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Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (Ward.D2 method, squared Euclidean distance) was performed using twelve variables spanning demographic, hemodynamic, metabolic, inflammatory, and vitamin D-related domains. HbA1c and HOMA-IR were compared across clusters; HOMA-IR was not fully independent of cluster derivation because fasting glucose contributes to its calculation. Between-cluster differences were assessed using Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests or one-way ANOVA. DSCF post-hoc tests and epsilon-squared (\u03b5\u00b2) effect sizes were used for non-parametric comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Three cluster-derived profiles were identified (Cluster 1,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925; Cluster 2,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200950; Cluster 3,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200957). Cluster 1 was characterized by lower IL-10 levels and a less favorable lipid profile, while blood pressure was similarly elevated in Clusters 1 and 2 relative to Cluster 3. Cluster 2 showed an overall intermediate profile, with the lowest vitamin D concentration as its most distinctive feature. Cluster 3 exhibited lower blood pressure, higher IL-10 levels, and a more favorable lipid profile. When examining these additional glycemic measures, HbA1c showed a graded increase across clusters (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05 for all pairwise comparisons), whereas HOMA-IR differed between Cluster 3 and Clusters 1 and 2 but did not differ significantly between Clusters 1 and 2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The differentiation of elderly postmenopausal women into three data-driven immunometabolic profiles illustrated substantial heterogeneity. These findings suggest that HbA1c may provide complementary information to fasting-based indices when characterizing immunometabolic heterogeneity in elderly postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-026-04762-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T05:57:16Z","timestamp":1788933436000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cluster-derived immunometabolic profiles: association with glycemic dysregulation in elderly postmenopausal women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2921-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Cristina Lira","family":"de Menezes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1414-4705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid Almeida","family":"Maciel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3533-8652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduarda Caroline","family":"Oliveira Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3826-1309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nailza","family":"Maest\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3502-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven S.","family":"Witkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-2646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e1bio Lera","family":"Orsatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9161-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio Lera","family":"Orsatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"4762_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94189-2","volume":"11","author":"J Abildgaard","year":"2021","unstructured":"J. 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