{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T17:20:14Z","timestamp":1779211214059,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005774","name":"Universitat de Barcelona","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005774","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Sci Med Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The authors present the case of a 61-year-old man found dead in an agricultural plot. The first investigation of the scene revealed the corpse laid face up in a spot of partially dried blood, next to an olive tree. His face, arms, legs, and abdomen showed signs of severe contusion and laceration of dogs\u2019 bite wounds. Next to the victim, an olives bin had been found overturned on the ground. A multi-disciplinary approach, including crime scene analysis, autopsy findings, veterinary animals review, odontologist bite mark study, and forensic genetics DNA correlations, was performed. The present case is a documented watchdogs lethal pack attack and provides an example of how to recognize the more active participants thanks to their odontological alterations. It could be considered the first described dog pack attack case solved by dysgnathia alteration. Comparisons between the dental casts obtained from the dogs and the inflicted wounds were made, resulting in positive correlations between the injuries and the dental arches from two of the six involved dogs, thanks to dental abnormalities and DNA founding. The victim\u2019s clothes were also compared with the dogs\u2019 dental casts, confirming that they were the most active participants during the pack attack. Dogs\u2019 DNA was finally matched with saliva traces found on victim\u2019s clothes and skin bite marks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-023-00746-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]],"date-time":"2023-11-08T17:02:09Z","timestamp":1699462929000},"page":"941-948","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["How the forensic multidisciplinary approach can solve a fatal dog pack attack"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6707-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M.","family":"Di Nunzio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Della Valle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Serino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7461-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F.","family":"Corrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2492-2072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Di Nunzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"746_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.04.015","volume":"20","author":"NH Salem","year":"2013","unstructured":"Salem NH, Belhadj M, Aissaoui A, Mesrati MA, Chadly A. Multidisciplinary approach to fatal dog attacks: a forensic case study. J Forensic Leg Med. 2013;20:763\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2013.04.015.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"746_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.03.011","volume":"25","author":"E Mora","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mora E, Fonseca GM, Navarro P, Casta\u00f1o A, Lucena J. Fatal dog attacks in Spain under a breed-specific legislation: a ten-year retrospective study. J Vet Behav. 2018;25:76\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jveb.2018.03.011.","journal-title":"J Vet Behav"},{"key":"746_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199909000-00005","volume":"20","author":"SP Avis","year":"1999","unstructured":"Avis SP. Dog pack attack: hunting humans. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999;20:243\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199909000-00005.","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"746_CR4","first-page":"57","volume":"98","author":"PL Borchelt","year":"1983","unstructured":"Borchelt PL, Lockwood R, Beck AM, Voith VL. Attacks by packs of dogs involving predation on human beings. Public Health Rep. 1983;98:57\u201366.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"746_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-002-0332-9","volume":"116","author":"K De Munnynck","year":"2002","unstructured":"De Munnynck K, Van de Voorde W. Forensic approach of fatal dog attacks: a case report and literature review. Int J Legal Med. 2002;116:295\u2013300. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-002-0332-9.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"746_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02281.x","volume":"58","author":"GM Fonseca","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fonseca GM, Palacios R. An unusual case of predation: dog pack or cougar attack? J Forensic Sci. 2013;58:224\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02281.x.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"746_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-1383(95)90550-H","volume":"26","author":"B Kneafsey","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kneafsey B, Condon KC. Severe dog-bite injuries, introducing the concept of pack attack: a literature review and seven case reports. Injury. 1995;26:37\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0020-1383(95)90550-H.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"746_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110592","volume":"318","author":"S Sarenbo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sarenbo S, Svensson PA. Bitten or struck by dog: a rising number of fatalities in Europe, 1995\u20132016. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;318: 110592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110592.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"746_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201700293","volume":"18","author":"S Pasha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pasha S, Inui T, Chapple I, Harris S, Holcombe L, Grant MM. The saliva proteome of dogs: variations within and between breeds and between species. Proteomics. 2018;18:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmic.201700293.","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"746_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.05.008","volume":"60","author":"C Boehlke","year":"2015","unstructured":"Boehlke C, Zierau O, Hannig C. Salivary amylase - the enzyme of unspecialized euryphagous animals. Arch Oral Biol. 2015;60:1162\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.05.008.","journal-title":"Arch Oral Biol"},{"key":"746_CR11","first-page":"107","volume":"67\u201375","author":"TJ David","year":"2012","unstructured":"David TJ, Golden GS, Loomis PW, Freeman A, Berman G. American Board of Forensic Odontology Diplomates Reference Manual. 2012;67\u201375:107\u201318.","journal-title":"American Board of Forensic Odontology Diplomates Reference Manual"},{"key":"746_CR12","unstructured":"Valenzuela-Garach JC. Aurora; Mart\u00edn de llas Heras, Stella; Torres-Cantero, Manual De Usuario De DentalPrint\u00a9 software. 2001."},{"key":"746_CR13","unstructured":"QIAGEN, QIAamp DNA Mini and Blood Mini Handbook, Qiagen. 2016;1\u201372. http:\/\/www.qiagen.com\/knowledge-and-support\/resource-center\/resource-download.aspx?id=67893a91-946f-49b5-8033-394fa5d752ea&lang=en."},{"key":"746_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2014.03.011","volume":"97","author":"MM Rahman","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rahman MM, Ali ME, Hamid SBA, Mustafa S, Hashim U, Hanapi UK. Polymerase chain reaction assay targeting cytochrome b gene for the detection of dog meat adulteration in meatball formulation. Meat Sci. 2014;97:404\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.meatsci.2014.03.011.","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"key":"746_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steinlechner M. Species identification by means of the cytochrome b gene. Int J Legal Med. 2000;23\u201328.","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140000134"},{"key":"746_CR16","first-page":"218","volume":"16","author":"A Awad","year":"2015","unstructured":"Awad A, Khalil SR, Abd-Elhakim YM. Molecular phylogeny of some avian species using Cytochrome b gene sequence analysis. Iran J Vet Res. 2015;16:218\u201322.","journal-title":"Iran J Vet Res"},{"key":"746_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0960:ATOTGS>2.0.CO;2","volume":"82","author":"RD Bradley","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bradley RD, Baker RJ. A test of the genetic species concept: Cytochrome-b sequences and mammals. J Mammal. 2001;82:960\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082%3c0960:ATOTGS%3e2.0.CO;2.","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"746_CR18","unstructured":"Thermo Fisher Scientific. Thermo Scientific Thermo Scientific Canine Genotypes Panel. 2012;1.1(0):1\u201339."},{"key":"746_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-005-0545-9","volume":"119","author":"B Budowle","year":"2005","unstructured":"Budowle B, Garofano P, Hellman A, Ketchum M, Kanthaswamy S, Parson W, Van Haeringen W, Fain S, Broad T. Recommendations for animal DNA forensic and identity testing. Int J Legal Med. 2005;119:295\u2013302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-005-0545-9.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"746_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forc.2016.10.002","volume":"2","author":"E De Vittori","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Vittori E, Barni F, Lewis SW, Antonini G, Rapone C, Berti A. Forensic application of a rapid one-step tetramethylbenzidine-based test for the presumptive trace detection of bloodstains at the crime scene and in the laboratory. Forensic Chem. 2016;2:63\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forc.2016.10.002.","journal-title":"Forensic Chem"},{"key":"746_CR21","unstructured":"Obti B. Test I. Bluestar\u00ae obti. 2021;98000."},{"key":"746_CR22","unstructured":"Biosystems A. Quantifiler TM HP and Trio DNA Quantification Kits. 2017;4485354;116. https:\/\/assets.thermofisher.com\/TFS-Assets\/LSG\/manuals\/4485354.pdf."},{"key":"746_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr-87-17","volume":"30","author":"L Chintala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chintala L, Manjula M, Goyal S, Chaitanya V, Hussain MKA, Chaitanya YC. Human bite marks - a computer-based analysis using adobe photoshop. J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol. 2018;30:58\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr-87-17.","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"key":"746_CR24","first-page":"262","volume":"90","author":"AM Beck","year":"1975","unstructured":"Beck AM, Loring H, Lockwood R. The ecology of dog bite injury in St. Louis, Missouri. Pub Hlth Rep. 1975;90:262\u20137.","journal-title":"Pub Hlth Rep"},{"key":"746_CR25","first-page":"425","volume":"92","author":"WG Winkler","year":"1977","unstructured":"Winkler WG. Human deaths induced by dog bites, United States, 1974\u201375. Public Health Rep. 1977;92:425\u20139.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"746_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.69.2.193","volume":"69","author":"LE Pinckney","year":"1982","unstructured":"Pinckney LE, Kennedy LA. Traumatic deaths from dog attacks in the United States. Pediatrics. 1982;69:193\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1542\/peds.69.2.193.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"746_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1163\/1568539X-00003486","volume":"155","author":"L Dietz","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dietz L, Arnold AMK, Goerlich-Jansson VC, Vinke CM. The importance of early life experiences for the development of behavioural disorders in domestic dogs. Behaviour. 2018;155:83\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/1568539X-00003486.","journal-title":"Behaviour"},{"key":"746_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jveb.2009.03.003","volume":"4","author":"CL Battaglia","year":"2009","unstructured":"Battaglia CL. Periods of early development and the effects of stimulation and social experiences in the canine. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res. 2009;4:203\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jveb.2009.03.003.","journal-title":"J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res"},{"key":"746_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Howell T, King T, Bennett P. Puppy parties and beyond: the role of early age socialization practices on adult dog behavior. Vet Med Res Rep. 2015;143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/vmrr.s62081.","DOI":"10.2147\/vmrr.s62081"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00746-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00746-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00746-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T15:32:30Z","timestamp":1730302350000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00746-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]}},"alternative-id":["746"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00746-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-2891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-2891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 November 2023","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 November 2023","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies involving human participants or animals performed by the author. Moreover, this case report was based on a medicolegal autopsy that underwent a court warrant requested by the public prosecutor.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}