{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T15:07:41Z","timestamp":1788361661190,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical Research \u201cClimbing\u201d Program of the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University","award":["YYZS2023005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YYZS2023005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-024-09591-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T17:51:08Z","timestamp":1736185868000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality rates and future projections of autoimmune diseases in China: a systematic analysis based on GBD 2021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"73","author":[{"given":"Yanhua","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjana","family":"Neelagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyou","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"9591_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00787-0","volume":"23","author":"G Wigerblad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wigerblad G, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps in systemic autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Immunol. 2023;23(5):274\u201388.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9591_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2023.103359","volume":"22","author":"F Cao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cao F, Liu YC, Ni QY, et al. Temporal trends in the prevalence of autoimmune diseases from 1990 to 2019. Autoimmun Rev. 2023;22(8):103359.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"9591_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102531","volume":"19","author":"M Scherlinger","year":"2020","unstructured":"Scherlinger M, Mertz P, Sagez F, et al. Worldwide trends in all-cause mortality of auto-immune systemic diseases between 2001 and 2014. Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(6):102531.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"9591_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang F, Cui Y, Gao X. Time trends in the burden of autoimmune diseases across the BRICS: an age-period-cohort analysis for the GBD 2019. RMD Open, 2023, 9(4).","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003650"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"9591_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.105187","volume":"133","author":"EJ Flies","year":"2019","unstructured":"Flies EJ, Mavoa S, Zosky GR, et al. Urban-associated diseases: Candidate diseases, environmental risk factors, and a path forward. Environ Int. 2019;133(Pt A):105187.","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.06.008","volume":"11","author":"SC Farhat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Farhat SC, Silva CA, Orione MA, et al. Air pollution in autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a review. Autoimmun Rev. 2011;11(1):14\u201321.","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"9591_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malinowski L, Yu M, Hull S. Lifestyle Medicine as Treatment for Autoimmune Disease. J Fam Pract, 2022, 71(Suppl 1 Lifestyle): eS90-eS2.","DOI":"10.12788\/jfp.0298"},{"issue":"4","key":"9591_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8399","volume":"310","author":"V Harjutsalo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Harjutsalo V, Sund R, Knip M, et al. Incidence of type 1 diabetes in Finland. JAMA. 2013;310(4):427\u20138.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR9","first-page":"149","volume":"14","author":"ME Craig","year":"2013","unstructured":"Craig ME, Nair S, Stein H, et al. Viruses and type 1 diabetes: a new look at an old story. Pediatr Diabetes. 2013;14(3):149\u201358.","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"11","key":"9591_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-0342","volume":"44","author":"C Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu C, Yuan YC, Guo MN, et al. Incidence of type 1 diabetes may be underestimated in the Chinese population: evidence from 21.7 million people between 2007 and 2017. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(11):2503\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"9591_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e030521193110","DOI":"10.2174\/1573399817666210503133747","volume":"17","author":"AG Abela","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abela AG, Fava S. Why is the Incidence of Type 1 Diabetes Increasing? Curr Diabetes Rev. 2021;17(8):e030521193110.","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"9591_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2023","volume":"42","author":"M Zhu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhu M, Xu K, Chen Y, et al. Identification of novel T1D risk loci and their association with age and islet function at diagnosis in autoantibody-positive T1D individuals: based on a two-stage genome-wide association study. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(8):1414\u201321.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"9591_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2022.114722","volume":"649","author":"D Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang D, Huang J, Hu J. Improved diagnosis of type-1 diabetes mellitus using multiplexed autoantibodies ELISA array. Anal Biochem. 2022;649:114722.","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-17431-8","volume":"23","author":"JL Zhou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhou JL, Bao JC, Liao XY, et al. Trends and projections of inflammatory bowel disease at the global, regional and national levels, 1990\u20132050: a bayesian age-period-cohort modeling study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):2507.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"9591_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15807","volume":"78","author":"YH Shin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shin YH, Hwang J, Kwon R, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of allergic disorders and their risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Allergy. 2023;78(8):2232\u201354.","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2022.100735","volume":"16","author":"X Tong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tong X, Yin P, Liu W, et al. Spatial, temporal and demographic patterns in asthma mortality in China: A systematic analysis from 2014 to 2020. World Allergy Organ J. 2023;16(1):100735.","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ J"},{"issue":"9","key":"9591_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0138146","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138146","volume":"10","author":"XY Zheng","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zheng XY, Ding H, Jiang LN, et al. Association between Air Pollutants and Asthma Emergency Room Visits and Hospital Admissions in Time Series Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(9):e0138146.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"9591_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1409481","volume":"124","author":"Z Ma","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ma Z, Hu X, Sayer AM, et al. Satellite-based spatiotemporal trends in PM2.5 concentrations: China, 2004\u20132013. Environ Health Perspect. 2016;124(2):184\u201392.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-6958-6-1-28","volume":"6","author":"G D'amato","year":"2011","unstructured":"D\u2019amato G. Effects of climatic changes and urban air pollution on the rising trends of respiratory allergy and asthma. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2011;6(1):28\u201337.","journal-title":"Multidiscip Respir Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"9591_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30293-X","volume":"5","author":"GBDCRD Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"Collaborators GBDCRD. Global, regional, and national deaths, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years, and years lived with disability for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma, 1990\u20132015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(9):691\u2013706.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"9591_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00138208","volume":"34","author":"B Jacquemin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jacquemin B, Sunyer J, Forsberg B, et al. Association between modelled traffic-related air pollution and asthma score in the ECRHS. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(4):834\u201342.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30432-6","volume":"7","author":"M Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang M, Luo X, Xu S, et al. Trends in smoking prevalence and implication for chronic diseases in China: serial national cross-sectional surveys from 2003 to 2013. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(1):35\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"9591_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1609267","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1609267","volume":"2022","author":"F Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang F, Wang W, Yin P, et al. Mortality and Years of Life Lost in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Subcategories in China and Its Provinces, 2005\u20132020. J Diabetes Res. 2022;2022:1609267.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"9591_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e70012","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.70012","volume":"16","author":"W Deng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deng W, Zhao L, Chen C, et al. National burden and risk factors of diabetes mellitus in China from 1990 to 2021: Results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. J Diabetes. 2024;16(10):e70012.","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"9591_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(23)00025-6","volume":"11","author":"LE Wagenknecht","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wagenknecht LE, Lawrence JM, Isom S, et al. Trends in incidence of youth-onset type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the USA, 2002\u201318: results from the population-based SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2023;11(4):242\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9591_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2","volume":"10","author":"GA Gregory","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gregory GA, Robinson TIG, Linklater SE, et al. Global incidence, prevalence, and mortality of type 1 diabetes in 2021 with projection to 2040: a modelling study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(10):741\u201360.","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9591_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2006.01925.x","volume":"23","author":"Group D P","year":"2006","unstructured":"Group D P. Incidence and trends of childhood Type 1 diabetes worldwide 1990\u20131999. Diabet Med. 2006;23(8):857\u201366.","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"9591_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-014-3362-1","volume":"57","author":"C Winkler","year":"2014","unstructured":"Winkler C, Krumsiek J, Buettner F, et al. Feature ranking of type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes improves prediction of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2014;57(12):2521\u20139.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"11","key":"9591_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13908","volume":"13","author":"W Jia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jia W. Diabetes care in China: Innovations and implications. J Diabetes Investig. 2022;13(11):1795\u20137.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"issue":"4","key":"9591_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1752","volume":"45","author":"JL Harding","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harding JL, Wander PL, Zhang X, et al. The Incidence of Adult-Onset Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review From 32 Countries and Regions. Diabetes Care. 2022;45(4):994\u20131006.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaceta.2014.06.010","volume":"29","author":"L Forga Llenas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Forga Llenas L, Goni Iriarte MJ, Cambra Contin K, et al. Incidence and temporal trends of childhood type 1 diabetes between 1975 and 2012 in Navarre (Spain). Gac Sanit. 2015;29(1):51\u20134.","journal-title":"Gac Sanit"},{"issue":"7","key":"9591_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0003-z","volume":"15","author":"T Zuo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zuo T, Kamm MA, Colombel JF, et al. Urbanization and the gut microbiota in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15(7):440\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"9591_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-210431","volume":"76","author":"Y Hu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hu Y, Sparks JA, Malspeis S, et al. Long-term dietary quality and risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis in women. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(8):1357\u201364.","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"9591_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n1554","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n1554","volume":"374","author":"N Narula","year":"2021","unstructured":"Narula N, Wong ECL, Dehghan M, et al. Association of ultra-processed food intake with risk of inflammatory bowel disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2021;374:n1554.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"9591_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2015.05.021","volume":"35","author":"X Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu X, Wu Y, Li F, et al. Dietary fiber intake reduces risk of inflammatory bowel disease: result from a meta-analysis. Nutr Res. 2015;35(9):753\u20138.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9591_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-004-1331-9","volume":"47","author":"KO Kyvik","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kyvik KO, Nystrom L, Gorus F, et al. The epidemiology of Type 1 diabetes mellitus is not the same in young adults as in children. Diabetologia. 2004;47(3):377\u201384.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"9591_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051573","volume":"44","author":"EA Gale","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gale EA, Gillespie KM. Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia. 2001;44(1):3\u201315.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"}],"container-title":["Immunologic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12026-024-09591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12026-024-09591-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12026-024-09591-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,4]],"date-time":"2026-02-04T07:28:27Z","timestamp":1770190107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12026-024-09591-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9591"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-024-09591-5","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-5381889\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0257-277X","1559-0755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0257-277X","type":"print"},{"value":"1559-0755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}],"article-number":"26"}}