{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T11:17:04Z","timestamp":1773832624126,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687219200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bern"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Sci Med Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>\nTo determine the diagnostic bias between clinical and forensic radiology in cases of nonfatal hanging and determine and describe typical underreported imaging findings. In a retrospective, single-center study, all patients admitted for attempted suicide with near-hanging or fatal hanging between January 2008 and December 2020 who received CT or MRI of head and neck were reviewed and missed findings in the original report were documented. A binary regression with disagreement as dependent variable was fitted for the imaging modality, fatality, age, and sex. A total of 123 hanging incidents were retrospectively analyzed. The vast majority (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009108; 87.8%) had attempted suicide with a nonfatal outcome. Fatal outcome occurred in 15 (12.0%). The extra- and intracranial injuries documented on CT and MRI scans were laryngeal (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098; 6.5%), soft tissue (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200942; 34.1%), and vascular injuries (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091; 0.8%). Intracranial pathology was evident on 18 (14.6%) scans. Disagreement occurred in 36 (29.3%) cases and represented 52 (69.2%) of all cases with a radiological finding. Disagreement was strongly associated with fatality (OR: 2.7\u201344.9.4, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0012). In most cases, nonfatal hangings cause no or only minor injuries. Fatal cases are associated with a greater probability of missed minor imaging findings. This suggests that findings deemed clinically irrelevant are probably not reported in such severe emergency cases. This association indicates that minor abnormalities are underreported when major pathologies are evident on imaging in victims of strangulation.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-023-00665-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]],"date-time":"2023-06-20T21:01:21Z","timestamp":1687294881000},"page":"434-442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Under-reporting of forensic findings: craniocervical emergency imaging in cases of survived hanging"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Heimer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"L.","family":"Arneberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Blunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Klukowska-R\u00f6tzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A. G.","family":"Gonzenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Exadaktylos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Ruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7502-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"665_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Michael J. Thali MDV, B. G. Brogdon. Brogdon\u2019s forensic radiology second ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010.","DOI":"10.1201\/b10323"},{"key":"665_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Strack GB, McClane GE, Hawley D. A review of 300 attempted strangulation cases. Part I: criminal legal issues. J Emerg Med. 2001;21(3):303\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0736-4679(01)00399-7.","DOI":"10.1016\/s0736-4679(01)00399-7"},{"issue":"3","key":"665_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.07.018","volume":"75","author":"EC Matusz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Matusz EC, Schaffer JT, Bachmeier BA, Kirschner JM, Musey PI Jr, Roumpf SK, et al. Evaluation of nonfatal strangulation in alert adults. Ann Emerg Med. 2020;75(3):329\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2019.07.018.","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"665_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-018-0070-z","volume":"15","author":"D Gascho","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gascho D, Heimer J, Tappero C, Schaerli S. Relevant findings on postmortem CT and postmortem MRI in hanging, ligature strangulation and manual strangulation and their additional value compared to autopsy - a systematic review. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2019;15(1):84\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-018-0070-z.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"665_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06033-x","volume":"29","author":"J Heimer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Heimer J, Tappero C, Gascho D, Flach P, Ruder TD, Thali MJ, et al. Value of 3T craniocervical magnetic resonance imaging following nonfatal strangulation. 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Radiographics. 2018;38(1):236\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148\/rg.2018170107.","journal-title":"Radiographics"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00665-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00665-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00665-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T14:20:33Z","timestamp":1722608433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00665-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["665"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00665-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-2891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-2891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"6 June 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 June 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}]}}