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Here, we used mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) to compare molecular profiles of primary tumors located in the thyroid gland and their synchronous metastases in regional lymph nodes to analyze phenotypic heterogeneity in papillary thyroid cancer. Two types of cancerous (primary tumor and metastasis) and two types of not cancerous (thyroid gland and lymph node) regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated in postoperative material from 11 patients, then the distribution of tryptic peptides (spectral components) was analyzed by MSI in all tissue regions. Moreover, tryptic peptides identified by shotgun proteomics in corresponding tissue lysates were matched to components detected by MSI to enable their hypothetical protein annotation. Unsupervised segmentation of all cancer ROIs revealed that different clusters dominated in tumor ROIs and metastasis ROIs. The intra-patient similarity between thyroid and tumor ROIs was higher than the intra-patient similarity between tumor and metastasis ROIs. Moreover, the similarity between tumor and its metastasis from the same patients was lower than similarities among tumors and among metastases from different patients (inter-patient similarity was higher for metastasis ROIs than for tumor ROIs). Components differentiating between tumor and its metastases were annotated as proteins involved in the organization of the cytoskeleton and chromatin, as well as proteins involved in immunity-related functions. We concluded that phenotypical heterogeneity between primary tumor and lymph node metastases from the same patient was higher than inter-tumor heterogeneity between primary tumors from different patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12022-019-09593-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]],"date-time":"2019-10-30T22:11:44Z","timestamp":1572473504000},"page":"250-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Molecular Heterogeneity of Papillary Thyroid Cancer: Comparison of Primary Tumors and Synchronous Metastases in Regional Lymph Nodes by Mass Spectrometry Imaging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2834-5129","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Gawin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4124-9385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Kurczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4050-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Stobiecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1322-9977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Fr\u0105tczak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8004-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Pola\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9317-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Pietrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5099-4726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Wid\u0142ak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"9593_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1126\/science.959840","volume":"194","author":"PC Nowell","year":"1976","unstructured":"Nowell PC (1976) The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. 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