{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T11:01:32Z","timestamp":1760266892812},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]],"date-time":"2008-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222128000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]],"date-time":"2008-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1222128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-008-8053-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,22]],"date-time":"2008-09-22T18:37:27Z","timestamp":1222108647000},"page":"98-108","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Innate immune recognition of nucleic acids"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Tsan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"8053_CR1","volume-title":"An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, a disease discovered in some Western counties of England","author":"E Jenner","year":"1798","unstructured":"Jenner E. An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae, a disease discovered in some Western counties of England. London: Sampson Low; 1798."},{"issue":"54 Pt 1","key":"8053_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/SQB.1989.054.01.003","volume":"54","author":"CA Janeway Jr","year":"1989","unstructured":"Janeway CA, Jr. Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1989;54 Pt 1: 1\u201313.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol"},{"key":"8053_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5396.2085","volume":"282","author":"A Poltorak","year":"1998","unstructured":"Poltorak A, He X, Smirnova I, Liu M-Y, Van Huffel C, Du X, et al. Defective LPS signaling in C3H\/HeJ and C57BL\/10ScCr mice: mutations in Tlr4 gene. Science. 1998;282:2085\u20138.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/41131","volume":"388","author":"R Medzhitov","year":"1997","unstructured":"Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA, Jr. A human homologue of the Drosophila toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature. 1997;388:394\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1087","volume":"5","author":"M Yoneyama","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T, Shinobu N, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, et al. The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol. 2004;5:730\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.07.002","volume":"118","author":"S Rakoff-Nahoum","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rakoff-Nahoum S, Paglino J, Eslami-Varzaneh F, Edberg S, Medzhitov R. Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis. Cell. 2004;118:229\u201341.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1457","volume":"8","author":"J Tian","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tian J, Avalos AM, Mao SY, Chen B, Senthil K, Wu H, et al. Toll-like receptor 9-dependent activation by DNA-containing immune complexes is mediated by HMGB1 and RAGE. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:487\u201396.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","volume":"124","author":"S Akira","year":"2006","unstructured":"Akira S, Uematsu S, Takeuchi O. Pathogen recognition and innate immunity. Cell. 2006;124:783\u2013801.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.22.012703.104514","volume":"25","author":"A Marshak-Rothstein","year":"2007","unstructured":"Marshak-Rothstein A, Rifkin IR. Immunologically active autoantigens: the role of toll-like receptors in the development of chronic inflammatory disease. Annu Rev Immunol. 2007;25:419\u201341.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.08.012","volume":"27","author":"A Pichlmair","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pichlmair A, Reis e Sousa C. Innate recognition of viruses. Immunity. 2007;27:370\u201383.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8053_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1136880","volume":"315","author":"HK Lee","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lee HK, Lund JM, Ramanathan B, Mizushima N, Iwasaki A. Autophagy-dependent viral recognition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Science. 2007;315:1398\u2013401.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1303","volume":"7","author":"T Kawai","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kawai T, Akira S. Innate immune recognition of viral infection. Nat Immunol. 2006;7:131\u20137.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8180","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00421-07","volume":"81","author":"A Meier","year":"2007","unstructured":"Meier A, Alter G, Frahm N, Sidhu H, Li B, Bagchi A, et al. MyD88-dependent immune activation mediated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1-encoded Toll-like receptor ligands. J Virol. 2007;81:8180\u201391.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"8053_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e53","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020053","volume":"2","author":"R Le Goffic","year":"2006","unstructured":"Le Goffic R, Balloy V, Lagranderie M, Alexopoulou L, Escriou N, Flavell R, et al. Detrimental contribution of the Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 to influenza A virus-induced acute pneumonia. PLoS Pathog. 2006;2:e53.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"8053_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daffis S, Samuel MA, Suthar MS, Gale M, Jr, Diamond MS. Toll-like receptor-3 has a protective role against West Nile virus infection. J Virol. 20 August 2008 [Epub ahead of print].","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00935-08"},{"key":"8053_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1140","volume":"10","author":"T Wang","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wang T, Town T, Alexopoulou L, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, Flavell RA. Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis. Nat Med. 2004;10:1366\u201373.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"8053_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560","volume":"413","author":"L Alexopoulou","year":"2001","unstructured":"Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA. Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature. 2001;413:732\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1093616","volume":"303","author":"SS Diebold","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H, Akira S, Reis e Sousa C. Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science. 2004;303:1529\u201331.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2987","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200324238","volume":"33","author":"F Heil","year":"2003","unstructured":"Heil F, Ahmad-Nejad P, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Gellert T, et al. The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-specific stimulus loxoribine uncovers a strong relationship within the TLR7, 8 and 9 subfamily. Eur J Immunol. 2003;33:2987\u201397.","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.01.013","volume":"28","author":"T Haas","year":"2008","unstructured":"Haas T, Metzger J, Schmitz F, Heit A, Muller T, Latz E, et al. The DNA sugar backbone 2\u2019 deoxyribose determines toll-like receptor 9 activation. Immunity. 2008;28:315\u201323.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8053_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.6.5.747","volume":"6","author":"D Higgins","year":"2007","unstructured":"Higgins D, Marshall JD, Traquina P, Van Nest G, Livingston BD. Immunostimulatory DNA as a vaccine adjuvant. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2007;6:747\u201359.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"8053_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.05.016","volume":"29","author":"B Hou","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hou B, Reizis B, Defranco AL. Toll-like receptors activate innate and adaptive immunity by using dendritic cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mechanisms. Immunity. 2008;29:272\u201382.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8053_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1028","volume":"5","author":"E Latz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Latz E, Schoenemeyer A, Visintin A, Fitzgerald KA, Monks BG, Knetter CF, et al. TLR9 signals after translocating from the ER to CpG DNA in the lysosome. Nat Immunol. 2004;5:190\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06726","volume":"452","author":"YM Kim","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kim YM, Brinkmann MM, Paquet ME, Ploegh HL. UNC93B1 delivers nucleotide-sensing toll-like receptors to endolysosomes. Nature. 2008;452:234\u20138.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7202","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.12.7202-7211.2004","volume":"72","author":"A Eaton-Bassiri","year":"2004","unstructured":"Eaton-Bassiri A, Dillon SB, Cunningham M, Rycyzyn MA, Mills J, Sarisky RT, et al. Toll-like receptor 9 can be expressed at the cell surface of distinct populations of tonsils and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Infect Immun. 2004;72:7202\u201311.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"8053_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06765","volume":"452","author":"ME Kleinman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kleinman ME, Yamada K, Takeda A, Chandrasekaran V, Nozaki M, Baffi JZ, et al. Sequence- and target-independent angiogenesis suppression by siRNA via TLR3. Nature. 2008;452:591\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06116","volume":"449","author":"R Lande","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, Chatterjee B, Wang YH, Homey B, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature. 2007;449:564\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2005.11.012","volume":"18","author":"LA O\u2019Neill","year":"2006","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill LA. How Toll-like receptors signal: what we know and what we don\u2019t know. Curr Opin Immunol. 2006;18:3\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10976","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0505077102","volume":"102","author":"JK Bell","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bell JK, Botos I, Hall PR, Askins J, Shiloach J, Segal DM, et al. The molecular structure of the Toll-like receptor 3 ligand-binding domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:10976\u201380.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8053_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1115253","volume":"309","author":"J Choe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Choe J, Kelker MS, Wilson IA. Crystal structure of human toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) ectodomain. Science. 2005;309:581\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.09.008","volume":"130","author":"MS Jin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Jin MS, Kim SE, Heo JY, Lee ME, Kim HM, Paik SG, et al. Crystal structure of the TLR1-TLR2 heterodimer induced by binding of a tri-acylated lipopeptide. Cell. 2007;130:1071\u201382.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.002","volume":"130","author":"HM Kim","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kim HM, Park BS, Kim JI, Kim SE, Lee J, Oh SC, et al. Crystal structure of the TLR4-MD-2 complex with bound endotoxin antagonist Eritoran. Cell. 2007;130:906\u201317.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155406","volume":"320","author":"L Liu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Liu L, Botos I, Wang Y, Leonard JN, Shiloach J, Segal DM, et al. Structural basis of toll-like receptor 3 signaling with double-stranded RNA. Science. 2008;320:379\u201381.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.07.007","volume":"29","author":"MS Jin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jin MS, Lee JO. Structures of the Toll-like receptor family and its ligand complexes. Immunity. 2008;29:182\u201391.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8053_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2079","volume":"7","author":"LA O\u2019Neill","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill LA, Bowie AG. The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:353\u201364.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1734","volume":"14","author":"C Cirl","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cirl C, Wieser A, Yadav M, Duerr S, Schubert S, Fischer H, et al. Subversion of Toll-like receptor signaling by a unique family of bacterial Toll\/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing proteins. Nat Med. 2008;14:399\u2013406.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"8053_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158298","volume":"321","author":"H von Bernuth","year":"2008","unstructured":"von Bernuth H, Picard C, Jin Z, Pankla R, Xiao H, Ku CL, et al. Pyogenic bacterial infections in humans with MyD88 deficiency. Science. 2008;321:691\u20136.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1038\/35047056","volume":"408","author":"Y Xu","year":"2000","unstructured":"Xu Y, Tao X, Shen B, Horng T, Medzhitov R, Manley JL, et al. Structural basis for signal transduction by the Toll\/interleukin-1 receptor domains. Nature. 2000;408:111\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)02581-0","volume":"299","author":"X Tao","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tao X, Xu Y, Zheng Y, Beg AA, Tong L. An extensively associated dimer in the structure of the C713S mutant of the TIR domain of human TLR2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;299:216\u201321.","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"8053_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31664","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403434200","volume":"279","author":"JA Khan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Khan JA, Brint EK, O\u2019Neill LA, Tong L. Crystal structure of the Toll\/interleukin-1 receptor domain of human IL-1RAPL. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:31664\u201370.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8053_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11861","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C800001200","volume":"283","author":"T Nyman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nyman T, Stenmark P, Flodin S, Johansson I, Hammarstrom M, Nordlund P. The crystal structure of the human toll-like receptor-10 cytoplasmic domain reveals a putative signaling dimer. J Biol Chem. 2008;283:11861\u20135.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8053_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1038\/2191253a0","volume":"219","author":"BM Sultzer","year":"1968","unstructured":"Sultzer BM. Genetic control of leucocyte responses to endotoxin. Nature. 1968;219:1253\u20134.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7971","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0932746100","volume":"100","author":"T Bartfai","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bartfai T, Behrens MM, Gaidarova S, Pemberton J, Shivanyuk A, Rebek J Jr. A low molecular weight mimic of the Toll\/IL-1 receptor\/resistance domain inhibits IL-1 receptor-mediated responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:7971\u20136.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8053_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1206746","volume":"82","author":"M Loiarro","year":"2007","unstructured":"Loiarro M, Capolunghi F, Fanto N, Gallo G, Campo S, Arseni B, et al. Pivotal advance: inhibition of MyD88 dimerization and recruitment of IRAK1 and IRAK4 by a novel peptidomimetic compound. J Leukoc Biol. 2007;82:801\u201310.","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"key":"8053_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1976","volume":"39","author":"CC Khor","year":"2007","unstructured":"Khor CC, Chapman SJ, Vannberg FO, Dunne A, Murphy C, Ling EY, et al. A Mal functional variant is associated with protection against invasive pneumococcal disease, bacteremia, malaria and tuberculosis. Nat Genet. 2007;39:523\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"8053_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.003","volume":"3","author":"KJ Ishii","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishii KJ, Koyama S, Nakagawa A, Coban C, Akira S. Host innate immune receptors and beyond: making sense of microbial infections. Cell Host Microbe. 2008;3:352\u201363.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"8053_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04734","volume":"441","author":"H Kato","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kato H, Takeuchi O, Sato S, Yoneyama M, Yamamoto M, Matsui K, et al. Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses. Nature. 2006;441:101\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6444","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.10.6444","volume":"178","author":"T Venkataraman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Venkataraman T, Valdes M, Elsby R, Kakuta S, Caceres G, Saijo S, et al. Loss of DExD\/H box RNA helicase LGP2 manifests disparate antiviral responses. J Immunol. 2007;178:6444\u201355.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132505","volume":"314","author":"V Hornung","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hornung V, Ellegast J, Kim S, Brzozka K, Jung A, Kato H, et al. 5\u2019-Triphosphate RNA is the ligand for RIG-I. Science. 2006;314:994\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1132998","volume":"314","author":"A Pichlmair","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pichlmair A, Schulz O, Tan CP, Naslund TI, Liljestrom P, Weber F, et al. RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5\u2019-phosphates. Science. 2006;314:997\u20131001.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20080091","volume":"205","author":"H Kato","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kato H, Takeuchi O, Mikamo-Satoh E, Hirai R, Kawai T, Matsushita K, et al. Length-dependent recognition of double-stranded ribonucleic acids by retinoic acid-inducible gene-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5. J Exp Med. 2008;205:1601\u201310.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"8053_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0606699104","volume":"104","author":"T Saito","year":"2007","unstructured":"Saito T, Hirai R, Loo YM, Owen D, Johnson CL, Sinha SC, et al. Regulation of innate antiviral defenses through a shared repressor domain in RIG-I and LGP2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007;104:582\u20137.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8053_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20081210","volume":"205","author":"T Saito","year":"2008","unstructured":"Saito T, Gale M Jr. Differential recognition of double-stranded RNA by RIG-I-like receptors in antiviral immunity. J Exp Med. 2008;205:1523\u20137.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"8053_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.10.032","volume":"29","author":"S Cui","year":"2008","unstructured":"Cui S, Eisenacher K, Kirchhofer A, Brzozka K, Lammens A, Lammens K, et al. The C-terminal regulatory domain is the RNA 5\u2019-triphosphate sensor of RIG-I. Mol Cell. 2008;29:169\u201379.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1243","volume":"6","author":"T Kawai","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kawai T, Takahashi K, Sato S, Coban C, Kumar H, Kato H, et al. IPS-1, an adaptor triggering RIG-I- and Mda5-mediated type I interferon induction. Nat Immunol. 2005;6:981\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6807-8-11","volume":"8","author":"JA Potter","year":"2008","unstructured":"Potter JA, Randall RE, Taylor GL. Crystal structure of human IPS-1\/MAVS\/VISA\/Cardif caspase activation recruitment domain. BMC Struct Biol. 2008;8:11.","journal-title":"BMC Struct Biol"},{"key":"8053_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.08.012","volume":"122","author":"RB Seth","year":"2005","unstructured":"Seth RB, Sun L, Ea CK, Chen ZJ. Identification characterization of MAVS, a mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein that activates NF-kappaB and IRF 3. Cell. 2005;122:669\u201382.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04193","volume":"437","author":"E Meylan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Meylan E, Curran J, Hofmann K, Moradpour D, Binder M, Bartenschlager R, et al. Cardif is an adaptor protein in the RIG-I antiviral pathway and is targeted by hepatitis C virus. Nature. 2005;437:1167\u201372.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2005.08.014","volume":"19","author":"LG Xu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Xu LG, Wang YY, Han KJ, Li LY, Zhai Z, Shu HB. VISA is an adapter protein required for virus-triggered IFN-beta signaling. Mol Cell. 2005;19:727\u201340.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1038\/21124","volume":"399","author":"H Qin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Qin H, Srinivasula SM, Wu G, Fernandes-Alnemri T, Alnemri ES, Shi Y. Structural basis of procaspase-9 recruitment by the apoptotic protease-activating factor 1. Nature. 1999;399:549\u201357.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81417-8","volume":"94","author":"JJ Chou","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chou JJ, Matsuo H, Duan H, Wagner G. Solution structure of the RAIDD CARD and model for CARD\/CARD interaction in caspase-2 and caspase-9 recruitment. Cell. 1998;94:171\u201380.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1282","volume":"7","author":"KJ Ishii","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ishii KJ, Coban C, Kato H, Takahashi K, Torii Y, Takeshita F, et al. A Toll-like receptor-independent antiviral response induced by double-stranded B-form DNA. Nat Immunol. 2006;7:40\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2005.12.003","volume":"24","author":"DB Stetson","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stetson DB, Medzhitov R. Recognition of cytosolic DNA activates an IRF3-dependent innate immune response. Immunity. 2006;24:93\u2013103.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"8053_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.11.5908","volume":"171","author":"B Spies","year":"2003","unstructured":"Spies B, Hochrein H, Vabulas M, Huster K, Busch DH, Schmitz F, et al. Vaccination with plasmid DNA activates dendritic cells via Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) but functions in TLR9-deficient mice. J Immunol. 2003;171:5908\u201312.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01938.x","volume":"113","author":"S Babiuk","year":"2004","unstructured":"Babiuk S, Mookherjee N, Pontarollo R, Griebel P, den Hurk S, Hecker R, et al. TLR9 \u2212\/\u2212 and TLR9 +\/+ mice display similar immune responses to a DNA vaccine. Immunology. 2004;113:114\u201320.","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"8053_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/ng756","volume":"29","author":"HM Hoffman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hoffman HM, Mueller JL, Broide DH, Wanderer AA, Kolodner RD. Mutation of a new gene encoding a putative pyrin-like protein causes familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome. Nat Genet. 2001;29:301\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"8053_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1779","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)17401-1","volume":"364","author":"HM Hoffman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hoffman HM, Rosengren S, Boyle DL, Cho JY, Nayar J, Mueller JL, et al. Prevention of cold-associated acute inflammation in familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome by interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Lancet. 2004;364:1779\u201385.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"8053_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.09.002","volume":"19","author":"V Petrilli","year":"2007","unstructured":"Petrilli V, Dostert C, Muruve DA, Tschopp J. The inflammasome: a danger sensing complex triggering innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol. 2007;19:615\u201322.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2008.01.003","volume":"20","author":"Z Ye","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ye Z, Ting JP. NLR, the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing gene family. Curr Opin Immunol. 2008;20:3\u20139.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33835","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.48.33835","volume":"274","author":"J Masumoto","year":"1999","unstructured":"Masumoto J, Taniguchi S, Ayukawa K, Sarvotham H, Kishino T, Niikawa N, et al. ASC, a novel 22-kDa protein, aggregates during apoptosis of human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:33835\u20138.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8053_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(02)00599-3","volume":"10","author":"F Martinon","year":"2002","unstructured":"Martinon F, Burns K, Tschopp J. The inflammasome: a molecular platform triggering activation of inflammatory caspases and processing of proIL-beta. Mol Cell. 2002;10:417\u201326.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"8053_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04517","volume":"440","author":"TD Kanneganti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kanneganti TD, Ozoren N, Body-Malapel M, Amer A, Park JH, Franchi L, et al. Bacterial RNA and small antiviral compounds activate caspase-1 through cryopyrin\/Nalp3. Nature. 2006;440:233\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06664","volume":"452","author":"DA Muruve","year":"2008","unstructured":"Muruve DA, Petrilli V, Zaiss AK, White LR, Clark SA, Ross PJ, et al. The inflammasome recognizes cytosolic microbial and host DNA and triggers an innate immune response. Nature. 2008;452:103\u20137.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1636","volume":"9","author":"A Halle","year":"2008","unstructured":"Halle A, Hornung V, Petzold GC, Stewart CR, Monks BG, Reinheckel T, et al. The NALP3 inflammasome is involved in the innate immune response to amyloid-beta. Nat Immunol. 2008;9:857\u201365.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04516","volume":"440","author":"F Martinon","year":"2006","unstructured":"Martinon F, Petrilli V, Mayor A, Tardivel A, Tschopp J. Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome. Nature. 2006;440:237\u201341.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156995","volume":"320","author":"C Dostert","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dostert C, Petrilli V, Van Bruggen R, Steele C, Mossman BT, Tschopp J. Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica. Science. 2008;320:674\u20137.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"8053_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1631","volume":"9","author":"V Hornung","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hornung V, Bauernfeind F, Halle A, Samstad EO, Kono H, Rock KL, et al. Silica crystals and aluminum salts activate the NALP3 inflammasome through phagosomal destabilization. Nat Immunol. 2008;9:847\u201356.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M608083200","volume":"282","author":"CM Cruz","year":"2007","unstructured":"Cruz CM, Rinna A, Forman HJ, Ventura AL, Persechini PM, Ojcius DM. ATP activates a reactive oxygen species-dependent oxidative stress response and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages. J Biol Chem. 2007;282:2871\u20139.","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"8053_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1420","volume":"7","author":"PJ Sansonetti","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sansonetti PJ. The innate signaling of dangers and the dangers of innate signaling. Nat Immunol. 2006;7:1237\u201342.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb0901-761","volume":"8","author":"T Schwartz","year":"2001","unstructured":"Schwartz T, Behlke J, Lowenhaupt K, Heinemann U, Rich A. Structure of the DLM-1-Z-DNA complex reveals a conserved family of Z-DNA-binding proteins. Nat Struct Biol. 2001;8:761\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol"},{"key":"8053_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5007","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkl575","volume":"34","author":"N Deigendesch","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deigendesch N, Koch-Nolte F, Rothenburg S. ZBP1 subcellular localization and association with stress granules is controlled by its Z-DNA binding domains. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006;34:5007\u201320.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"8053_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6974","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0431131100","volume":"100","author":"YG Kim","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kim YG, Muralinath M, Brandt T, Pearcy M, Hauns K, Lowenhaupt K, et al. A role for Z-DNA binding in vaccinia virus pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:6974\u20139.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"8053_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06013","volume":"448","author":"A Takaoka","year":"2007","unstructured":"Takaoka A, Wang Z, Choi MK, Yanai H, Negishi H, Ban T, et al. DAI (DLM-1\/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature. 2007;448:501\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06537","volume":"451","author":"KJ Ishii","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ishii KJ, Kawagoe T, Koyama S, Matsui K, Kumar H, Kawai T, et al. TANK-binding kinase-1 delineates innate and adaptive immune responses to DNA vaccines. Nature. 2008;451:725\u20139.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"8053_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4711","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.7.4711","volume":"179","author":"S Koyama","year":"2007","unstructured":"Koyama S, Ishii KJ, Kumar H, Tanimoto T, Coban C, Uematsu S, et al. Differential role of TLR- and RLR-signaling in the immune responses to influenza A virus infection and vaccination. J Immunol. 2007;179:4711\u201320.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"8053_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1589","volume":"13","author":"H Kanzler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kanzler H, Barrat FJ, Hessel EM, Coffman RL. Therapeutic targeting of innate immunity with Toll-like receptor agonists and antagonists. Nat Med. 2007;13:552\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Med"}],"container-title":["Immunologic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12026-008-8053-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12026-008-8053-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12026-008-8053-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12026-008-8053-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,16]],"date-time":"2022-08-16T09:37:00Z","timestamp":1660642620000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12026-008-8053-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["8053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-008-8053-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0257-277X","1559-0755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0257-277X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 September 2008","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}