{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T11:05:13Z","timestamp":1790075113030,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Grant Commission","award":["200510192313"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200510192313"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04p800546","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forensic Sci Med Pathol"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-026-01357-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:22:41Z","timestamp":1790072561000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterisation of microbial succession for the estimation of PMI and PMSI in terrestrial and aquatic environments"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"given":"Chitra","family":"Jangid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyoti","family":"Dalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"1357_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cai J, Guo Y, Zha L, Guo J. The role of the microbiome in PMI estimation. Forensic ecogenomics: the application of microbial ecology analyses in forensic contexts. Elsevier; 2018. pp. 113\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-809360-3.00005-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809360-3.00005-9"},{"key":"1357_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.10.016","volume":"209","author":"GC Dickson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dickson GC, Poulter RTM, Maas EW, Probert PK, Kieser JA. Marine bacterial succession as a potential indicator of postmortem submersion interval. Forensic Sci Int. 2011;209:1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.10.016.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1357_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2014.10.003","volume":"54","author":"A De Donno","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Donno A, Campobasso CP, Santoro V, Leonardi S, Tafuri S, Introna F. Bodies in sequestered and non-sequestered aquatic environments: a comparative taphonomic study using decompositional scoring system. Sci Justice. 2014;54:439\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2014.10.003.","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"1357_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01291.x","volume":"55","author":"V Heaton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heaton V, Lagden A, Moffatt C, Simmons T. Predicting the postmortem submersion interval for human remains recovered from U.K. waterways. J Forensic Sci. 2010;55:302\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2009.01291.x.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1080\/00450618.2025.2532397","volume":"57","author":"SK Bray","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bray SK, Bone M, Harvey ML, Conlan XA. Water quality as an indication of postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) for remains in small, isolated fresh water bodies. Aust J Forensic Sci. 2025;57:296\u2013309. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00450618.2025.2532397.","journal-title":"Aust J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR6","first-page":"153","volume":"7","author":"JA Payne","year":"1972","unstructured":"Payne JA, King EW. Insect succession and decomposition of pig carcasses in water. J Ga Entomol Soc. 1972;7:153\u201362.","journal-title":"J Ga Entomol Soc"},{"key":"1357_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.23907\/2016.003","volume":"6","author":"JL Caruso","year":"2016","unstructured":"Caruso JL. Decomposition changes in bodies recovered from water. Acad Forensic Pathol. 2016;6:19\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23907\/2016.003.","journal-title":"Acad Forensic Pathol"},{"key":"1357_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.09.018","volume":"176","author":"E Kakizaki","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kakizaki E, Takahama K, Seo Y, Kozawa S, Sakai M, Yukawa N. Marine bacteria comprise a possible indicator of drowning in seawater. Forensic Sci Int. 2008;176:236\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2007.09.018.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1357_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9684-6_12","volume-title":"Current concepts in forensic entomology","author":"GS Anderson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Anderson GS. Decomposition and invertebrate colonization of cadavers in coastal marine environments. In: Byrd JH, Castner JL, editors. Current concepts in forensic entomology. Dordrecht: Springer; 2010. pp. 223\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-9684-6_12."},{"key":"1357_CR10","unstructured":"Fink AR. Estimating postmortem intervals of human remains recovered in Mid-Western waterways: a test of terrestrial and aquatic body scoring methods [master\u2019s thesis]. Knoxville (TN): University of Tennessee; 2017."},{"key":"1357_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1556-4029.2008.00748.X","volume":"53","author":"KA Zimmerman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Zimmerman KA, Wallace JR. The potential to determine a postmortem submersion interval based on algal\/diatom diversity on decomposing mammalian carcasses in brackish ponds in Delaware. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53:935\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/J.1556-4029.2008.00748.X.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"00017","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.00017","volume":"8","author":"ME Benbow","year":"2020","unstructured":"Benbow ME, Receveur JP, Lamberti GA. Death and decomposition in aquatic ecosystems. Front Ecol Evol. 2020;8:00017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fevo.2020.00017.","journal-title":"Front Ecol Evol"},{"key":"1357_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Merritt R, Wallace J. The role of aquatic insects in forensic investigations. Forensic entomology. CRC; 2009. pp. 271\u2013319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/noe0849392153.ch7.","DOI":"10.1201\/noe0849392153.ch7"},{"key":"1357_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS2003290","volume":"49","author":"JN Haefner","year":"2004","unstructured":"Haefner JN, Wallace JR, Merritt RW. Pig decomposition in lotic aquatic systems: the potential use of algal growth in establishing a postmortem submersion interval (PMSI). J Forensic Sci. 2004;49:330\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS2003290.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00411-1","volume":"120","author":"CP Campobasso","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campobasso CP, Di Vella G, Introna F. Factors affecting decomposition and Diptera colonization. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;120:18\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00411-1.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1357_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-0965-5","volume":"128","author":"S Matuszewski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Matuszewski S, Konwerski S, Fr\u0105tczak K, Szafa\u0142owicz M. Effect of body mass and clothing on decomposition of pig carcasses. Int J Legal Med. 2014;128:1039\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-0965-5.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"1357_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00325","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00325-22","volume":"7","author":"AR Mason","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mason AR, McKee-Zech HS, Hoeland KM, Davis MC, Campagna SR, Steadman DW, et al. Body mass index (BMI) impacts soil chemical and microbial response to human decomposition. mSphere. 2022;7:e00325\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00325-22.","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"1357_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2010.10.003","volume":"18","author":"C Zhou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zhou C, Byard RW. Factors and processes causing accelerated decomposition in human cadavers: an overview. J Forensic Leg Med. 2011;18:6\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2010.10.003.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"1357_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3437","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3437","volume":"5","author":"JM DeBruyn","year":"2017","unstructured":"DeBruyn JM, Hauther KA. Postmortem succession of gut microbial communities in deceased human subjects. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7717\/peerj.3437.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"1357_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12828","volume":"60","author":"KA Hauther","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hauther KA, Cobaugh KL, Jantz LM, Sparer TE, DeBruyn JM. Estimating time since death from postmortem human gut microbial communities. J Forensic Sci. 2015;60:1234\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12828.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1128-4","volume":"129","author":"ER Hyde","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hyde ER, Haarmann DP, Petrosino JF, Lynne AM, Bucheli SR. Initial insights into bacterial succession during human decomposition. Int J Legal Med. 2014;129:661\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1128-4.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"1357_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.037","volume":"229","author":"J Myburgh","year":"2013","unstructured":"Myburgh J, L\u2019Abb\u00e9 EN, Steyn M, Becker PJ. Estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) using accumulated degree-days (ADD) in a temperate region of South Africa. Forensic Sci Int. 2013;229:e1651\u2013165. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.03.037.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1357_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2008.03.010","volume":"40","author":"DO Carter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Carter DO, Yellowlees D, Tibbett M. Temperature affects microbial decomposition of cadavers (Rattus rattus) in contrasting soils. Appl Soil Ecol. 2008;40:129\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apsoil.2008.03.010.","journal-title":"Appl Soil Ecol"},{"key":"1357_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9432(74)90093-4","volume":"4","author":"A Brown","year":"1974","unstructured":"Brown A, Marshall TK. Body temperature as a means of estimating the time of death. Forensic Sci. 1974;4:125\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0300-9432(74)90093-4.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquabot.2015.12.003","volume":"130","author":"MD Passerini","year":"2016","unstructured":"Passerini MD, Cunha-Santino MB, Bianchini I. Oxygen availability and temperature as driving forces for decomposition of aquatic macrophytes. Aquat Bot. 2016;130:1\u201310.","journal-title":"Aquat Bot"},{"key":"1357_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2016.11.001","volume":"57","author":"DL Cockle","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cockle DL, Bell LS. The environmental variables that impact human decomposition in terrestrially exposed contexts within Canada. Sci Justice. 2017;57:107\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2016.11.001.","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"1357_CR27","volume-title":"Soil microbial ecology as forensic taphonomy","author":"D Carter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Carter D, Forbes SL, Tibbett M. Soil microbial ecology as forensic taphonomy. Albany, NY: LexisNexis Matthew Bender; 2009."},{"key":"1357_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parkinson RA, Dias KR, Horswell J, Greenwood P, Banning N, Tibbett M, et al. Microbial community analysis of human decomposition on soil. Criminal and environmental soil forensics. Springer Netherlands; 2009. pp. 379\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4020-9204-6_24.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-9204-6_24"},{"key":"1357_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4920","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00957-14","volume":"80","author":"CL Lauber","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lauber CL, Metcalf JL, Keepers K, Ackermann G, Carter DO, Knight R. Vertebrate decomposition is accelerated by soil microbes. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2014;80:4920\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.00957-14.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1357_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2020.102023","volume":"74","author":"J Dalal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dalal J, Sharma S, Bhardwaj T, Dhattarwal SK, Verma K. Seasonal study of the decomposition pattern and insects on a submerged pig cadaver. J Forensic Leg Med. 2020;74:102023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2020.102023.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"1357_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-1475.92154","volume":"3","author":"I Joseph","year":"2011","unstructured":"Joseph I, Mathew DG, Sathyan P, Vargheese G. The use of insects in forensic investigations: an overview on the scope of forensic entomology. J Forensic Dent Sci. 2011;3:89\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/0975-1475.92154.","journal-title":"J Forensic Dent Sci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"1357_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S232","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60161-5","volume":"1","author":"NW Ahmad","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ahmad NW, Lim LH, Dhang CC, Chin HC, Abdullah AG, Mustaffa WNW, et al. Comparative insect fauna succession on indoor and outdoor monkey carrions in a semi-forested area in Malaysia. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2011;1(Suppl 2):S232\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2221-1691(11)60161-5.","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Trop Biomed"},{"key":"1357_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.13786","volume":"63","author":"DW Steadman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Steadman DW, Dautartas A, Kenyhercz MW, Jantz LM, Mundorff A, Vidoli GM. Differential scavenging among pig, rabbit, and human subjects. J Forensic Sci. 2018;63:1684\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.13786.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00425-X","volume":"120","author":"CP Campobasso","year":"2001","unstructured":"Campobasso CP, Introna F. The forensic entomologist in the context of the forensic pathologist\u2019s role. Forensic Sci Int. 2001;120:132\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0379-0738(01)00425-X.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1357_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-006-0159-1","volume":"94","author":"DO Carter","year":"2007","unstructured":"Carter DO, Yellowlees D, Tibbett M. Cadaver decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Naturwissenschaften. 2007;94:12\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00114-006-0159-1.","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"1357_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-017-1700-9","volume":"132","author":"HT Gelderman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gelderman HT, Boer L, Naujocks T, IJzermans ACM, Duijst WLJM. The development of a post-mortem interval estimation for human remains found on land in the Netherlands. Int J Legal Med. 2018;132:863\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-017-1700-9.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"1357_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2018.1466430","volume":"3","author":"W Zhou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhou W, Bian Y. Thanatomicrobiome composition profiling as a tool for forensic investigation. Forensic Sci Res. 2018;3:105\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20961790.2018.1466430.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"1357_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003244974-7","volume-title":"Estimation of the time since death","author":"B Madea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Madea B. Autolysis, putrefactive changes and post-mortem chemistry. In: Madea B, editor. Estimation of the time since death. 4th ed. Boca Raton: CRC; 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1201\/9781003244974-7.","edition":"4"},{"key":"1357_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00745","volume":"10","author":"ZM Burcham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Burcham ZM, Pechal JL, Schmidt CJ, Bose JL, Rosch JW, Benbow ME, Jordan HR. Bacterial community succession, transmigration, and differential gene transcription in a controlled vertebrate decomposition model. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:745. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00745.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1357_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-021-01923-4","volume":"84","author":"R Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu R, Wang Q, Zhang K, Wu H, Wang G, Cai W, et al. Analysis of postmortem intestinal microbiota successional patterns with application in postmortem interval estimation. Microb Ecol. 2022;84:1087\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-021-01923-4.","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"1357_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.3390\/forensicsci2010010","volume":"2","author":"AO Olakanye","year":"2022","unstructured":"Olakanye AO, Ralebitso-Senior TK. Profiling of successional microbial community structure and composition to identify exhumed gravesoil\u2014A preliminary study. Forensic Sci. 2022;2:130\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/forensicsci2010010.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.15036","volume":"67","author":"SF Kaszubinski","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kaszubinski SF, Receveur JP, Nestle ED, Pechal JL, Benbow ME. Microbial community succession of submerged bones in an aquatic habitat. J Forensic Sci. 2022;67:1565\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.15036.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13063","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-49338-z","volume":"9","author":"K Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong K, Xin Y, Cao F, Huang Z, Sun J, Peng M, et al. Succession of oral microbiota community as a tool to estimate postmortem interval. Sci Rep. 2019;9:13063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-019-49338-z.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1357_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102488","volume":"52","author":"J Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang J, Wang M, Qi X, Shi L, Zhang J, Zhang X, et al. Predicting the postmortem interval of burial cadavers based on microbial community succession. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2021;52:102488. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2021.102488.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"key":"1357_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigss.2015.09.043","volume":"5","author":"JJ Guo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Guo JJ, Liao HD, Fu XL, Zha L, Liu JS, Cai JF. Bacterial community succession analysis by next generation sequencing in Changsha city, China. Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser. 2015;5:e107\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigss.2015.09.043.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet Suppl Ser"},{"key":"1357_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14869","volume":"66","author":"JR Wallace","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wallace JR, Receveur JP, Hutchinson PH, Kaszubinski SF, Wallace HE, Benbow ME. Microbial community succession on submerged vertebrate carcasses in a tidal river habitat: implications for aquatic forensic investigations. J Forensic Sci. 2021;66:2307\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14869.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01104","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.01104","volume":"2","author":"JL Metcalf","year":"2013","unstructured":"Metcalf JL, Wegener Parfrey L, Gonzalez A, Lauber CL, Knights D, Ackermann G, et al. A microbial clock provides an accurate estimate of the postmortem interval in a mouse model system. Elife. 2013;2:e01104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554\/eLife.01104.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"1357_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110480","volume":"318","author":"C Cartozzo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cartozzo C, Simmons T, Swall J, Singh B. Postmortem submersion interval (PMSI) estimation from the microbiome of Sus scrofa bone in a freshwater river. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;318:110480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110480.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1357_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12744","volume":"60","author":"FE Damann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Damann FE, Williams DE, Layton AC. Potential use of bacterial community succession in decaying human bone for estimating postmortem interval. J Forensic Sci. 2015;60:844\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12744.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsiae.2022.100053","volume":"2","author":"JL Houtz","year":"2022","unstructured":"Houtz JL, Receveur JP, Pechal JL, Benbow ME, Horton BM, Wallace JR. Characterization of the avian postmortem gut microbiome across space and time using 16S rRNA sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Anim Environ. 2022;2:100053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsiae.2022.100053.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Anim Environ"},{"key":"1357_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637526","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.637526","volume":"12","author":"E Fadeev","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fadeev E, Cardozo-Mino MG, Rapp JZ, Bienhold C, Salter I, Salman-Carvalho V, et al. Comparison of two 16S rRNA primers (V3\u2013V4 and V4\u2013V5) for studies of Arctic microbial communities. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:637526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.637526.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1357_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.12116\/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400708","volume":"37","author":"J Cao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cao J, Li WJ, Wang YF, An GS, Lu XJ, Du QX, et al. Estimating postmortem interval using intestinal microbiota diversity based on 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. Fa yi xue za zhi. 2021;37:621\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12116\/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.400708.","journal-title":"Fa yi xue za zhi"},{"key":"1357_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.6026\/97320630003173","volume":"3","author":"S Srivastava","year":"2008","unstructured":"Srivastava S, Singh V, Kumar V, Verma PC, Srivastava R, Basu V, et al. Identification of regulatory elements in 16S rRNA gene of Acinetobacter species isolated from water sample. Bioinformation. 2008;3:173\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6026\/97320630003173.","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"1357_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9020104","volume":"9","author":"A Belk","year":"2018","unstructured":"Belk A, Xu ZZ, Carter DO, Lynne A, Bucheli S, Knight R, et al. Microbiome data accurately predicts the postmortem interval using random forest regression models. Genes (Basel). 2018;9:104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/genes9020104.","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"1357_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scijus.2021.06.006","volume":"61","author":"L Hu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hu L, Xing Y, Jiang P, Gan L, Zhao F, Peng W, et al. Predicting the postmortem interval using human intestinal microbiome data and random forest algorithm. Sci Justice. 2021;61:516\u201327. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scijus.2021.06.006.","journal-title":"Sci Justice"},{"key":"1357_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.15000","volume":"22","author":"R Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu R, Gu Y, Shen M, Li H, Zhang K, Wang Q, et al. Predicting postmortem interval based on microbial community sequences and machine learning algorithms. Environ Microbiol. 2020;22:2273\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1462-2920.15000.","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"1357_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951707","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.951707","volume":"13","author":"D Finkelbergs","year":"2022","unstructured":"Finkelbergs D, Guo J, Huang Y, Liu Y, Fang X, Jiang K, et al. Bacterial succession in microbial biofilm as a potential indicator for postmortem submersion interval estimation. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:951707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.951707.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1357_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-019-00119-w","volume":"50","author":"J He","year":"2019","unstructured":"He J, Guo J, Fu X, Cai J. Potential use of high-throughput sequencing of bacterial communities for postmortem submersion interval estimation. Braz J Microbiol. 2019;50:999\u20131010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42770-019-00119-w.","journal-title":"Braz J Microbiol"},{"key":"1357_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1685097","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1685097","volume":"16","author":"CD Ma","year":"2026","unstructured":"Ma CD, Liao XB, Yue JC, Gao Z, Zhao SQ, Huang EW, et al. Postmortem submersion interval prediction model based on the rat muscle microbiome. Front Microbiol. 2026;16:1685097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1685097.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1357_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14303","volume":"65","author":"SF Kaszubinski","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kaszubinski SF, Receveur JP, Wydra B, Smiles K, Wallace JR, Babcock NJ, et al. Cold case experiment demonstrates the potential utility of aquatic microbial community assembly in estimating a postmortem submersion interval. J Forensic Sci. 2020;65:1210\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.14303.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms14010006","volume":"14","author":"T Yang","year":"2026","unstructured":"Yang T, Chen X, Xie Q, Cai J. Estimating postmortem interval of buried pig carcasses by integrating microbial succession patterns with machine learning algorithms. Microorganisms. 2026;14:6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms14010006.","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"1357_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e31897","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31897","volume":"10","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Le C, Jin X, Feng Y, Chen L, Huang X, et al. Estimating postmortem interval based on oral microbial community succession in rat cadavers. Heliyon. 2024;10:e31897. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31897.","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"1357_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-80633-2","volume":"11","author":"H Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li H, Zhang S, Liu R, Yuan L, Wu D, Yang E, et al. Potential use of molecular and structural characterization of the gut bacterial community for postmortem interval estimation in Sprague Dawley rats. Sci Rep. 2021;11:225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-020-80633-2.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1357_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jflm.2017.05.009","volume":"49","author":"TB Thomas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thomas TB, Finley SJ, Wilkinson JE, Wescott DJ, Gorski A, Javan GT. Postmortem microbial communities in burial soil layers of skeletonized humans. J Forensic Leg Med. 2017;49:43\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jflm.2017.05.009.","journal-title":"J Forensic Leg Med"},{"key":"1357_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00455","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00455-21","volume":"6","author":"H Deel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Deel H, Emmons AL, Kiely J, Damann FE, Carter DO, Lynne A, et al. A pilot study of microbial succession in human rib skeletal remains during terrestrial decomposition. mSphere. 2021;6:e00455\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mSphere.00455-21.","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"1357_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2024.103085","volume":"5","author":"F Boschetto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Boschetto F, Ma C, Kang MS, Madero S, Kim HKW. Protocol for extracting and isolating porcine bone-marrow-derived macrophages from ribs. STAR Protoc. 2024;5:103085. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xpro.2024.103085.","journal-title":"STAR Protoc"},{"key":"1357_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-024-07716-y","volume":"236","author":"PJ Rajendran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajendran PJ, Nooruddin T, Dharumadurai D. Metabarcoding of bacterial communities impacting the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater reservoirs, South India. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2025;236:1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11270-024-07716-y.","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut"},{"key":"1357_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118953358.ch17","volume-title":"Taphonomy of human remains: forensic analysis of the dead and the depositional environment","author":"BH Stuart","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stuart BH, Ueland M. Decomposition in aquatic environments. In: Schotsmans EMJ, M\u00e1rquez-Grant N, Forbes SL, editors. Taphonomy of human remains: forensic analysis of the dead and the depositional environment. Chichester: Wiley; 2017. pp. 235\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118953358.ch17."},{"key":"1357_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70011","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.70011","volume":"186","author":"KE Weisensee","year":"2024","unstructured":"Weisensee KE, Atwell MM. Human decomposition and time since death: persistent challenges and future directions of postmortem interval estimation in forensic anthropology. Am J Biol Anthropol. 2024;186:e70011. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajpa.70011.","journal-title":"Am J Biol Anthropol"},{"key":"1357_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14780J","volume":"45","author":"JB Davis","year":"2000","unstructured":"Davis JB, Goff ML. Decomposition patterns in terrestrial and intertidal habitats on Oahu Island and Coconut Island, Hawaii. J Forensic Sci. 2000;45:836\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1520\/JFS14780J.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR71","volume-title":"Characterization of bacterial and microbial eukaryotic communities (including fungal) associated with corpse decomposition using next generation sequencing","author":"JL Metcalf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Metcalf JL, Carter DO, Knight R. Characterization of bacterial and microbial eukaryotic communities (including fungal) associated with corpse decomposition using next generation sequencing. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice; 2014."},{"key":"1357_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110782","volume":"323","author":"ZM Burcham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Burcham ZM, Weitzel MA, Hodges LD, Deel HL, Metcalf JL. A pilot study characterizing gravesoil bacterial communities a decade after swine decomposition. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;323:110782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110782.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"1357_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1080\/20961790.2021.2008705","volume":"7","author":"M Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang M. Forensic imaging: a powerful tool in modern forensic investigation. Forensic Sci Res. 2022;7:385\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20961790.2021.2008705.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Res"},{"key":"1357_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12859","volume":"60","author":"ME Benbow","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benbow ME, Pechal JL, Lang JM, Erb R, Wallace JR. The potential of high-throughput metagenomic sequencing of aquatic bacterial communities to estimate the postmortem submersion interval. J Forensic Sci. 2015;60:1500\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12859.","journal-title":"J Forensic Sci"},{"key":"1357_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-014-1059-0","volume":"129","author":"SJ Finley","year":"2015","unstructured":"Finley SJ, Benbow ME, Javan GT. Microbial communities associated with human decomposition and their potential use as postmortem clocks. Int J Legal Med. 2015;129:623\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00414-014-1059-0.","journal-title":"Int J Legal Med"},{"key":"1357_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988297","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.988297","volume":"13","author":"F Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang F, Wang P, Zeng K, Yuan H, Wang Z, Li X, et al. Postmortem submersion interval estimation of cadavers recovered from freshwater based on gut microbial community succession. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:988297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.988297.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01357-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01357-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01357-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:22:46Z","timestamp":1790072566000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01357-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["1357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-026-01357-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1556-2891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1556-2891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This study is approved by the ethical committee of Guru Gobind Singh Medical College, Faridkot, under approval no. GGS\/IEC\/79. Informed consent was obtained from the relatives of the deceased.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical permission","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declaration"}}]}}