{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:38:16Z","timestamp":1789609096294,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1573776000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-019-00875-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]],"date-time":"2019-11-15T16:02:41Z","timestamp":1573833761000},"page":"286-294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Treatment of Movement Disorder Emergencies in Autoimmune Encephalitis in the Neurosciences ICU"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Farwa","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eelco F.","family":"Wijdicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"875_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.10.076","volume":"59","author":"D Dash","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dash D, Ihtisham K, Tripathi M, Tripathi M. Proportion and spectrum of movement disorders in adolescent and adult patients of autoimmune encephalitis of non-neoplastic aetiology. J Clin Neurosci. 2019;59:185\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0712-7","volume":"17","author":"G Cossu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cossu G, Colosimo C. Hyperkinetic movement disorder emergencies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2017;17(1):6.","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"37","key":"875_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e4365","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004365","volume":"95","author":"B-C Duan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Duan B-C, Weng W-C, Lin K-L, et al. Variations of movement disorders in anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis: a nationwide study in Taiwan. Medicine. 2016;95(37):e4365.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25354","volume":"28","author":"JF Baizabal-Carvallo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Stocco A, Muscal E, Jankovic J. The spectrum of movement disorders in children with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Mov Disord. 2013;28(4):543\u20137.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1256","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22073","volume":"23","author":"TJ Kleinig","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kleinig TJ, Thompson PD, Matar W, et al. The distinctive movement disorder of ovarian teratoma-associated encephalitis. Mov Disord. 2008;23(9):1256\u201361.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70253-2","volume":"10","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E, Rosenfeld MR, Balice-Gordon R. Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(1):63\u201374.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"875_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.02.002","volume":"127\u2013128","author":"KL Eskow Jaunarajs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eskow Jaunarajs KL, Bonsi P, Chesselet MF, Standaert DG, Pisani A. Striatal cholinergic dysfunction as a unifying theme in the pathophysiology of dystonia. Prog Neurobiol. 2015;127\u2013128:91\u2013107.","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"875_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10377","volume":"18","author":"CL Comella","year":"2003","unstructured":"Comella CL, Leurgans S, Wuu J, Stebbins GT, Chmura T. Dystonia Study Group. Rating scales for dystonia: a multicenter assessment. Mov Disord. 2003;18(3):303\u201312.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 11","key":"875_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3453","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws256","volume":"135","author":"RC Dale","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dale RC, Merheb V, Pillai S, et al. Antibodies to surface dopamine-2 receptor in autoimmune movement and psychiatric disorders. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 11):3453\u201368.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181cb0968","volume":"38","author":"G Davies","year":"2010","unstructured":"Davies G, Irani SR, Coltart C, et al. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies: a potentially treatable cause of encephalitis in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2010;38(2):679\u201382.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"875_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70224-2","volume":"7","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2008","unstructured":"Dalmau J, Gleichman AJ, Hughes EG, et al. Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis: case series and analysis of the effects of antibodies. Lancet Neurol. 2008;7(12):1091\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2015.08.009","volume":"127","author":"R Sutter","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sutter R, Ristic A, R\u00fcegg S, Fuhr P. Myoclonus in the critically ill: diagnosis, management, and clinical impact. Clin Neurophysiol. 2016;127(1):67\u201380.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"17","key":"875_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000372","volume":"82","author":"B Balint","year":"2014","unstructured":"Balint B, Jarius S, Nagel S, et al. Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: a new variant with DPPX antibodies. Neurology. 2014;82(17):1521\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"286","key":"875_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.07.007","volume":"15","author":"JA Panzer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Panzer JA, Anand R, Dalmau J, Lynch DR. Antibodies to dendritic neuronal surface antigens in opsoclonus myoclonus ataxia syndrome. J Neuroimmunol. 2015;15(286):86\u201392.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0216-3","volume":"11","author":"JN Caviness","year":"2014","unstructured":"Caviness JN. Treatment of myoclonus. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11(1):188\u2013200.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"7","key":"875_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30190-7","volume":"6","author":"JP Rogers","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rogers JP, Pollak TA, Blackman G, David AS. Catatonia and the immune system: a review. Lancet Psychiatry. 2019;6(7):620\u201330.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"875_CR17","first-page":"25","volume":"16","author":"J Herken","year":"2017","unstructured":"Herken J, Pr\u00fcss H. Red flags: clinical signs for identifying autoimmune encephalitis in psychiatric patients. Front Psychiatry. 2017;16(8):25.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"875_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws092","volume":"135","author":"L Mikasova","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mikasova L, De Rossi P, Bouchet D, et al. Disrupted surface cross-talk between NMDA and Ephrin-B2 receptors in anti-NMDA encephalitis. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 5):1606\u201321.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"23","key":"875_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003414","volume":"87","author":"J Dalmau","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dalmau J. NMDA receptor encephalitis and other antibody-mediated disorders of the synapse: the 2016 Cotzias Lecture. Neurology. 2016;87(23):2471\u201382.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"875_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-318584","volume":"90","author":"JA Varley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Varley JA, Webb AJS, Balint B, et al. The\u00a0Movement disorder associated with NMDAR antibody-encephalitis is complex and characteristic: an expert video-rating study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2019;90(6):724\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"875_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2017.43","volume":"13","author":"A van Sonderen","year":"2017","unstructured":"van Sonderen A, Petit-Pedrol M, Dalmau J, Titulaer MJ. The value of LGI1, Caspr2 and voltage-gated potassium channel antibodies in encephalitis. Nat Rev Neurol. 2017;13(5):290\u2013301.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-314758","volume":"88","author":"B Lang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lang B, Makuch M, Moloney T, et al. Intracellular and non-neuronal targets of voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88(4):353\u201361.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"875_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-315720","volume":"89","author":"SNM Binks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Binks SNM, Klein CJ, Waters P, Pittock SJ, Irani SR. LGI1, CASPR2 and related antibodies: a molecular evolution of the phenotypes. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2018;89(5):526\u201334.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"875_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22307","volume":"69","author":"SR Irani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Irani SR, Michell AW, Lang B, et al. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures precede Lgi1 antibody limbic encephalitis. Ann Neurol. 2011;69(5):892\u2013900.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"875_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182886991","volume":"80","author":"O O\u2019Toole","year":"2013","unstructured":"O\u2019Toole O, Lennon VA, Ahlskog JE, et al. Autoimmune chorea in adults. Neurology. 2013;80(12):1133\u201344.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"875_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebcr.2017.06.001","volume":"8","author":"RS Iyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Iyer RS, Ramakrishnan TCR, Karunakaran Shinto A, Kamaleshwaran KK. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures result from fronto-temporo-basalganglial network involvement. Epilepsy Behav Case Rep. 2017;8:47\u201350.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav Case Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22470","volume":"70","author":"P Striano","year":"2011","unstructured":"Striano P. Faciobrachial dystonic attacks: seizures or movement disorder? Ann Neurol. 2011;70(1):179\u201380 author reply 180.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27446","volume":"33","author":"V Damato","year":"2018","unstructured":"Damato V, Balint B, Kienzler A-K, Irani SR. The clinical features, underlying immunology, and treatment of autoantibody-mediated movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2018;33(9):1376\u201389.","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"Pt 8","key":"875_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awu142","volume":"137","author":"A Carvajal-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carvajal-Gonz\u00e1lez A, Leite MI, Waters P, et al. Glycine receptor antibodies in PERM and related syndromes: characteristics, clinical features and outcomes. Brain. 2014;137(Pt 8):2178\u201392.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx189","volume":"141","author":"B Balint","year":"2018","unstructured":"Balint B, Vincent A, Meinck H-M, Irani SR, Bhatia KP. Movement disorders with neuronal antibodies: syndromic approach, genetic parallels and pathophysiology. Brain. 2018;141(1):13\u201336.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000351","volume":"29","author":"B Balint","year":"2016","unstructured":"Balint B, Bhatia KP. Stiff person syndrome and other immune-mediated movement disorders\u2014new insights. Curr Opin Neurol. 2016;29(4):496\u2013506.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"875_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv324","volume":"139","author":"C Werner","year":"2016","unstructured":"Werner C, Pauli M, Doose S, et al. Human autoantibodies to amphiphysin induce defective presynaptic vesicle dynamics and composition. Brain. 2016;139(Pt 2):365\u201379.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"875_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv364","volume":"139","author":"SR Irani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Irani SR. \u201cMoonlighting\u201d surface antigens: a paradigm for autoantibody pathogenicity in neurology? Brain. 2016;139(Pt 2):304\u20136.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"Pt 5","key":"875_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws082","volume":"135","author":"CG Bien","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bien CG, Vincent A, Barnett MH, et al. Immunopathology of autoantibody-associated encephalitides: clues for pathogenesis. Brain. 2012;135(Pt 5):1622\u201338.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12614","volume":"216","author":"MW Cunningham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cunningham MW, Cox CJ. Autoimmunity against dopamine receptors in neuropsychiatric and movement disorders: a review of Sydenham chorea and beyond. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2016;216(1):90\u2013100.","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxf)"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73516","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073516","volume":"8","author":"H Ben-Pazi","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ben-Pazi H, Stoner JA, Cunningham MW. Dopamine receptor autoantibodies correlate with symptoms in Sydenham\u2019s chorea. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(9):e73516.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"875_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2003.031880","volume":"89","author":"AJ Church","year":"2004","unstructured":"Church AJ, Dale RC, Giovannoni G. Anti-basal ganglia antibodies: a possible diagnostic utility in idiopathic movement disorders? Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(7):611\u20134.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"2014","key":"875_CR38","first-page":"239398","volume":"13","author":"M Carecchio","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carecchio M, Cantello R, Comi C. Revisiting the molecular mechanism of neurological manifestations in antiphospholipid syndrome: beyond vascular damage. J Immunol Res. 2014;13(2014):239398.","journal-title":"J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-018-0536-6","volume":"29","author":"Y Zhang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhang Y, Liu G, Jiang M, Chen W, He Y, Su Y. Clinical characteristics and prognosis of severe anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis patients. Neurocrit Care. 2018;29(2):264\u201372.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"875_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00835","volume":"28","author":"G Harutyunyan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Harutyunyan G, Hauer L, D\u00fcnser MW, et al. Risk factors for intensive care unit admission in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. Front Immunol. 2017;28(8):835.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e964","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000006990","volume":"92","author":"J Cohen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cohen J, Sotoca J, Gandhi S, et al. Autoimmune encephalitis: a costly condition. Neurology. 2019;92(9):e964\u2013e972.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s40734-017-0057-z","volume":"28","author":"P Termsarasab","year":"2017","unstructured":"Termsarasab P, Frucht SJ. Dystonic storm: a practical clinical and video review. J Clin Mov Disord. 2017;28(4):10.","journal-title":"J Clin Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70319-8","volume":"12","author":"A McKeon","year":"2013","unstructured":"McKeon A. The importance of early and sustained treatment of a common autoimmune encephalitis. Lancet Neurol. 2013;12(2):123\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx323","volume":"141","author":"J Thompson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thompson J, Bi M, Murchison AG, et al. The importance of early immunotherapy in patients with faciobrachial dystonic seizures. Brain. 2018;141(2):348\u201356.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"3","key":"875_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0706736","volume":"148","author":"PJ Barnes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barnes PJ. How corticosteroids control inflammation: quintiles Prize Lecture 2005. Br J Pharmacol. 2006;148(3):245\u201354.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"3","key":"875_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2045","volume":"154","author":"S Vandevyver","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vandevyver S, Dejager L, Tuckermann J, Libert C. New insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids: an emerging role for glucocorticoid-receptor-mediated transactivation. Endocrinology. 2013;154(3):993\u20131007.","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2014.253","volume":"11","author":"JD L\u00fcnemann","year":"2015","unstructured":"L\u00fcnemann JD, Nimmerjahn F, Dalakas MC. Intravenous immunoglobulin in neurology\u2014mode of action and clinical efficacy. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(2):80\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol."},{"issue":"3","key":"875_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318207b1f6","volume":"76","author":"I Cortese","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cortese I, Chaudhry V, So YT, Cantor F, Cornblath DR, Rae-Grant A. Evidence-based guideline update: plasmapheresis in neurologic disorders: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2011;76(3):294\u2013300.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24200","volume":"76","author":"SR Irani","year":"2014","unstructured":"Irani SR, Gelfand JM, Al-Diwani A, Vincent A. Cell-surface central nervous system autoantibodies: clinical relevance and emerging paradigms. Ann Neurol. 2014;76(2):168\u201384.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003536","volume":"88","author":"F Scheibe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Scheibe F, Pr\u00fcss H, Mengel AM, et al. Bortezomib for treatment of therapy-refractory anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis. Neurology. 2017;88(4):366\u201370.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-016-0442-6","volume":"13","author":"W-J Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee W-J, Lee S-T, Moon J, et al. Tocilizumab in autoimmune encephalitis refractory to rituximab: an institutional cohort study. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(4):824\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"875_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175628561772234","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285617722347","volume":"11","author":"Y-W Shin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Shin Y-W, Lee S-T, Park K-I, et al. Treatment strategies for autoimmune encephalitis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2018;11:1756285617722347.","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0240-3","volume":"11","author":"SJ Frucht","year":"2014","unstructured":"Frucht SJ. Treatment of movement disorder emergencies. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11(1):208\u201312.","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"875_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.84","volume":"68","author":"BJ Robottom","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robottom BJ, Weiner WJ, Factor SA. Movement disorders emergencies. Part 1: Hypokinetic disorders. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(5):567\u201372.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"issue":"6","key":"875_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.117","volume":"68","author":"BJ Robottom","year":"2011","unstructured":"Robottom BJ, Factor SA, Weiner WJ. Movement disorders emergencies. Part 2: hyperkinetic disorders. Arch Neurol. 2011;68(6):719\u201324.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"875_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1592356","volume":"36","author":"SM Schaefer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schaefer SM, Rostami R, Greer DM. Movement disorders in the intensive care unit. Semin Neurol. 2016;36(6):607\u201314.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"875_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9877-3","volume":"20","author":"JD Hughes","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hughes JD, Rabinstein AA. Early diagnosis of paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity in the ICU. Neurocrit Care. 2014;20(3):454\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"875_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2017.08.011","volume":"44","author":"M Relja","year":"2017","unstructured":"Relja M, Mileti\u0107 V. When movement disorders hurt: addressing pain in hyperkinetic disorders. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2017;44:110\u20133.","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24979","volume":"82","author":"A Gadoth","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gadoth A, Pittock SJ, Dubey D, et al. Expanded phenotypes and outcomes among 256 LGI1\/CASPR2-IgG-positive patients. Ann Neurol. 2017;82(1):79\u201392.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-015-0196-8","volume":"24","author":"MK Mittal","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mittal MK, Rabinstein AA, Hocker SE, Pittock SJ, Wijdicks EFM, McKeon A. Autoimmune encephalitis in the ICU: analysis of phenotypes, serologic findings, and outcomes. Neurocrit Care. 2016;24(2):240\u201350.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"issue":"15","key":"875_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-015-0134-5","volume":"16","author":"H Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu H, Jian M, Liang F, Yue H, Han R. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis associated with an ovarian teratoma: two cases report and anesthesia considerations. BMC Anesthesiol. 2015;16(15):150.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"875_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000204252.07406.9f","volume":"102","author":"K Solt","year":"2006","unstructured":"Solt K, Eger EI, Raines DE. Differential modulation of human N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors by structurally diverse general anesthetics. Anesth Analg. 2006;102(5):1407\u201311.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2006.09.075","volume":"26","author":"JH Hollman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hollman JH, Brey RH, Bang TJ, Kaufman KR. Does walking in a virtual environment induce unstable gait? An examination of vertical ground reaction forces. Gait Posture. 2007;26(2):289\u201394.","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"issue":"3","key":"875_CR64","first-page":"706","volume":"96","author":"JM Sonner","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sonner JM, Zhang Y, Stabernack C, Abaigar W, Xing Y, Laster MJ. GABA(A) receptor blockade antagonizes the immobilizing action of propofol but not ketamine or isoflurane in a dose-related manner. Anesth Analg. 2003;96(3):706\u201312 table of contents.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200604000-00021","volume":"104","author":"S Kingston","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kingston S, Mao L, Yang L, Arora A, Fibuch EE, Wang JQ. Propofol inhibits phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR1 subunits in neurons. Anesthesiology. 2006;104(4):763\u20139.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"875_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1182","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200612000-00018","volume":"105","author":"J Kozinn","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kozinn J, Mao L, Arora A, Yang L, Fibuch EE, Wang JQ. Inhibition of glutamatergic activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases in hippocampal neurons by the intravenous anesthetic propofol. Anesthesiology. 2006;105(6):1182\u201391.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"14","key":"875_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2253-14-5","volume":"16","author":"F-X Lap\u00e9bie","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lap\u00e9bie F-X, Kennel C, Magy L, et al. Potential side effect of propofol and sevoflurane for anesthesia of anti-NMDA-R encephalitis. BMC Anesthesiol. 2014;16(14):5.","journal-title":"BMC Anesthesiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2018.12.025","volume":"122","author":"S Hemphill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hemphill S, McMenamin L, Bellamy MC, Hopkins PM. Propofol infusion syndrome: a structured literature review and analysis of published case reports. Br J Anaesth. 2019;122(4):448\u201359.","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"875_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1186\/cc6150","volume":"12","author":"D Gommers","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gommers D, Bakker J. Medications for analgesia and sedation in the intensive care unit: an overview. Crit Care. 2008;12(Suppl 3):S4.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"875_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-017-0507-7","volume":"56","author":"MAS Weerink","year":"2017","unstructured":"Weerink MAS, Struys MMRF, Hannivoort LN, Barends CRM, Absalom AR, Colin P. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dexmedetomidine. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2017;56(8):893\u2013913.","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"issue":"44","key":"875_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15727","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3875-11.2011","volume":"31","author":"AH Gittis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gittis AH, Leventhal DK, Fensterheim BA, Pettibone JR, Berke JD, Kreitzer AC. Selective inhibition of striatal fast-spiking interneurons causes dyskinesias. J Neurosci. 2011;31(44):15727\u201331.","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"875_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2016.06.003","volume":"147","author":"A Seifi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seifi A, Kitchen DL. Management of dyskinesia in anti-NMDAR encephalitis with tramadol. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2016;147:105\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0703562","volume":"131","author":"H Potschka","year":"2000","unstructured":"Potschka H, Friderichs E, L\u00f6scher W. Anticonvulsant and proconvulsant effects of tramadol, its enantiomers and its M1 metabolite in the rat kindling model of epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;131(2):203\u201312.","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"875_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.12882","volume":"58","author":"SS Mohammad","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohammad SS, Jones H, Hong M, et al. Symptomatic treatment of children with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(4):376\u201384.","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"875_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2016.1258063","volume":"17","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jankovic J. Dopamine depleters in the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016;17(18):2461\u201370.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"7","key":"875_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.06.010","volume":"34","author":"JJ Chen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Chen JJ, Ondo WG, Dashtipour K, Swope DM. Tetrabenazine for the treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders: a review of the literature. Clin Ther. 2012;34(7):1487\u2013504.","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"875_CR77","first-page":"897190018756512","volume":"1","author":"AM Peckham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peckham AM, Nicewonder JA. VMAT2 inhibitors for tardive dyskinesia-practice implications. J Pharm Pract. 2018;1:897190018756512.","journal-title":"J Pharm Pract."},{"issue":"12","key":"875_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2017.1353078","volume":"18","author":"LC Seeberger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Seeberger LC, Hauser RA. Valbenazine for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017;18(12):1279\u201387.","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"issue":"147","key":"875_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.09.003","volume":"1","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jankovic J. An update on new and unique uses of botulinum toxin in movement disorders. Toxicon. 2018;1(147):84\u20138.","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"147","key":"875_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.08.011","volume":"1","author":"M Hallett","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hallett M. Mechanism of action of botulinum neurotoxin: unexpected consequences. Toxicon. 2018;1(147):73\u20136.","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"issue":"1","key":"875_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1271312","volume":"31","author":"A Puschmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Puschmann A, Wszolek ZK. Diagnosis and treatment of common forms of tremor. Semin Neurol. 2011;31(1):65\u201377.","journal-title":"Semin Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"875_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpn.2017.11.010","volume":"22","author":"SS Mohammad","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mohammad SS, Dale RC. Principles and approaches to the treatment of immune-mediated movement disorders. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2018;22(2):292\u2013300.","journal-title":"Eur J Paediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"875_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70183-8","volume":"8","author":"J Jankovic","year":"2009","unstructured":"Jankovic J. Treatment of hyperkinetic movement disorders. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(9):844\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00875-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00875-5\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00875-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,29]],"date-time":"2022-07-29T08:03:10Z","timestamp":1659081790000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00875-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["875"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-019-00875-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 November 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"IRB approval was not required for this review article and no patient protected health information was accessed.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"This content has been made available to all.","name":"free","label":"Free to read"}]}}