{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:58:09Z","timestamp":1785855489283,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007594","name":"Comenius University in Bratislava","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007594","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Sci Med Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Fatalities resulting from large felid attacks represent a rare subset of injuries in autopsy practice and are rarely documented in the medico-legal literature. Here, we present the case of a 67-year-old man who was fatally injured and extensively devoured by a captive African lion. An autopsy revealed multiple vital bite wounds to the head and neck with severance of the major neck vessels and the cervical spine. In addition, there was extensive postmortem damage, with defleshing injuries and bite marks to the lower extremities and multiple claw marks to the abdomen and back. The vitality of the wounds clearly decreased in the head-to-toe direction. Injury patterns inflicted by large felids on humans mirror their natural predatory behavior, with fatal bites typically targeting the cranio-cervical region. Unlike other large felids, lions may engage in postmortem consumption of human remains, an important feature for forensic considerations. Despite habituation to humans, captive large felids retain their predatory instincts, which may be triggered during feeding and play or by sudden movements. Given the rarity of such cases, this report provides additional insights into investigative strategies, mechanisms of attack, and injury morphology within this largely unexplored area of fatal large feline-to-human confrontation. In addition, this article consolidates the available literature on fatal and nonfatal large feline attacks on humans and highlights relevant medico-legal features for forensic professionals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-026-01332-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:40:31Z","timestamp":1785854431000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Death by lion (Panthera leo): injury patterns and forensic perspectives of large feline attacks"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3806-0690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Sivuli\u010d","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5020-5018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Jan\u00edk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaroslav","family":"Ivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia","family":"Jan\u010diov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9308-624X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Hejna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1036-9720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u013dubom\u00edr","family":"Straka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"1332_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castell\u00f3 JR. Felids and Hyenas of the World: Wildcats, Panthers, Lynx, Pumas, Ocelots, Caracals, and Relatives. New Jersey: Princeton University Press; 2020.","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv11hprnk"},{"key":"1332_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sunquist M, Sunquist F. Wild Cats of the World. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2002.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226518237.001.0001"},{"key":"1332_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00250-3","volume":"16","author":"C Perrone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Perrone C, Byard RW, Solarino B, Vinci F. Fatal mauling by tigers. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2020;16:718\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-020-00250-3.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1332_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2010.01329.x","volume":"55","author":"P Hejna","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hejna P. A fatal leopard attack. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55(3):832\u20134.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1332_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1177\/00258172211057370","volume":"92","author":"S Debbarma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Debbarma S, Bhute AR, Vaibhav V, Parate SV. Fatal wild leopard attack injuries in Uttarakhand, India. Med Leg J. 2024;92(1):24\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258172211057370.","journal-title":"Med Leg J"},{"key":"1332_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2020.102100","volume":"78","author":"T Kanchan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kanchan T, Shekhawat RS, Shetty BSK, Jayaram L, Meshram VP. Fatal captive tiger attack - a case report with review of literature. J Forensic Leg Med. 2021;78:102100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2020.102100.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"1332_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.05.011","volume":"277","author":"\u0141 Szleszkowski","year":"2017","unstructured":"Szleszkowski \u0141, Thannh\u00e4user A, Jurek T. Compound mechanism of fatal neck injury: a case report of a tiger attack in a zoo. Forensic Sci Int. 2017;277:e16\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2017.05.011.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"1332_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.08.003","volume":"232","author":"H Pathak","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pathak H, Borkar J, Dixit P, Dhawane S, Shrigiriwar M, Dingre N. Fatal tiger attack: a case report with emphasis on typical tiger injuries characterized by partially resembling stab-like wounds. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;232(1\u20133):e1-4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.08.003.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"1332_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-015-1216-0","volume":"130","author":"B Tantius","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tantius B, Wittschieber D, Schmidt S, Rothschild MA, Banaschak S. Two fatal tiger attacks in zoos. Int J Legal Med. 2016;130(1):185\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-015-1216-0.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1332_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1177\/10806032251342115","volume":"36","author":"N Mvula","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mvula N, Saniotis A, Danquah M, Patlakwe TM. Two cases of fatal leopard attacks from Botswana. Wilderness Environ Med. 2025;36(4):564\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10806032251342115.","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1332_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS13811J","volume":"40","author":"CE Rollins","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rollins CE, Spencer DE. A fatality and the American mountain lion: bite mark analysis and profile of the offending lion. J Forensic Sci. 1995;40(3):486\u20139.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1332_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-014-9627-7","volume":"11","author":"M \u010eatko","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u010eatko M, Vojt\u00ed\u0161ek T, Hejna P. A fatal lion attack. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2015;11(2):300\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-014-9627-7.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1332_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s004140000144","volume":"114","author":"H Bock","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bock H, Ronneberger DL, Betz P. Suicide in a lions\u2019 den. Int J Legal Med. 2000;114(1\u20132):101\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s004140000144.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"1332_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2014.01.005","volume":"25","author":"SM Shepherd","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shepherd SM, Mills A, Shoff WH. Human attacks by large felid carnivores in captivity and in the wild. Wilderness Environ Med. 2014;25(2):220\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wem.2014.01.005.","journal-title":"Wilderness Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1332_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001946","volume":"21","author":"G Bombieri","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bombieri G, Penteriani V, Almasieh K, Ambarl\u0131 H, Ashrafzadeh MR, Das CS, et al. A worldwide perspective on large carnivore attacks on humans. PLoS Biol. 2023;21(1):e3001946. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001946.","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"1332_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hediger H. The Problem of Confined Space. In: Hediger H. Wild Animals in Captivity. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2013. pp. 43\u201360.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4832-0111-5.50010-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"1332_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12172","volume":"91","author":"E Palagi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palagi E, Burghardt GM, Smuts B, Cordoni G, Dall\u2019Olio S, Fouts HN, et al. Rough-and-tumble play as a window on animal communication. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2016;91(2):311\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/brv.12172.","journal-title":"Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc"},{"key":"1332_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curio E. Internal Factors. In: Curio E. The Ethology of Predation. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin; 1976. pp. 5\u201341.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81028-2_2"},{"issue":"9","key":"1332_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14091367","volume":"14","author":"K R\u00f3\u017cycka","year":"2024","unstructured":"R\u00f3\u017cycka K, Skibniewska E, Rajkowski \u0141, Skibniewski M. Craniometric characteristics of selected Carnivora species kept in captivity in relation to bite force and bending strength of the upper canines. Animals (Basel). 2024;14(9):1367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14091367.","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"issue":"3","key":"1332_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-199009000-00007","volume":"11","author":"SD Cohle","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cohle SD, Harlan CW, Harlan G. Fatal big cat attacks. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1990;11(3):208\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-199009000-00007.","journal-title":"Am J Forensic Med Pathol"},{"key":"1332_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Neto MF, Garrone Neto D, Haddad V Jr. Attacks by jaguars (Panthera onca) on humans in central Brazil: report of three cases, with observation of a death. Wilderness Environ Med. 2011;22(2):130\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wem.2011.01.007.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2011.01.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"1332_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-025-01001-y","volume":"21","author":"R Sivuli\u010d","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sivuli\u010d R, Jan\u00edk M, Ryb\u00e1rov\u00e1 V, Babiak F, Straka \u013d. Claws and canines: injury patterns following European brown bear attacks. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025;21(4):1951\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-025-01001-y.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"key":"1332_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-024-00924-2","volume":"21","author":"E Pefferkorn","year":"2025","unstructured":"Pefferkorn E, Dedouit F, Savall F, Saint-Martin P. Dog bites or knife wounds? A case report of atypical neck injuries. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2025;21:1273\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-024-00924-2.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1332_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1177\/00258024211020280","volume":"62","author":"RW Byard","year":"2022","unstructured":"Byard RW. Major organ loss from post-mortem animal predation: issues arising from emptied body cavities. Med Sci Law. 2022;62(1):60\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00258024211020280.","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"issue":"1","key":"1332_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-020-00304-6","volume":"17","author":"RW Byard","year":"2021","unstructured":"Byard RW. Postmortem predation by a clowder of domestic cats. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2021;17(1):144\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-020-00304-6.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1332_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-023-00762-8","volume":"20","author":"L Indra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Indra L, Schyma C, L\u00f6sch S. Cat and dog scavenging at indoor forensic scenes: strategies for documentation and detection. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2024;20(3):1022\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-023-00762-8.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1332_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-011-9233-x","volume":"7","author":"C Buschmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Buschmann C, Solarino B, P\u00fcschel K, Czubaiko F, Heinze S, Tsokos M. Post-mortem decapitation by domestic dogs: three case reports and review of the literature. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2011;7(4):344\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-011-9233-x.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1332_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-022-00542-w","volume":"19","author":"F Simonit","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simonit F, Moreschi C, Desinan L. A fatal and unusual genital mutilation in an elderly man as a result of sharp force injuries and domestic dog predation. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2023;19(3):398\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-022-00542-w.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Med Pathol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1332_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/002580240204200314","volume":"42","author":"N Romain","year":"2002","unstructured":"Romain N, Brandt-Casadevall C, Dimo-Simonin N, Michaud K, Mangin P, Papilloud J. Post-mortem castration by a dog: a case report. Med Sci Law. 2002;42(3):269\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/002580240204200314.","journal-title":"Med Sci Law"},{"issue":"5","key":"1332_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/000313480707300520","volume":"73","author":"HJ Schiller","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schiller HJ, Cullinane DC, Sawyer MD, Zietlow SP. Captive tiger attack: case report and review of the literature. Am Surg. 2007;73(5):516\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/000313480707300520.","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"1332_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2015.1.24043","volume":"16","author":"KV Iserson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Iserson KV, Francis AM. Jaguar attack on a child: case report and literature review. West J Emerg Med. 2015;16(2):303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5811\/westjem.2015.1.24043.","journal-title":"West J Emerg Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"1332_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-023-00556-3","volume":"16","author":"K Fujii","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fujii K, Kikuchi J, Uchida M, Machida M, Tsuchiya M, Hayashi K, et al. Tiger attack at a Japanese safari park: a case report. Int J Emerg Med. 2023;16(1):80. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12245-023-00556-3.","journal-title":"Int J Emerg Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1332_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-012-0406-1","volume":"35","author":"P Emami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Emami P, Kaiser TM, Regelsberger J, Goebell E, Fiehler J, Westphal M, et al. Case report: surviving a tiger attack. Neurosurg Rev. 2012;35(4):621\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10143-012-0406-1.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"1332_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3171\/2011.8.PEDS10593","volume":"8","author":"M Chum","year":"2011","unstructured":"Chum M, Ng WP. Traumatic tiger attack. J Neurosurg Pediatr. 2011;8(5):530\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171\/2011.8.PEDS10593.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg Pediatr"},{"key":"1332_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Haddad V Junior, Francisco de Campos Neto M, Barreiros JP. Nonfatal, nonpredatory jaguar attacks in Brazil: a case series. Wilderness Environ Med. 2022;33(4):464\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wem.2022.07.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2022.07.003"},{"issue":"6","key":"1332_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjtee.2021.01.003","volume":"24","author":"P Agarwal","year":"2021","unstructured":"Agarwal P, Dhiman A, Rashid N, Kataria R. Head and neck injuries after leopard attack: presentation and management. Chin J Traumatol. 2021;24(6):389\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cjtee.2021.01.003.","journal-title":"Chin J Traumatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1332_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2003.04.015","volume":"62","author":"R Bahram","year":"2004","unstructured":"Bahram R, Burke JE, Lanzi GL. Head and neck injury from a leopard attack: case report and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2004;62(2):247\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.joms.2003.04.015.","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1332_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2014.07.005","volume":"16","author":"H Pathak","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pathak H, Dixit P, Dhawane S, Meshram S, Shrigiriwar M, Dingre N. Unique fatality due to claw injuries in a tiger attack: a case report. Leg Med (Tokyo). 2014;16(6):381\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2014.07.005.","journal-title":"Leg Med (Tokyo)"},{"key":"1332_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.4103\/2152-7806.113317","volume":"4","author":"CF Dabdoub","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dabdoub CF, Dabdoub CB, Chavez M, Molina F. Survival of child after lion attack. Surg Neurol Int. 2013;4:77. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/2152-7806.113317.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"1332_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.123","volume":"2025","author":"RY Omari","year":"2025","unstructured":"Omari RY, Alawi KA, Abdelrahman R, Alyazji Z, Elsharkawy M, Hammouda A. Multidisciplinary reconstruction of complex cranio-scalp trauma in a patient with a domestic lion attack. Qatar Med J. 2025;2025(4):123. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2025.123.","journal-title":"Qatar Med J"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01332-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01332-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01332-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T14:40:33Z","timestamp":1785854433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01332-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["1332"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01332-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-2891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-2891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in the study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institution and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declarations","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"N\/A","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies conducted with animals or on living human subjects.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Statement of human and animal rights","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics"}}]}}