{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T12:42:34Z","timestamp":1786192954652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2025YFHZ0212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025YFHZ0212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-026-04738-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T11:47:14Z","timestamp":1786189634000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association of the combined triglyceride-glucose and frailty index with chronic kidney disease: evidence from two national cohort studies"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaohui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiuping","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiuhong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"4738_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1159\/000516647","volume":"146","author":"AS Levey","year":"2022","unstructured":"A.S. Levey, Defining AKD: the spectrum of AKI, AKD, and CKD. Nephron. 146(3), 302\u2013305 (2022)","journal-title":"Nephron."},{"issue":"10302","key":"4738_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5","volume":"398","author":"K Kalantar-Zadeh","year":"2021","unstructured":"K. Kalantar-Zadeh, T.H. Jafar, D. Nitsch, B.L. Neuen, V. Perkovic, Chronic kidney disease. Lancet 398(10302), 786\u2013802 (2021)","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"4738_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.0602","volume":"313","author":"AS Levey","year":"2015","unstructured":"A.S. Levey, C. Becker, L.A. Inker, Glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria for detection and staging of acute and chronic kidney disease in adults: a systematic review. JAMA 313(8), 837\u2013846 (2015)","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-023-02055-4","volume":"22","author":"C Cui","year":"2023","unstructured":"C. Cui, L. Liu, T. Zhang, L. Fang, Z. Mo, Y. Qi et al. Triglyceride-glucose index, renal function and cardiovascular disease: a national cohort study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 22(1), 325 (2023)","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"10225","key":"4738_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30045-3","volume":"395","author":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration, Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 395(10225), 709\u2013733 (2020)","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","volume":"12","author":"CP Kovesdy","year":"2022","unstructured":"C.P. Kovesdy, Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney Int. Suppl. 12(1), 7\u201311 (2022)","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"issue":"4","key":"4738_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05362-7","volume":"64","author":"E Polemiti","year":"2021","unstructured":"E. Polemiti, J. Baudry, O. Kuxhaus, S. J\u00e4ger, M.M. Bergmann, C. Weikert et al. BMI and BMI change following incident type 2 diabetes and risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications: the EPIC-Potsdam study. Diabetologia 64(4), 814\u2013825 (2021)","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"4738_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319878371","volume":"26","author":"E Dal Canto","year":"2019","unstructured":"E. Dal Canto, A. Ceriello, L. Ryd\u00e9n, M. Ferrini, T.B. Hansen, O. Schnell et al. Diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor: an overview of global trends of macro and micro vascular complications. Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol. 26(2_suppl), 25\u201332 (2019)","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-019-00650-x","volume":"33","author":"G Pugliese","year":"2020","unstructured":"G. Pugliese, G. Penno, A. Natali, F. Barutta, S. Di Paolo, G. Reboldi et al. Diabetic kidney disease: new clinical and therapeutic issues. Joint position statement of the Italian diabetes society and the italian society of nephrology on \u201cThe natural history of diabetic kidney disease and treatment of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and impaired renal function\u201d. J. Nephrol. 33(1), 9\u201335 (2020)","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"issue":"3 Suppl","key":"4738_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3B","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2011.03.013","volume":"108","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"2011","unstructured":"R.A. DeFronzo, M. Abdul-Ghani, Assessment and treatment of cardiovascular risk in prediabetes: impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose. Am. J. Cardiol. 108(3 Suppl), 3B\u201324B (2011)","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"4738_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2134","volume":"44","author":"SA Arslanian","year":"2021","unstructured":"S.A. Arslanian, L. El Ghormli, J.Y. Kim, A.H. Tjaden, E. Barengolts, S. Caprio et al. OGTT glucose response curves, insulin sensitivity, and \u03b2-Cell function in RISE: comparison between youth and adults at randomization and in response to interventions to preserve \u03b2-Cell function. Diabetes Care 44(3), 817\u2013825 (2021)","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4738_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4678526","volume":"2020","author":"A S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2020","unstructured":"A. S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda, R. Rodr\u00edguez-Guti\u00e9rrez, L. Mancillas-Adame, V. Gonz\u00e1lez-Nava, A. D\u00edaz Gonz\u00e1lez-Colmenero, R.C. Solis et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the triglyceride and glucose index for insulin resistance: a systematic review. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2020, 4678526 (2020)","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"18","key":"4738_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2986","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17182986","volume":"17","author":"YJ Kim","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y.J. Kim, Y.S. Bae, Y. Chang, S. Shin, Sex-specific associations between changes in triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and risk of chronic kidney disease: a cohort study of young and middle-aged adults. Nutrients 17(18), 2986 (2025)","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"6","key":"4738_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2023.03.026","volume":"33","author":"X Ren","year":"2023","unstructured":"X. Ren, M. Jiang, L. Han, X. Zheng, Association between triglyceride-glucose index and chronic kidney disease: a cohort study and meta-analysis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 33(6), 1121\u20131128 (2023)","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"4738_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2016.10.007","volume":"68","author":"R Chowdhury","year":"2017","unstructured":"R. Chowdhury, N.M. Peel, M. Krosch, R.E. Hubbard, Frailty and chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 68, 135\u2013142 (2017)","journal-title":"Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"4738_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00498-0","volume":"18","author":"XH Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"X.H. Wang, W.E. Mitch, S.R. Price, Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to muscle loss in chronic kidney disease. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 18(3), 138\u2013152 (2022)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"issue":"12","key":"4738_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"afad221","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afad221","volume":"52","author":"O Theou","year":"2023","unstructured":"O. Theou, C. Haviva, L. Wallace, S.D. Searle, K. Rockwood, How to construct a frailty index from an existing dataset in 10 steps. Age Ageing 52(12), afad221 (2023)","journal-title":"Age Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02754-0","volume":"24","author":"L Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"L. Lu, Y. Chen, B. Liu, X. Li, J. Wang, Z. Nie et al. Association between cumulative changes of the triglyceride glucose index and incidence of stroke in a population with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stage 0-3: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 24(1), 202 (2025)","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02122-4","volume":"23","author":"RR Huo","year":"2024","unstructured":"R.R. Huo, Q. Liao, L. Zhai, X.M. You, Y.L. Zuo, Interacting and joint effects of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG) and body mass index on stroke risk and the mediating role of TyG in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a nationwide prospective cohort study. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 23(1), 30 (2024)","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"4738_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-8-24","volume":"8","author":"SD Searle","year":"2008","unstructured":"S.D. Searle, A. Mitnitski, E.A. Gahbauer, T.M. Gill, K. Rockwood, A standard procedure for creating a frailty index. BMC Geriatr. 8, 24 (2008)","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02880-9","volume":"24","author":"YC Zhao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y.C. Zhao, S.Q. Wu, J.K. Li, Z.H. Sun, B.K. Zhang, R. Fu et al. Predictive value of the combined triglyceride-glucose and frailty index for cardiovascular disease and stroke in two prospective cohorts. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 24(1), 318 (2025)","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"4738_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112494","volume":"194","author":"L Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"L. Duan, M. Xiao, S. Liu, Z. Wu, R. Chen, R. Zeng et al. Associations between modifiable risk factors and frailty progression among individuals with pre-frailty. Exp. Gerontol. 194, 112494 (2024)","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61089-2","volume":"16","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Z. Zhang, H. Xu, R. Zhang, Y. Yan, X. Ling, Y. Meng et al. Frailty and depressive symptoms in relation to cardiovascular disease risk in middle-aged and older adults. Nat. Commun. 16(1), 6008 (2025)","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-025-04567-1","volume":"25","author":"Z Xu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Z. Xu, Y. Wang, X. Li, X. Hou, S. Yue, J. Wang et al. Interacting and joint effects of frailty and inflammation on cardiovascular disease risk and the mediating role of inflammation in middle-aged and elderly populations. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord. 25(1), 118 (2025)","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"issue":"21","key":"4738_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214640","volume":"14","author":"R Deusdar\u00e1","year":"2022","unstructured":"R. Deusdar\u00e1, A. de Moura Souza, M. Szklo, Positive additive and multiplicative interactions among clustered components of metabolic syndrome with type 2 diabetes mellitus among Brazilian adolescent students. Nutrients 14(21), 4640 (2022)","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"19","key":"4738_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953","volume":"385","author":"LA Inker","year":"2021","unstructured":"L.A. Inker, N.D. Eneanya, J. Coresh, H. Tighiouart, D. Wang, Y. Sang et al. New creatinine- and cystatin C-Based equations to estimate GFR without race. N. Engl. J. Med. 385(19), 1737\u20131749 (2021)","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"4738_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad885","volume":"45","author":"D He","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. He, Z. Wang, J. Li, K. Yu, Y. He, X. He et al. Changes in frailty and incident cardiovascular disease in three prospective cohorts. Eur. Heart J. 45(12), 1058\u20131068 (2024)","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02945-9","volume":"24","author":"Y Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Yang, A. Liu, Associations of cumulative exposure and dynamic trajectories of the C-reactive protein-triglyceride-glucose index with incident stroke in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a longitudinal analysis based on CHARLS. Cardiovasc. Diabetol. 24(1), 386 (2025)","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"issue":"5","key":"4738_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-021-00393-8","volume":"17","author":"RA DeFronzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"R.A. DeFronzo, W.B. Reeves, A.S. Awad, Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease: impact of SGLT2 inhibitors. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 17(5), 319\u2013334 (2021)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR30","first-page":"F85","volume":"241","author":"TH Hostetter","year":"1981","unstructured":"T.H. Hostetter, J.L. Olson, H.G. Rennke, M.A. Venkatachalam, B.M. Brenner, Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons: a potentially adverse response to renal ablation. Am. J. Physiol. 241(1), F85\u2013F93 (1981)","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.31083\/j.rcm.2020.01.5102","volume":"21","author":"MM Adeva-Andany","year":"2020","unstructured":"M.M. Adeva-Andany, C. Fern\u00e1ndez-Fern\u00e1ndez, N. Carneiro-Freire, E. Castro-Quintela, A. Pedre-Pi\u00f1eiro, M. Seco-Filgueira, Insulin resistance underlies the elevated cardiovascular risk associated with kidney disease and glomerular hyperfiltration. Rev. Cardiovasc. Med. 21(1), 41\u201356 (2020)","journal-title":"Rev. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"4738_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.03.006","volume":"5","author":"S Huang","year":"2007","unstructured":"S. Huang, M.P. Czech, The GLUT4 glucose transporter. Cell Metab. 5(4), 237\u2013252 (2007)","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"6","key":"4738_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2011.51","volume":"7","author":"JF Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2011","unstructured":"J.F. Navarro-Gonz\u00e1lez, C. Mora-Fern\u00e1ndez, M. Muros de Fuentes, J. Garc\u00eda-P\u00e9rez, Inflammatory molecules and pathways in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 7(6), 327\u2013340 (2011)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"issue":"4","key":"4738_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0b013e32833aa4ac","volume":"19","author":"IA Bobulescu","year":"2010","unstructured":"I.A. Bobulescu, Renal lipid metabolism and lipotoxicity. Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens. 19(4), 393\u2013402 (2010)","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"4738_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2025.06.028","volume":"69","author":"M Sharifi","year":"2025","unstructured":"M. Sharifi, F.M. Sedgi, E. Soleimani, H. Heshmatipoor, M. Shirani, G. Askari, Investigating the association between triglyceride-glucose index and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 69, 154\u2013166 (2025)","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"4738_CR36","first-page":"433","volume":"9","author":"X Chen","year":"2014","unstructured":"X. Chen, G. Mao, S.X. Leng, Frailty syndrome: an overview. Clin. Interv. Aging 9, 433\u2013441 (2014)","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"issue":"8","key":"4738_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1159\/000528561","volume":"69","author":"P Doody","year":"2023","unstructured":"P. Doody, J.M. Lord, C.A. Greig, A.C. Whittaker, Frailty: pathophysiology, theoretical and operational Definition(s), impact, prevalence, management and prevention, in an increasingly economically developed and ageing world. Gerontology 69(8), 927\u2013945 (2023)","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"issue":"12","key":"4738_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126585","volume":"25","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Y. Zhang, C. Yu, X. Li, Kidney aging and chronic kidney disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 25(12), 6585 (2024)","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"4738_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.15759","volume":"53","author":"A Kennard","year":"2023","unstructured":"A. Kennard, N. Glasgow, S. Rainsford, G. Talaulikar, Frailty in chronic kidney disease: challenges in nephrology practice. A review of current literature. Intern. Med. J. 53(4), 465\u2013472 (2023)","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"issue":"4","key":"4738_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12758","volume":"17","author":"Z Shen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Z. Shen, Q. Ruan, Z. Yu, Z. Sun, Chronic kidney disease-related physical frailty and cognitive impairment: a systemic review. Geriatr. Gerontol. Int. 17(4), 529\u2013544 (2017)","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"4738_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ17-0390","volume":"65","author":"T Yanase","year":"2018","unstructured":"T. Yanase, I. Yanagita, K. Muta, H. Nawata, Frailty in elderly diabetes patients. Endocr. J. 65(1), 1\u201311 (2018)","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"4738_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70034-8","volume":"2","author":"RR Kalyani","year":"2014","unstructured":"R.R. Kalyani, M. Corriere, L. Ferrucci, Age-related and disease-related muscle loss: the effect of diabetes, obesity, and other diseases. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2(10), 819\u2013829 (2014)","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"12","key":"4738_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2016.145","volume":"12","author":"F Artunc","year":"2016","unstructured":"F. Artunc, E. Schleicher, C. Weigert, A. Fritsche, N. Stefan, H.U. H\u00e4ring, The impact of insulin resistance on the kidney and vasculature. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 12(12), 721\u2013737 (2016)","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"4738_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154766","volume":"119","author":"MA Hill","year":"2021","unstructured":"M.A. Hill, Y. Yang, L. Zhang, Z. Sun, G. Jia, A.R. Parrish et al. Insulin resistance, cardiovascular stiffening and cardiovascular disease. Metabolism 119, 154766 (2021)","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"9","key":"4738_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30110-4","volume":"6","author":"A Clegg","year":"2018","unstructured":"A. Clegg, Z. Hassan-Smith, Frailty and the endocrine system. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6(9), 743\u2013752 (2018)","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"4738_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185221","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1185221","volume":"14","author":"S Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"S. Wei, T.T. Nguyen, Y. Zhang, D. Ryu, K. Gariani, Sarcopenic obesity: epidemiology, pathophysiology, cardiovascular disease, mortality, and management. Front. Endocrinol. 14, 1185221 (2023)","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"4738_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2021.111561","volume":"155","author":"G Colleluori","year":"2021","unstructured":"G. Colleluori, D.T. Villareal, Aging, obesity, sarcopenia and the effect of diet and exercise intervention. Exp. Gerontol. 155, 111561 (2021)","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"issue":"10","key":"4738_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146849","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.146849","volume":"6","author":"EL Reynolds","year":"2021","unstructured":"E.L. Reynolds, G. Akinci, M. Banerjee, H.C. Looker, A. Patterson, R.G. Nelson et al. The determinants of complication trajectories in American Indians with type 2 diabetes. JCI Insight 6(10), e146849 (2021)","journal-title":"JCI Insight"}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04738-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04738-w","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04738-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]],"date-time":"2026-08-08T11:47:15Z","timestamp":1786189635000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04738-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4738"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04738-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 June 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study was approved by the Ethics Review Committee. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were approved by the National Center for Health Statistics ethics review board. Subject data collection was conducted based on the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Informed consent was obtained from each subject in these two cohorts.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This manuscript is not currently under consideration for publication elsewhere, and the work reported will not be submitted for publication elsewhere until a final decision has been made as to its acceptability by the journal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interest.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"263"}}