{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:21:40Z","timestamp":1792783300710,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation","award":["2018J01121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018J01121"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04aqat463","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017686","name":"Fujian Provincial Health Technology Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020GGA026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020GGA026"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017686","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2023\u5e74\u62a4\u7406\u4eba\u6587\u7814\u7a76\u4e2d\u5fc3\u5f00\u653e\u8bdd\u9898\uff0c\u798f\u5efa\u7701\u9ad8\u7b49\u9662\u6821\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u57fa\u5730","award":["LLRW-202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LLRW-202301"]}]},{"name":"\u798f\u5efa\u7701\u6c11\u653f\u653f\u7b56\u7406\u8bba\u7814\u7a76\u91cd\u70b9\u59d4\u6258\u7814\u7a76\u5458","award":["FMZD20230"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FMZD20230"]}]},{"name":"\u798f\u5efa\u7701\u536b\u751f\u6280\u672f\u9879\u76ee","award":["2023GGA058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023GGA058"]}]},{"name":"\u4e2d\u56fd\u56fd\u5bb6\u91cd\u70b9\u7814\u53d1\u8ba1\u5212","award":["2024YFC3405800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024YFC3405800"]}]},{"name":"\u798f\u5efa\u533b\u79d1\u5927\u5b66\u9ad8\u6c34\u5e73\u7814\u7a76\u542f\u52a8\u9879\u76ee","award":["XRCZX2023030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XRCZX2023030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Endocrine"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-026-04774-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:59:31Z","timestamp":1791269971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal trend analysis of the global prevalence of vision impairment and blindness attributable to diabetes from 1990 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Xiuquan","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenglin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoru","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chongwen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YangJiang","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yefa","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanxiang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weimin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4774_CR1","unstructured":"B.I.D.F. Brussels, International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th ed, https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/atlas\/tenth-edition\/ (2021)"},{"key":"4774_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-019-0172-3","volume":"2","author":"F Arcadu","year":"2019","unstructured":"F. Arcadu et al., Deep learning algorithm predicts diabetic retinopathy progression in individual patients. NPJ Digit. Med. 2, 92 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41746-019-0172-3","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. Med."},{"issue":"9735","key":"4774_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","volume":"376","author":"N Cheung","year":"2010","unstructured":"N. Cheung, P. Mitchell, W. TY, Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet. 376(9735), 124\u2013136 (2010). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)62124-3","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"4774_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027","volume":"128","author":"ZL Teo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Z.L. Teo et al., Global Prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy and Projection of Burden through 2045: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 128(11), 1580\u20131591 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.04.027","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"4","key":"4774_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00050-4","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study","year":"2021","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 9(4), e144\u2013e160 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00050-4","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"4774_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","volume":"5","author":"SR Flaxman","year":"2017","unstructured":"S.R. Flaxman et al., Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 5(12), e1221\u2013e1234 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4774_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8267","volume":"20","author":"MA-O Mirzaei","year":"2020","unstructured":"M.A.-O. Mirzaei, M.A.-O. Rahmaninan, M.A.-O. Mirzaei, A.A.-O. Nadjarzadeh, Dehghani Tafti, A. A.-O. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes in Central Iran: results from Yazd health study. BMC Public. Health. 20(1), 166 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-020-8267","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"4774_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.1230","volume":"137","author":"SE Jackson","year":"2019","unstructured":"S.E. Jackson, R.A. Hackett, S. Pardhan, L. Smith, A. Steptoe, Association of Perceived Discrimination With Emotional Well-being in Older Adults With Visual Impairment. JAMA Ophthalmol. 137(7), 825\u2013832 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2019.1230","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4774_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e130","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","volume":"9","author":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study","year":"2020","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Blindness and Vision Impairment Collaborators; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study, Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet Glob Health. 9(2), e130\u2013e143 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30425-3","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"4774_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5464","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16588","volume":"27","author":"Y Pan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Pan et al., Global, regional and national burden of blindness and vision loss attributable to diabetic retinopathy, 1990\u20132021: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Diabetes Obes. Metab. 27(10), 5464\u20135477 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/dom.16588","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"4774_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70121","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70121","volume":"17","author":"Y Meng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Y. Meng et al., Global, Regional, and National Epidemiology of Vision Impairment due to Diabetic Retinopathy Among Working-Age Population, 1990\u20132021. J. Diabetes. 17, e70121 (2025). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1753-0407.70121","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"4774_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Nervous System Disorders Collaborators, Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Neurol. 23(4), 344\u2013381, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00114-5 (2024 Apr).","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00114-5"},{"key":"4774_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators, Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440), 2133\u20132161, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8 (2024 May 18).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8"},{"issue":"11","key":"4774_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0300","volume":"23","author":"PS Rosenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"P.S. Rosenberg, D.P. Check, W.F. Anderson, A web tool for age-period-cohort analysis of cancer incidence and mortality rates. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 23(11), 2296\u20132302 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-14-0300","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"4774_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"B. A, Age period cohort analysis: a review of what we should and shouldn\u2019t do. Ann. Hum. Biol. 47(2), 208\u2013217, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03014460.2019.1707872 (2020 Mar).","DOI":"10.1080\/03014460.2019.1707872"},{"key":"4774_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G.M. Collaborators, Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 392(10159), 1684\u20131735, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31046-3 (2018 Nov 10).","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31046-3"},{"issue":"10258","key":"4774_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30677-2","volume":"396","author":"SE Vollset","year":"2020","unstructured":"S.E. Vollset et al., Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 396(10258), 1285\u20131306 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30677-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4774_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00195-3","volume":"8","author":"Z Du","year":"2020","unstructured":"Z. Du, W. Chen, Q. Xia, O. Shi, Q. Chen, Trends and projections of kidney cancer incidence at the global and national levels, 1990\u20132030: a Bayesian age-period-cohort modeling study. Biomark. Res. 8, 16 (2020). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40364-020-00195-3","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"4774_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30362-5","volume":"6","author":"NJ Thomas","year":"2018","unstructured":"N.J. Thomas et al., Frequency and phenotype of type 1 diabetes in the first six decades of life: a cross-sectional, genetically stratified survival analysis from UK Biobank. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 6(2), 122\u2013129 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30362-5","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"2","key":"4774_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30362-5","volume":"6","author":"D-VPF - Bougn\u00e8res","year":"2015","unstructured":"D.-V.P.F. - Bougn\u00e8res, P. Bougn\u00e8res, P. Fau - Valleron, A.-J., A.J. Valleron, Global epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in young adults and adults: a systematic review. BMC Public. Health. 6(2), 122\u2013129 (2015). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30362-5","journal-title":"BMC Public. Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"4774_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1909","volume":"35","author":"JW Yau","year":"2012","unstructured":"J.W. Yau et al., Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 35(3), 556\u2013564 (2012). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc11-1909","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"4774_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"J. Perais et al., Prognostic factors for the development and progression of proliferative diabetic retinopathy in people with diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2, Cd013775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD013775.pub2 (2023)","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013775.pub2"},{"issue":"3","key":"4774_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100070","volume":"13","author":"S Seshasai","year":"2024","unstructured":"S. Seshasai et al., Transition probabilities of diabetic retinopathy and death in an Asian population with diabetes. Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol. (Phila). 13(3), 100070 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apjo.2024.100070","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Ophthalmol. (Phila)"},{"issue":"10","key":"4774_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2","volume":"10","author":"GA Gregory","year":"2022","unstructured":"G.A. Gregory et al., Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: a modelling study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10(10), 741\u2013760 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"4774_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"G.D. Ogle et al., Global type 1 diabetes prevalence, incidence, and mortality estimates 2025: Results from the International diabetes Federation Atlas, 11th Edition, and the T1D Index Version 3.0. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 225, 112277. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112277 (2025)","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2025.112277"},{"key":"4774_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e078432","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-078432","volume":"385","author":"K Yang","year":"2024","unstructured":"K. Yang et al., Global burden of type 1 diabetes in adults aged 65 years and older, 1990\u20132019: population based study. Bmj. 385, e078432 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj-2023-078432","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"4774_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"L. Forga et al., Influence of Age at Diagnosis and Time-Dependent Risk Factors on the Development of Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2016, 9898309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2016\/9898309 (2016)","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9898309"},{"issue":"9","key":"4774_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2171","volume":"39","author":"JA-O Leasher","year":"2016","unstructured":"J.A.-O. Leasher et al., Global Estimates on the Number of People Blind or Visually Impaired by Diabetic Retinopathy: A Meta-analysis From 1990 to 2010. Diabetes Care. 39(9), 1643\u20131649 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2337\/dc15-2171","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"4774_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12760","volume":"44","author":"JL Morrison","year":"2016","unstructured":"J.L. Morrison, L.A. Hodgson, L.L. Lim, S. Al-Qureshi, Diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy: a review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 44(4), 321\u2013334 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.12760","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"4774_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1045739","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1045739","volume":"10","author":"MG Katoue","year":"2022","unstructured":"M.G. Katoue, A.A. Cerda, L.Y. Garc\u00eda, M. Jakovljevic, Healthcare system development in the Middle East and North Africa region: Challenges, endeavors and prospective opportunities. Front. Public. Health. 10, 1045739 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1045739","journal-title":"Front. Public. Health"},{"key":"4774_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e054397","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054397","volume":"12","author":"ZT Tessema","year":"2022","unstructured":"Z.T. Tessema et al., Determinants of accessing healthcare in Sub-Saharan Africa: a mixed-effect analysis of recent Demographic and Health Surveys from 36 countries. BMJ Open. 12, e054397 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-054397","journal-title":"BMJ Open."},{"issue":"10397","key":"4774_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","volume":"402","author":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators","year":"2023","unstructured":"GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators, Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 402(10397), 203\u2013234 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4774_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82068-5","volume":"14","author":"D Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"D. Zhang, Y. Zhang, J. Kang, X. Li, Nonlinear relationship between diabetes mellitus duration and diabetic retinopathy. Sci. Rep. 14, 30223 (2024). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-024-82068-5","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"4774_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.12696","volume":"44","author":"DS Ting","year":"2016","unstructured":"D.S. Ting, G.C. Cheung, T.Y. Wong, Diabetic retinopathy: global prevalence, major risk factors, screening practices and public health challenges: a review. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol. 44(4), 260\u2013277 (2016). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ceo.12696","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"4774_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Resnikoff, W. Felch, T.-M. Fau - Gauthier, Gauthier Tm Fau - Spivey, B., B. Spivey, The number of ophthalmologists in practice and training worldwide: a growing gap despite more than 200,000 practitioners. Br J Ophthalmol 96(6), 783\u2013787 (2012)","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2011-301378"},{"key":"4774_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-157","volume":"11","author":"PI Burgess","year":"2013","unstructured":"P.I. Burgess, G. Msukwa, N.A.V. Fau - Beare, N.A. Beare, Diabetic retinopathy in sub-Saharan Africa: meeting the challenges of an emerging epidemic. BMC Med. 11, 157 (2013). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1741-7015-11-157","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"4774_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00252-2","volume":"10","author":"D Tomic","year":"2022","unstructured":"D. Tomic et al., Lifetime risk, life expectancy, and years of life lost to type 2 diabetes in 23 high-income jurisdictions: a multinational, population-based study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 10(11), 795\u2013803 (2022). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00252-2","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"issue":"10106","key":"4774_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32646-6","volume":"390","author":"GC Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"G.C. Collaborators, o. D. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 390(10106), e38 (2017). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32646-6","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4774_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110945","volume":"204","author":"H Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"H. Sun et al., IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global, regional and country-level diabetes prevalence estimates for 2021 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 204, 110945 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2023.110945","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"6","key":"4774_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1016\/s2666-7568(21)00089-1","volume":"2","author":"D Flood","year":"2021","unstructured":"D. Flood et al., The state of diabetes treatment coverage in 55 low-income and middle-income countries: a cross-sectional study of nationally representative, individual-level data in 680 102 adults. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2(6), e340\u2013e351 (2021). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2666-7568(21)00089-1","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev."},{"issue":"1","key":"4774_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-13-36","volume":"13","author":"S Assari","year":"2014","unstructured":"S. Assari, Cross-country variation in additive effects of socio-economics, health behaviors, and comorbidities on subjective health of patients with diabetes. J. Diabetes Metab. Disord. 13(1), 36 (2014). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2251-6581-13-36","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord"},{"key":"4774_CR42","unstructured":"WHO, Targets of sustainable development goal 3. n.d, https:\/\/www.who.int\/europe\/about-us\/our-work\/sustainable-development-goals\/targets-of-sustainable-development-goal-3 (2015)"},{"key":"4774_CR43","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Integrated care for older people (ICOPE), https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/maternal-newborn-child-adolescent-health-and-ageing\/ageing-and-health\/integrated-care-for-older-people-icope (2016)"},{"key":"4774_CR44","unstructured":"World Health Organization, WHO\u2019s work on the UN Decade of Healthy Ageing, <https:\/\/www.who.int\/initiatives\/decade-of-healthy-ageing (2020)"},{"issue":"1","key":"4774_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2307\/2060493","volume":"15","author":"P Das Gupta","year":"1978","unstructured":"P. Das Gupta, A general method of decomposing a difference between two rates into several components. Demography. 15(1), 99\u2013112 (1978)","journal-title":"Demography"},{"issue":"4","key":"4774_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e190411","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0411","volume":"2","author":"DJ Corsi","year":"2019","unstructured":"D.J. Corsi, S.V. Subramanian, Socioeconomic Gradients and Distribution of Diabetes, Hypertension, and Obesity in India. JAMA Netw. Open. 2(4), e190411 (2019). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.0411","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open."},{"issue":"10","key":"4774_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.007","volume":"125","author":"TY Wong","year":"2018","unstructured":"T.Y. Wong et al., Guidelines on Diabetic Eye Care: The International Council of Ophthalmology Recommendations for Screening, Follow-up, Referral, and Treatment Based on Resource Settings. Ophthalmology. 125(10), 1608\u20131622 (2018). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.04.007","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"}],"container-title":["Endocrine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04774-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04774-6","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04774-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:59:36Z","timestamp":1791269976000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04774-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["4774"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12020-026-04774-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0100"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0100","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"325"}}