{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T14:11:18Z","timestamp":1792851078250,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1505865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-017-0463-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]],"date-time":"2017-09-20T15:50:58Z","timestamp":1505922658000},"page":"358-365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Cerebral Fat Embolism: Recognition, Complications, and Prognosis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Daniel Agust\u00edn","family":"Godoy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Di Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro A.","family":"Rabinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"463_CR1","first-page":"53","volume":"375","author":"M Talbot","year":"2006","unstructured":"Talbot M, Schemitsch EH. Fat embolism syndrome: history, definition and epidemiology. Injury. 2006;375:53\u20137.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"463_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.8.4.233","volume":"8","author":"GW Fuide","year":"1991","unstructured":"Fuide GW, Harrison P. Fat embolism: a review. Arch Emerg Med. 1991;8:233\u20139.","journal-title":"Arch Emerg Med"},{"key":"463_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-2700.44680","volume":"2","author":"N Shaikh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Shaikh N. Emergency management of fat embolism syndrome. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2009;2:29\u201333.","journal-title":"J Emerg Trauma Shock"},{"key":"463_CR4","first-page":"567","volume":"22","author":"JH Robert","year":"1993","unstructured":"Robert JH, Hoffmeyer P, Broquet PE, Cerutti P, Vasey H. Fat embolism syndrome. Orthop Rev. 1993;22:567\u201371.","journal-title":"Orthop Rev"},{"key":"463_CR5","first-page":"E515","volume":"45","author":"SF DeFroda","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeFroda SF, Klinge SA. Fat embolism syndrome with cerebral fat embolism associated with long-bone fracture. Am J Orthop. 2016;45:E515\u201321.","journal-title":"Am J Orthop"},{"key":"463_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60064-2","volume":"386","author":"J Aman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Aman J, van Koppenhagen L, Snoek AM, van der Hoeven JG, van der Lely AJ. Cerebral fat embolism after bone fractures. Lancet. 2015;386:e16.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"463_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e251","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.011440","volume":"46","author":"C Mijalski","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mijalski C, Lovett A, Mahajan R, Sundararajan S, Silverman S, Feske S. Cerebral fat embolism. A case of rapid onset coma. Stroke. 2015;46:e251\u20133.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"463_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.36.6.847","volume":"36","author":"DM Jacobson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Jacobson DM, Terrence CF, Reinmuth OM. The neurologic manifestations of fat embolism. Neurology. 1986;36:847\u201351.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"463_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.7.JNS13363","volume":"119","author":"RG Kellogg","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kellogg RG, Fontes RBV, Lopes DK. Massive cerebral involvement in fat embolism syndrome and intracranial pressure management. J Neurosurg. 2013;119:1263\u201370.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"463_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1161\/str.32.12.2942","volume":"32","author":"PM Parizel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parizel PM, Demey HE, Veeckmans G, Verstreken F, Cras P, Jorens PG, De Schepper AM. Early diagnosis of cerebral fat embolism syndrome by diffusion-weighted MRI (Starfield pattern). Stroke. 2001;32:2942\u20134.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"463_CR11","first-page":"1170","volume":"66","author":"SI Suh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Suh SI, Seol HY, Seo WK, Koh SB. Cerebral fat embolism: susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 2009;66:1170.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"435","key":"463_CR12","first-page":"439","volume":"132","author":"EM Bulger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bulger EM, Smith DG, Maier RV, et al. Fat embolism syndrome. A 10-year review. Arch Surg. 1997;132(435):439.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"921","key":"463_CR13","first-page":"925","volume":"75","author":"AC Pell","year":"1993","unstructured":"Pell AC, Christie J, Keating JF, et al. The detection of fat embolism by transoesophageal echocardiography during reamed intramedullary nailing. A study of 24 patients with femoral and tibial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993;75(921):925.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"463_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2001.01724.x","volume":"56","author":"A Mellor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mellor A, Soni N. Fat embolism. Anesthesia. 2001;56:145\u201354.","journal-title":"Anesthesia"},{"issue":"408","key":"463_CR15","first-page":"416","volume":"56B","author":"AR Gurd","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gurd AR, Wilson RI. The fat embolism syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56B(408):416.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"issue":"42","key":"463_CR16","first-page":"46","volume":"18","author":"TC Fabian","year":"1990","unstructured":"Fabian TC, Hoots AV, Stanford DS, et al. Fat embolism syndrome: prospective evaluation in 92 fracture patients. Crit Care Med. 1990;18(42):46.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"463_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2011.06.013","volume":"27","author":"SC Lee","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lee SC, Yoon JY, Nam CH, Kim TK, Jung KA, Lee DW. Cerebral fat embolism syndrome after simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplast. 2012;27:409\u201314.","journal-title":"J Arthroplast"},{"key":"463_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anclin.2009.07.018","volume":"27","author":"S Akhtar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Akhtar S. Fat embolism. Anesthesiol Clin. 2009;27:533\u201350.","journal-title":"Anesthesiol Clin"},{"issue":"592","key":"463_CR19","first-page":"605","volume":"9","author":"H Gauss","year":"1924","unstructured":"Gauss H. The pathology of fat embolism. Arch Surg. 1924;9(592):605.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"issue":"621","key":"463_CR20","first-page":"662","volume":"14","author":"EP Lehman","year":"1927","unstructured":"Lehman EP, Moore RM. Fat embolism, including experimental production without trauma. Arch Surg. 1927;14(621):662.","journal-title":"Arch Surg"},{"key":"463_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.11.5.477","volume":"11","author":"E Kamenar","year":"1980","unstructured":"Kamenar E, Burger PC. Cerebral fat embolism: a neuropathological study of a microembolic state. Stroke. 1980;11:477\u201384.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"463_CR22","first-page":"97","volume":"24","author":"AD Simon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Simon AD, Ulmer JL, Strottmann JM. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of cerebral fat embolism: case report and review of the literature. Am J Neuroradiol. 2003;24:97\u2013101.","journal-title":"Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"463_CR23","first-page":"149","volume":"52","author":"AM Curtis","year":"1979","unstructured":"Curtis AM, Knowles GD, Putman CE, McLoud TC, Ravin CE, Smith GJ. The three syndromes of fat embolism: pulmonary manifestations. Yale J Biol Med. 1979;52:149\u201357.","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"463_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.106133","volume":"30","author":"J George","year":"2013","unstructured":"George J, George R, Dixit R, Gupta RC, Gupta N. Fat embolism syndrome. Lung India. 2013;30:47\u201353. doi: 10.4103\/0970-2113.106133 .","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"463_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1093\/bjaceaccp\/mkm027","volume":"7","author":"A Gupta","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gupta A, Reilly ChS. Fat embolism. Cont Edu Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2007;7:148\u201351.","journal-title":"Cont Edu Anaesth Crit Care Pain"},{"key":"463_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e107","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182a6ca3e","volume":"81","author":"MK Mittal","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mittal MK, Burrus TM, Campeau NG, Eckel LJ, Rabinstein AA, Wijdicks EF. Pearls & oy-sters: good recovery following cerebral fat embolization with paroxysmal hyperactivity syndrome. Neurology. 2013;81:e107\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"463_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-014-0494-0","volume":"14","author":"D Lump","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lump D, Moyer M. Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity after severe brain injury. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2014;14:494.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"463_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9877-3","volume":"20","author":"JD Hughes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes JD, Rabinstein AA. Early diagnosis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in the ICU. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20:454\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"463_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-9021-3","volume":"8","author":"IJ Baguley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baguley IJ, Heriseanu RE, Cameron ID, Nott M, Slewa-Younan S. A critical review of the pathophysiology of dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2008;8:293\u2013300.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"463_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-008-0016-y","volume":"10","author":"AA Rabinstein","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rabinstein AA, Benarroch EE. Treatment of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008;10:151\u20137.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"463_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.56B3.408","volume":"56B","author":"AR Gurd","year":"1974","unstructured":"Gurd AR, Wilson RI. The fat embolism syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1974;56B:408.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"463_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.52B4.732","volume":"52","author":"AR Gurd","year":"1970","unstructured":"Gurd AR. Fat embolism: and aid to diagnosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1970;52:732.","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Br"},{"key":"463_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-4-438","volume":"99","author":"SA Schonfeld","year":"1983","unstructured":"Schonfeld SA, Ploysongsang Y, Di Lisio R, Crissman JD, Miller E, Hammerschmidt DE, et al. Fat embolism prophylaxis with corticosteroid. A prospective study in high-risk patients. Ann Int Med. 1983;99:438\u201343.","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"key":"463_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198401000-00007","volume":"24","author":"KM Chan","year":"1984","unstructured":"Chan KM, Tham KT, Chiu HS, et al. Post-traumatic fat embolism\u2014its clinical and subclinical presentations. J Trauma. 1984;24:45\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"463_CR35","first-page":"3","volume":"187","author":"LF Peltier","year":"1984","unstructured":"Peltier LF. Fat embolism. An appraisal of the problem. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1984;187:3\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"463_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08081275","volume":"8","author":"A Roger","year":"1995","unstructured":"Roger A, Xaubet C, Agust\u03bd E, Zabala E, Ballester A. Torres Role of bronchoalveolar lavage in diagnosis of fat embolism syndrome. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:1275\u201380.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"463_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01700658","volume":"21","author":"O Mimoz","year":"1995","unstructured":"Mimoz O, Edouard A, Beydon L, Quillard J, Verra F, Fleury J, et al. Contribution of bronchoalveolar lavage to the diagnosis of posttraumatic pulmonary fat embolism. Intensive Care Med. 1995;21:973\u201380.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"463_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X0603400120","volume":"34","author":"FG Brande Van den","year":"2006","unstructured":"Van den Brande FG, Hellemans S, De Schepper A, De Paep R, Op de Beeck B, De Raeve HR, et al. Post-traumatic severe fat embolism syndrome with uncommon CT findings. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2006;34:102\u20136.","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"463_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00333182","volume":"24","author":"T Sakamoto","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sakamoto T, Sawada Y, Yukioka T, et al. Computed tomography for diagnosis and assessment of cerebral fat embolism. Neuroradiology. 1983;24:283\u20135.","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"key":"463_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9260(96)80248-0","volume":"51","author":"H Chrysikopoulos","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chrysikopoulos H, Maniatis V, Pappas J, et al. Case report: posttraumatic cerebral fat embolism: CT and MR findings\u2014report of two cases and review of the literature. Clin Radiol. 1996;51:728\u201332.","journal-title":"Clin Radiol"},{"key":"463_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199902000-00021","volume":"46","author":"M Takahashi","year":"1999","unstructured":"Takahashi M, Suzuki R, Osakabe Y, Asai JI, Miyo T, Nagashima G, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in cerebral fat embolism: correlation with clinical manifestations. J Trauma. 1999;46:324\u20137.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"463_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1080\/02841850510021481","volume":"46","author":"CW Ryu","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ryu CW, Lee DH, Kim TK, Kim SJ, Kim HS, Lee JH, et al. Cerebral fat embolism: diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings. Acta Radiol. 2005;46:528\u201333.","journal-title":"Acta Radiol"},{"key":"463_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1552-6569.2006.00068.x","volume":"17","author":"P Eguia","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eguia P, Medina A, Garcia-Monco JC, Martin V, Monton FI. The value of diffusion-weighted MRI in the diagnosis of cerebral fat embolism. J Neuroimaging. 2007;17:78\u201380.","journal-title":"J Neuroimaging"},{"key":"463_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-010-9388-4","volume":"15","author":"AI Rughani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rughani AI, Florman JE, Seder D. Clinical and radiographic improvement following cerebral fat emboli. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:190\u20133.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"463_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1007\/s003300050592","volume":"8","author":"A Stoeger","year":"1998","unstructured":"Stoeger A, Daniaux M, Feiber S, Stockhammer G, Aichner F, Zur Nedden D. MRI findings in cerebral fat embolism. Eur Radiol. 1998;8:1590\u20133.","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"463_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-1383(97)00154-X","volume":"29","author":"SJ Pinney","year":"1998","unstructured":"Pinney SJ, Keating JF, Meek RN. Fat embolism syndrome in isolated femoral fractures: does timing of nailing influence incidence? Injury. 1998;29:131\u20133.","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"463_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1947","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.950634","volume":"123","author":"AMI Forteza","year":"2011","unstructured":"Forteza AMI, Koch S, Campo-Bustillo I, Gutierrez J, Haussen DC, Rabinstein AA, Romano J, Zych GA, Duncan R. Transcranial Doppler detection of cerebral fat emboli and relation to paradoxical embolism: a pilot study. Circulation. 2011;123:1947\u201352.","journal-title":"Circulation."},{"key":"463_CR48","first-page":"386","volume":"52","author":"SS Bederman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bederman SS, Bhandari M, McKee MD, Schemitsch EH. Do corticosteroids reduce the risk of fat embolism syndrome in patients with long-bone fractures? A meta-analysis. Can J Surg. 2009;52:386\u201393.","journal-title":"Can J Surg"},{"key":"463_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4325-4","volume":"42","author":"T Bein","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bein T, Grasso S, Moerer O, Quinter M, Guerin C, Deja M, et al. The standard of care of patients with ARDS: ventilatory settings and rescue therapies for refractory hypoxemia. Intensive Care Med. 2016;42:699\u2013711.","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"key":"463_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narendra DK, Hess DR, Sessler CN, Belete HM, Guntupalli KK, Khusid F et al. Update in management of severe hypoxemic respiratory failure. Chest. 2017.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.06.039"},{"key":"463_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201312-446FR","volume":"11","author":"CE Ventetuolo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ventetuolo CE, Klinger JR. Management of acute right ventricular failure in the intensive care unit. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11:811\u201322.","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"key":"463_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccm.2015.05.015","volume":"36","author":"CA Kholdani","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kholdani CA, Fares WH. Management of right heart failure in the intensive care unit. Clin Chest Med. 2015;36:511\u201320.","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-017-0463-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-017-0463-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-017-0463-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T19:18:01Z","timestamp":1570130281000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-017-0463-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-017-0463-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,20]]}}}