{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T07:21:40Z","timestamp":1787728900872,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Immunol Res"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s12026-026-09833-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:47:46Z","timestamp":1787726866000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Host genetic determinants of HTLV-1 infection outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Mehdi","family":"Akbarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Farjami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugo Ram\u00edrez","family":"\u00c1lvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"9833_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Branda F, Romano C, Pavia G, Bilotta V, Locci C, Azzena I, et al. Human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV): Epidemiology, genetic, pathogenesis, and future challenges. Viruses. 2025;17(5). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v17050664.","DOI":"10.3390\/v17050664"},{"key":"9833_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105622","volume":"169","author":"S Ramezani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramezani S, Rezaee SA, Farjami Z, Ebrahimi N, Abdullabass HK, Ibrahim Jebur MI, et al. HTLV, a multi organ oncovirus. Microb Pathog. 2022;169:105622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.micpath.2022.105622.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"9833_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001484","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001484","volume":"3","author":"M Mahdifar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mahdifar M, Akbari-Eidgahi MR, Mosavat A, Pourreza A, Akbarin MM, Valizadeh N, et al. Immigrating and vicinity are not risk factors in the prevalence and transmission rate of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1: A Survey in an endemic region of Iran and Afghan refugees. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2023;3(1):e0001484. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001484.","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"9833_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01643-8","volume":"18","author":"M Zarei Ghobadi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zarei Ghobadi M, Emamzadeh R, Teymoori-Rad M, Mozhgani SH. Decoding pathogenesis factors involved in the progression of ATLL or HAM\/TSP after infection by HTLV-1 through a systems virology study. Virol J. 2021;18(1):175. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12985-021-01643-8.","journal-title":"Virol J"},{"key":"9833_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8667755","DOI":"10.1155\/cjid\/8667755","volume":"2026","author":"B Noori","year":"2026","unstructured":"Noori B, Shahbahrami R, Douzandegan Y, Mozhgani SH, Norouzi M, Jazayeri SM. Epidemiology and Clinical Outcomes of HTLV-1: A Comprehensive Narrative Review of Endemic and Nonendemic Regions. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2026;2026:8667755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/cjid\/8667755.","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2567","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2567","volume":"34","author":"S Ahmadi Ghezeldasht","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, Mosavat A, Rezaee SA. Novel insights into human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1) pathogenesis-host interactions in the manifestation of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Rev Med Virol. 2024;34(4):e2567. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/rmv.2567.","journal-title":"Rev Med Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9833_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-018-5209-5","volume":"18","author":"H Tarokhian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tarokhian H, Rahimi H, Mosavat A, Shirdel A, Rafatpanah H, Akbarin MM, et al. HTLV-1-host interactions on the development of adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma: virus and host gene expressions. BMC Cancer. 2018;18(1):1287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12885-018-5209-5.","journal-title":"BMC Cancer"},{"issue":"2","key":"9833_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.5045\/br.2017.52.2.106","volume":"52","author":"MM Akbarin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Akbarin MM, Shirdel A, Bari A, Mohaddes ST, Rafatpanah H, Karimani EG, et al. Evaluation of the role of TAX, HBZ, and HTLV-1 proviral load on the survival of ATLL patients. Blood Res. 2017;52(2):106\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5045\/br.2017.52.2.106.","journal-title":"Blood Res"},{"issue":"10","key":"9833_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2025.287521","volume":"110","author":"M Saito","year":"2025","unstructured":"Saito M, Sato T, Hasegawa H, Tanabe K, Yoshida-Furihata H, Horibe E, et al. Clonality analysis of HTLV-1-infected cells enhances prognostic precision in smoldering adult T-cell leukemia\/ lymphoma. Haematologica. 2025;110(10):2513\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3324\/haematol.2025.287521.","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V80.4.1012.1012","volume":"80","author":"Y Furukawa","year":"1992","unstructured":"Furukawa Y, Fujisawa J, Osame M, Toita M, Sonoda S, Kubota R, et al. Frequent Clonal Proliferation of Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-Infected T Cells in HTLV-l-Associated Myelopathy (HAM-TSP). Blood. 1992;80(4):1012\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.V80.4.1012.1012.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"9833_CR11","first-page":"208","volume":"16","author":"MM Akbarin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Akbarin MM, Rahimi H, Hassannia T, Shoja Razavi G, Sabet F, Shirdel A. Comparison of HTLV-I Proviral Load in Adult T Cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy (HAM-TSP) and Healthy Carriers. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2013;16(3):208\u201312.","journal-title":"Iran J Basic Med Sci"},{"key":"9833_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nozuma S, Matsuura E, Kodama D, Tashiro Y, Matsuzaki T, Kubota R et al. Effects of host restriction factors and the HTLV-1 subtype on susceptibility to HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis. Retrovirology. 2017;14. doi: ARTN 2610.1186\/s12977-017-0350-9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-017-0350-9"},{"key":"9833_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.11.010","volume":"244","author":"T Assone","year":"2018","unstructured":"Assone T, Malta FM, Bakkour S, Montalvo L, Paiva AM, Smid J, et al. Polymorphisms in HLA-C and KIR alleles are not associated with HAM\/TSP risk in HTLV-1-infected subjects. Virus Res. 2018;244:71\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.11.010.","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"9833_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh045","volume":"16","author":"K Ishihara","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ishihara K, Sawa S, Ikushima H, Hirota S, Atsumi T, Kamimura D, et al. The point mutation of tyrosine 759 of the IL-6 family cytokine receptor gp130 synergizes with HTLV-1 pX in promoting rheumatoid arthritis-like arthritis. Int Immunol. 2004;16(3):455\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/intimm\/dxh045.","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"15","key":"9833_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017005900","volume":"1","author":"S Firouzi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Firouzi S, Farmanbar A, Nakai K, Iwanaga M, Uchimaru K, Utsunomiya A, et al. Clonality of HTLV-1-infected T cells as a risk indicator for development and progression of adult T-cell leukemia. Blood Adv. 2017;1(15):1195\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/bloodadvances.2017005900.","journal-title":"Blood Adv"},{"key":"9833_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.11.003","volume":"26","author":"CR Bangham","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bangham CR, Cook LB, Melamed A. HTLV-1 clonality in adult T-cell leukaemia and non-malignant HTLV-1 infection. Sem Cancer Biol. 2014;26:89\u201398.","journal-title":"Sem Cancer Biol"},{"issue":"25","key":"9833_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3925","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2014-02-553602","volume":"123","author":"LB Cook","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cook LB, Melamed A, Niederer H, Valganon M, Laydon D, Foroni L, et al. The role of HTLV-1 clonality, proviral structure, and genomic integration site in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Blood. 2014;123(25):3925\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2014-02-553602.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"9833_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marinho TA, Okita MT, Guimaraes RA, Zara A, Caetano KAA, Teles SA, et al. The global prevalence of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 infections among immigrants and refugees-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Viruses. 2024;16(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/v16101526.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16101526"},{"key":"9833_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00226","volume":"4","author":"B Barbeau","year":"2013","unstructured":"Barbeau B, Peloponese JM, Mesnard JM. Functional comparison of antisense proteins of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 in viral pathogenesis. Front Microbiol. 2013;4:226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2013.00226.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"9833_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-117","volume":"6","author":"M Higuchi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Higuchi M, Fujii M. Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis. Retrovirology. 2009;6:117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4690-6-117.","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9833_CR21","first-page":"435","volume":"54","author":"F Babakhani","year":"2025","unstructured":"Babakhani F, Bahavar A, Zare S, Sahraian MA, Foroushani AR, Jazayeri SM, et al. Phylogenetic and Mutational Analysis of the Tax Gene in the Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1-Associated HAM\/TSP in Comparison with Asymptomatic Careers. Iran J Public Health. 2025;54(2):435\u201342.","journal-title":"Iran J Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"9833_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762003000500010","volume":"98","author":"N Balc\u00e1zar","year":"2003","unstructured":"Balc\u00e1zar N, S\u00e1nchez GI, Garcia-Vallejo F. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 from Tumaco, Colombia. Mem I Oswaldo Cruz. 2003;98(5):641\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S0074-02762003000500010.","journal-title":"Mem I Oswaldo Cruz"},{"issue":"11","key":"9833_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6418","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27005","volume":"93","author":"MS Cucco","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cucco MS, de Moraes LEP, Andrade FD, Khouri R, Galvao-Castro B, Araujo THA, et al. Molecular characterization of HTLV-1 genomic region from patients with different clinical conditions. J Med Virol. 2021;93(11):6418\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jmv.27005.","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"9833_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neto WK, Da-Costa AC, de Oliveira ACS, Martinez VP, Nukui Y, Sabino EC et al. Correlation between LTR point mutations and proviral load levels among human t cell lymphotropic Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) asymptomatic carriers. Virology Journal. 2011;8. doi: Artn 53510.1186\/1743-422x-8-535.","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-535"},{"issue":"11","key":"9833_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1089\/088922201300343735","volume":"17","author":"S Yashiki","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yashiki S, Fujiyoshi T, Arima N, Osame M, Yoshinaga M, Nagata Y, et al. HLA-A*26, HLA-B*4002, HLA-B*4006, and HLA-B*4801 alleles predispose to adult T cell leukemia:: The limited recognition of HTLV type 1 tax peptide anchor motifs and epitopes to generate anti-HTLV type 1 tax CD8\u2009<\u2009SUP>+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Aids Res Hum Retrov. 2001;17(11):1047\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/088922201300343735.","journal-title":"Aids Res Hum Retrov"},{"issue":"11","key":"9833_CR26","first-page":"a630","volume":"102","author":"M Tawara","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tawara M, H\u00f3gerzeil SJ, Yamada Y, Takasaki Y, Soda H, Harasawa H, et al. Impact of the two main cell-cycle regulatory pathways on the survival of ATLL patients: Mutations and deletions are mutually exclusive. Blood. 2003;102(11):a630\u2013a.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"9833_CR27","first-page":"P659","volume":"47","author":"E Egen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Egen E, Blank A, Garavito G, Angel L, Iglesias A. Analysis of MHC Class II alleles and haplotypes in a Colombian amerindian tribe and its relation to high prevalence of HTLV-II virus infection. Hum Immunol. 1996;47(1\u20132):P659\u2013P.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9833_CR28","first-page":"539","volume":"14","author":"E Wattel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Wattel E. Somatic mutation of the HTLV-1 provirus and flanking cellular sequences during clonal expansion. Leukemia. 2000;14(3):539.","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"9833_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"957535","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957535","volume":"13","author":"H El Hajj","year":"2022","unstructured":"El Hajj H, Bazarbachi A. Interplay between innate immunity and the viral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ in the pathogenesis and therapeutic response of HTLV-1 associated adult T cell leukemia. Front Immunol. 2022;13:957535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.957535.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9833_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.03.039","volume":"234","author":"M Tawara","year":"2006","unstructured":"Tawara M, Hogerzeil SJ, Yamada Y, Takasaki Y, Soda H, Hasegawa H, et al. Impact of aberration on the progression of Adult T-cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma. Cancer Lett. 2006;234(2):249\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.canlet.2005.03.039.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"9833_CR31","first-page":"118","volume":"55","author":"M LeonPonte","year":"1997","unstructured":"LeonPonte M, Chinea M, Noya O, Lazaro A, FernandezVina M, Stastny P, et al. Study of HLA class II alleles in two human T-cell leukemia virus type II (HTLV-II) endemically infected Amerindian groups. Hum Immunol. 1997;55:118.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"9833_CR32","first-page":"A479","volume":"84","author":"RB Gartenhaus","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gartenhaus RB, Wong P, Berger S, Rai KR. P53 Mutations Play a Role in the Progression of Htlv-I Transformed-Cells from Il-2 Dependence to Il-2 Independence. Blood. 1994;84(10):A479\u2013A.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"3","key":"9833_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-47572000000300003","volume":"23","author":"RW Pereira","year":"2000","unstructured":"Pereira RW, Pires ER, Duarte APM, de Moura RP, Monteiro E, Torloni H, et al. Frequency of the allele in Brazilians:: a study in colorectal cancer and in HTLV-I infection. Genet Mol Biol. 2000;23(3):523\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/S1415-47572000000300003.","journal-title":"Genet Mol Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"9833_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neo.2018.07.001","volume":"20","author":"A Farmanbar","year":"2018","unstructured":"Farmanbar A, Firouzi S, Makalowski W, Kneller R, Iwanaga M, Utsunomiya A, et al. Mutational Intratumor Heterogeneity is a Complex and Early Event in the Development of Adult T-cell Leukemia\/Lymphoma. Neoplasia. 2018;20(9):883\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neo.2018.07.001.","journal-title":"Neoplasia"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.17749","volume":"195","author":"Y Sakamoto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sakamoto Y, Ishida T, Masaki A, Murase T, Takeshita M, Muto R, et al. Clinical significance of TP53 mutations in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Br J Haematol. 2021;195(4):571\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjh.17749.","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"16","key":"9833_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1747","DOI":"10.1089\/08892220050193254","volume":"16","author":"RJ Albertini","year":"2000","unstructured":"Albertini RJ, Ardell SK, Judice SA, Jacobson S, Allegretta M. Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase reporter gene mutation for analysis of in vivo clonal amplification in patients with HTLV type 1-associated Myelopathy\/Tropical spastic paraparesis. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2000;16(16):1747\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/08892220050193254.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"9833_CR37","first-page":"S24","volume":"17","author":"F Mortreux","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mortreux F, Gabet AS, Wattel E. Accumulation of somatic mutations during persistent clonal expansion of HTLV-1 infected cells in vivo. Aids Res Hum Retrov. 2001;17:S24\u2013S.","journal-title":"Aids Res Hum Retrov"},{"issue":"6","key":"9833_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/gm568","volume":"6","author":"S Firouzi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Firouzi S, Lopez Y, Suzuki Y, Nakai K, Sugano S, Yamochi T, et al. Development and validation of a new high-throughput method to investigate the clonality of HTLV-1-infected cells based on provirus integration sites. Genome Med. 2014;6(6):46. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/gm568.","journal-title":"Genome Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"9833_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-017-0112-8","volume":"11","author":"A Farmanbar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farmanbar A, Firouzi S, Makalowski W, Iwanaga M, Uchimaru K, Utsunomiya A, et al. Inferring clonal structure in HTLV-1-infected individuals: towards bridging the gap between analysis and visualization. Hum Genomics. 2017;11(1):15. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40246-017-0112-8.","journal-title":"Hum Genomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"9833_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-016-0241-2","volume":"10","author":"A Farmanbar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farmanbar A, Firouzi S, Park SJ, Nakai K, Uchimaru K, Watanabe T. Multidisciplinary insight into clonal expansion of HTLV-1-infected cells in adult T-cell leukemia via modeling by deterministic finite automata coupled with high-throughput sequencing. BMC Med Genomics. 2017;10(1):4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12920-016-0241-2.","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"9833_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-016-2049-4","volume":"104","author":"S Aoki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aoki S, Firouzi S, Lopez Y, Yamochi T, Nakano K, Uchimaru K, et al. Transition of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma clones during clinical progression. Int J Hematol. 2016;104(3):330\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12185-016-2049-4.","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9833_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/s0145-2126(01)00108-4","volume":"26","author":"MS Pombo-de-Oliveira","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pombo-de-Oliveira MS, Dobbin JA, Loureiro P, Borducchi D, Maia RC, Fernandes MA, et al. Genetic mutation and early onset of T-cell leukemia in pediatric patients infected at birth with HTLV-I. Leuk Res. 2002;26(2):155\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0145-2126(01)00108-4.","journal-title":"Leuk Res"},{"key":"9833_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeh CH, Bai XT, Moles R, Ratner L, Waldmann TA, Toshiki W et al. Mutation of epigenetic regulators TET2 and MLL3 in patients with HTLV-I-induced acute adult T-cell leukemia. Molecular Cancer. 2016;15. doi: ARTN 1510.1186\/s12943-016-0500-z.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-016-0500-z"},{"key":"9833_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kim D, Myllym\u00e4ki M, Kankaine M, Jarvinen T, Park G, Bruhn R, et al. Somatic STAT3 Mutations in CD8\u2009+\u2009T Cells of HTLV-2 Positive blood donors. Blood. 2021;138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2021-146326.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2021-146326"},{"key":"9833_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellon M, Jain P, Nicot C. Characterization of HTLV-1 Infectious molecular clone isolated from patient with ham\/tsp and immortalization of human primary T-cell lines. Viruses-Basel. 2024;16(11). doi: ARTN 175510.3390\/v16111755.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111755"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3109\/13550280009030753","volume":"6","author":"S Nakane","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nakane S, Shirabe S, Moriuchi R, Mizokami A, Furuya T, Nishiura Y, et al. Comparative molecular analysis of HTLV-I proviral DNA in HTLV-I infected members of a family with a discordant HTLV-I-associated myelopathy in monozygotic twins. J Neurovirol. 2000;6(4):275\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/13550280009030753.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR47","first-page":"634","volume":"23","author":"H Nose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nose H, Usuku K, Kubota R, Izumo S, Arimura K, Bangham C, et al. selection of human T cell lymphotropic virus type-1-specific CD4\u2009<\u2009SUP>+ cells by disease susceptive class II allele and immunodominant peptide complex in HTLV-1-associated neurological disease. Aids Res Hum Retrov. 2007;23(4):634.","journal-title":"Aids Res Hum Retrov"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR48","first-page":"643","volume":"23","author":"H Nose","year":"2007","unstructured":"Nose H, Usuku K, Seth N, Kubota R, Goon P, Tanaka Y, et al. In vivo selection of HTLV-1 specific CD4\u2009<\u2009SUP>+ cells by disease susceptive class II allele and immunodominant peptide complex in HTLV-1-associated neurological disease. Aids Res Hum Retrov. 2007;23(4):643.","journal-title":"Aids Res Hum Retrov"},{"key":"9833_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanabani SS, Nukui Y, Pereira J, da Costa AC, de Oliveira ACS, Pess\u00f4a R et al. Lack of evidence to support the association of a single IL28B genotype SNP rs12979860 with the HTLV-1 clinical outcomes and proviral load. Bmc Infect Dis. 2012;12. doi: Artn 37410.1186\/1471-2334-12-374.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-12-374"},{"issue":"9","key":"9833_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003199","volume":"8","author":"T Assone","year":"2014","unstructured":"Assone T, de Souza FV, Gaester KO, Fonseca LA, Luiz Odo C, Malta F, et al. IL28B gene polymorphism SNP rs8099917 genotype GG is associated with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM\/TSP) in HTLV-1 carriers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(9):e3199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003199.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"9833_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallinoto ACR, Santana BB, S\u00e1 KSG, Ferreira TCS, Sousa RCM, Azevedo VN et al. HTLV-1-Associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis is not associated with SNP rs12979860 of the IL-28B Gene. Mediat Inflamm. 2015;2015. doi: Artn 80416710.1155\/2015\/804167.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/804167"},{"key":"9833_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"R\u00faa J, Rosado J, Lopez G, Alvarez C, Clark D, Gotuzzo E, et al. IL8 Gene Polymorphism SNP rs4073 analysis between HTLV-1 Associated myelopathy\/tropical spastic paraparesis and HTLV-1 Carriers. Retrovirology. 2015;12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1742-4690-12-S1-O36.","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-12-S1-O36"},{"issue":"6","key":"9833_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1704827","volume":"378","author":"T Sato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sato T, Coler-Reilly ALG, Yagishita N, Araya N, Inoue E, Furuta R, et al. Mogamulizumab (Anti-CCR4) in HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(6):529\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1704827.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"9833_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.2839","volume":"381","author":"S Nozuma","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nozuma S, Matsuura E, Matsuzaki T, Kodama D, Kubota R, Izumo S, et al. Sequence analysis identified an HTLV-1 subtype and mutations of host restriction factors susceptible to HAM\/TSP. J Neurol Sci. 2017;381:1006. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.2839.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"9833_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190500244217","volume":"46","author":"Y Yamada","year":"2005","unstructured":"Yamada Y, Kamihira S. Inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the progression of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma. 2005;46(11):1553\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10428190500244217.","journal-title":"Leuk Lymphoma"},{"key":"9833_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamagishi M, Fujikawa D, Watanabe T, Uchimaru K. HTLV-1-Mediated Epigenetic Pathway to Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma. Front Microbiol. 2018;9. doi: ARTN 168610.3389\/fmicb.2018.01686.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01686"},{"issue":"14","key":"9833_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3759","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-373282","volume":"118","author":"M Pesu","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pesu M. Mutant JAK3 FERMents ATLL. Blood. 2011;118(14):3759\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2011-08-373282.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"9833_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicot C. Tumor Suppressor Inactivation in the Pathogenesis of Adult T-Cell Leukemia. J Oncol. 2015;2015. doi: Artn 18359010.1155\/2015\/183590.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/183590"},{"key":"9833_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959962","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959962","volume":"13","author":"K Nakano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Nakano K, Watanabe T. Tuning Rex rules HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:959962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.959962.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"9833_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(00)00512-7","volume":"158","author":"K Ohshima","year":"2000","unstructured":"Ohshima K, Haraoka S, Yoshioka S, Hamasaki M, Fujiki T, Suzumiya J, et al. Mutation analysis of mitotic checkpoint genes (hBUB1 and hBUBR1) and microsatellite instability in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Cancer Lett. 2000;158(2):141\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0304-3835(00)00512-7.","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"9833_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-026-07087-w","author":"MM Akbarin","year":"2026","unstructured":"Akbarin MM, Farjami Z, Alvarez HR. Exploiting the Notch pathway in HTLV-1-driven adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma: a mini-review. Ann Hematol. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00277-026-07087-w.","journal-title":"Ann Hematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"9833_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-024-00664-x","volume":"21","author":"MM Akbarin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Akbarin MM, Rezaee SA, Farjami Z, Rahimi H, Rafatpanah H. The role of CREB and MAPK signaling pathways in ATLL patients. AIDS Res Ther. 2024;21(1):81. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12981-024-00664-x.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-017-0506-1","volume":"206","author":"S Ramezani","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ramezani S, Shirdel A, Rafatpanah H, Akbarin MM, Tarokhian H, Rahimi H, et al. Assessment of HTLV-1 proviral load, LAT, BIM, c-FOS and RAD51 gene expression in adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2017;206(4):327\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00430-017-0506-1.","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"9833_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-016-2294-1","volume":"143","author":"K Miyashita","year":"2017","unstructured":"Miyashita K, Fujii K, Taguchi K, Shimokawa M, Yoshida MA, Abe Y, et al. A specific mode of microsatellite instability is a crucial biomarker in adult T-cell leukaemia\/lymphoma patients. J Cancer Res Clin. 2017;143(3):399\u2013408. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00432-016-2294-1.","journal-title":"J Cancer Res Clin"},{"issue":"12","key":"9833_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3939","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.12.3939.012k30_3939_3944","volume":"95","author":"S Takemoto","year":"2000","unstructured":"Takemoto S, Trovato R, Cereseto A, Nicot C, Kislyakova T, Casareto L, et al. p53 stabilization and functional impairment in the absence of genetic mutation or the alteration of the p14\u2009<\u2009SUP\u2009>\u2009ARF-MDM2 loop in ex vivo and cultured adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma cells. Blood. 2000;95(12):3939\u201344.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"9833_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.05.007","volume":"520","author":"T Hutchison","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hutchison T, Malu A, Yapindi L, Bergeson R, Peck K, Romeo M, et al. The TP53-Induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator mediates cooperation between HTLV-1 p30(II) and the retroviral oncoproteins Tax and HBZ and is highly expressed in an in vivo xenograft model of HTLV-1-induced lymphoma. Virology. 2018;520:39\u201358. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2018.05.007.","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"5","key":"9833_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1128\/Jvi.75.5.2185-2193.2001","volume":"75","author":"T Portis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Portis T, Grossman WJ, Harding JC, Hess JL, Ratner L. Analysis of p53 inactivation in a human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax transgenic mouse model. J Virol. 2001;75(5):2185\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/Jvi.75.5.2185-2193.2001.","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"4","key":"9833_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s12308-022-00515-6","volume":"15","author":"ME Kallen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kallen ME, Saito Y, Hardy NM, Ning Y, Singleton T, Singh ZN, et al. Attack of the clones: a T-cell population resembling adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma, and large granular lymphocytosis, in an HTLV-2-infected patient. J Hematop. 2022;15(4):255\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12308-022-00515-6.","journal-title":"J Hematop"},{"issue":"13","key":"9833_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2497","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20140987","volume":"211","author":"M Nakagawa","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nakagawa M, Schmitz R, Xiao WM, Goldman CK, Xu WH, Yang YD, et al. Gain-of-function mutations in adult T cell leukemia\/lymphoma. J Exp Med. 2014;211(13):2497\u2013505. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.20140987.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"9833_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa M, Schmitz R, Xiao WM, Goldman CK, Xu WH, Yang YD et al. A Gain-of-Function CCR4 mutations in adult t-cell leukemia\/lymphoma (ATLL) enhance the chemotactic abilities and PI3K\/AKT activation. Blood. 2014;124(21).","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V124.21.3566.3566"},{"issue":"14","key":"9833_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3911","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-12-319467","volume":"118","author":"NE Elliott","year":"2011","unstructured":"Elliott NE, Cleveland SM, Grann V, Janik J, Waldmann TA, Dav\u00e9 UP. FERM domain mutations induce gain of function in JAK3 in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Blood. 2011;118(14):3911\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2010-12-319467.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"2","key":"9833_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-024-03880-3","volume":"121","author":"Y Sakamoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sakamoto Y, Ishida T, Masaki A, Murase T, Ohtsuka E, Takeshita M, et al. Clinical significance of and alterations in adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. Int J Hematol. 2025;121(2):206\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12185-024-03880-3.","journal-title":"Int J Hematol"},{"issue":"17","key":"9833_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019001815","volume":"135","author":"N Yoshida","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yoshida N, Shigemori K, Donaldson N, Trevisani C, Cordero NA, Stevenson KE, et al. Genomic landscape of young ATLL patients identifies frequent targetable CD28 fusions. Blood. 2020;135(17):1467\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019001815.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"17","key":"9833_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019002038","volume":"134","author":"DA Rauch","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rauch DA, Conlon KC, Janakiram M, Brammer JE, Harding JC, Ye BH, et al. Rapid progression of adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma as tumor-infiltrating Tregs after PD-1 blockade. Blood. 2019;134(17):1406\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood.2019002038.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"9833_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-019-0084-9","volume":"4","author":"A Farmanbar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Farmanbar A, Kneller R, Firouzi S. RNA sequencing identifies clonal structure of T-cell repertoires in patients with adult T-cell leukemia\/lymphoma. NPJ Genom Med. 2019;4:10. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41525-019-0084-9.","journal-title":"NPJ Genom Med"},{"issue":"32","key":"9833_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52256","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13665","volume":"8","author":"A Mar\u00e7ais","year":"2017","unstructured":"Mar\u00e7ais A, Waast L, Bruneau J, Hanssens K, Asnafi V, Gaulard P, et al. Adult T cell leukemia aggressivenness correlates with loss of both 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and TET2 expression. Oncotarget. 2017;8(32):52256\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.13665.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"9833_CR77","unstructured":"Shah UA, Wang YH, Giricz O, Gordon S, Bhagat TD, Mai Y et al. North American Adult T Cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL) Is Characterized By Distinct, Therapeutically Targetable Mutations in Epigenetic Modifiers. Blood. 2017;130."},{"issue":"14","key":"9833_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-01-824607","volume":"132","author":"UA Shah","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shah UA, Chung EY, Giricz O, Pradhan K, Kataoka K, Gordon-Mitchell S, et al. North American ATLL has a distinct mutational and transcriptional profile and responds to epigenetic therapies. Blood. 2018;132(14):1507\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1182\/blood-2018-01-824607.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"9833_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellon M, Bialuk I, Galli V, Bai XT, Farre L, Bittencourt A et al. Germinal epimutation of Fragile Histidine Triad (FHIT) gene is associated with progression to acute and chronic adult T-cell leukemia diseases. Molecular Cancer. 2021;20(1). doi: ARTN 8610.1186\/s12943-021-01370-2.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-021-01370-2"}],"container-title":["Immunologic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12026-026-09833-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12026-026-09833-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12026-026-09833-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T06:47:49Z","timestamp":1787726869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12026-026-09833-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["9833"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12026-026-09833-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1559-0755"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1559-0755","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 February 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"20 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This is a review study. The UNAM Research Ethics Committee has confirmed that no ethical approval is required for this research.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not Applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Clinical trial number","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"97"}}