16.i5.102141","author":"JY Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"J.Y. Zhao, J.Q. Dou, M.W. Chen, Construction of a risk prediction model for hypertension in type 2 diabetes: Independent risk factors and nomogram. World J. Diabetes. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4239\/wjd.v16.i5.102141","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"4710_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/cia.S514622","author":"S Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"S. Yang, H. Liu, Y. Liang, L. Wu, Q. Zheng, J. Wu, Association Between Glycated Hemoglobin and Diabetic Retinopathy in Individuals with Diabetes: A Focus on the Modifying Effect of Ambulatory Blood Pressure. Clin. Interv Aging. (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/cia.S514622","journal-title":"Clin. Interv Aging"},{"key":"4710_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82068-5","author":"D Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Kang, X. Li, Nonlinear relationship between diabetes mellitus duration and diabetic retinopathy. Sci. Rep. (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82068-5","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04710-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04710-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04710-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:53:44Z","timestamp":1783680824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04710-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04710-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the ethics committee of the Ethics Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University (Clinical trial number: Not applicable). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. This retrospective study was approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of our hospital, and informed consent was waived in accordance with ethical review norms and the actual study conditions; the study was conducted in compliance with medical ethical requirements.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"It is confirmed that all authors have read the final version of the manuscript, have no objections to the content, authorship and author order, and agree to this publication statement.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}}],"article-number":"218"}}