{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T05:49:11Z","timestamp":1788587351439,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581292800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5K23HD080971"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5K23HD080971"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UL1TR000161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR000161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-020-00928-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T22:02:36Z","timestamp":1581372156000},"page":"533-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Hyperchloremia, not Concomitant Hypernatremia, Independently Predicts Early Mortality in Critically Ill Moderate\u2013Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Patients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8987-9709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen L.","family":"Ditch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie M.","family":"Flahive","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley M.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcy L.","family":"Osgood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Muehlschlegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"928_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2005.10.002","volume":"21","author":"V Aiyagari","year":"2006","unstructured":"Aiyagari V, Deibert E, Diringer MN. Hypernatremia in the neurologic intensive care unit: How high is too high? J Crit Care. 2006;21:163\u201372.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"928_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/2110-5820-3-35","volume":"3","author":"L Kolmodin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kolmodin L, Sekhon MS, Henderson WR, et al. Hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a systematic review. Ann Intensive Care. 2013;3:35.","journal-title":"Ann Intensive Care"},{"key":"928_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.7.FOCUS17418","volume":"43","author":"A Vedantam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vedantam A, Robertson CS, Gopinath SP. Morbidity and mortality associated with hypernatremia in patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Neurosurg Focus. 2017;43:E2.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"928_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2010.486492","volume":"32","author":"L Fang","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fang L, You H, Xu Z, et al. Mannitol is an independent risk factor of acute kidney injury after cerebral trauma: a case-control study. Ren Fail. 2010;32:673\u20139.","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"928_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e85029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085029","volume":"9","author":"B Yang","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yang B, Xu J, Xu F, et al. Intravascular administration of mannitol for acute kidney injury prevention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e85029.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"928_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.3171\/2013.12.JNS13888","volume":"120","author":"MY Kim","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kim MY, Park JH, Kang NR, et al. Increased risk of acute kidney injury associated with higher infusion rate of mannitol in patients with intracranial hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2014;120:1340\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"928_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e947","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002522","volume":"45","author":"HM Riha","year":"2017","unstructured":"Riha HM, Erdman MJ, Vandigo JE, et al. Impact of moderate hyperchloremia on clinical outcomes in intracerebral hemorrhage patients treated with continuous infusion hypertonic saline: a pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2017;45:e947\u201353.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"928_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0311-7","volume":"24","author":"JY Lee","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lee JY, Hong TH, Lee KW, et al. Hyperchloremia is associated with 30-day mortality in major trauma patients: a retrospective observational study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2016;24:117.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"928_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001161","volume":"43","author":"JA Neyra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neyra JA, Canepa-Escaro F, Li X, et al. Association of Hyperchloremia with hospital mortality in critically ill septic patients. Crit Care Med. 2015;43:1938\u201344.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"928_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2018.01.019","volume":"45","author":"K De Vasconcellos","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Vasconcellos K, Skinner DL. Hyperchloraemia is associated with acute kidney injury and mortality in the critically ill: a retrospective observational study in a multidisciplinary intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2018;45:45\u201351.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"928_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000002497","volume":"45","author":"O Sadan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sadan O, Singbartl K, Kandiah PA, et al. Hyperchloremia is associated with acute kidney injury in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Crit Care Med. 2017;45:1382\u20138.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"928_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1177\/1062860609336366","volume":"24","author":"O Badawi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Badawi O, Yeung SY, Rosenfeld BA. Evaluation of glycemic control metrics for intensive care unit populations. Am J Med Qual. 2009;24:310\u201320.","journal-title":"Am J Med Qual"},{"key":"928_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-013-9817-2","volume":"18","author":"S Muehlschlegel","year":"2013","unstructured":"Muehlschlegel S, Carandang R, Ouillette C, et al. Frequency and impact of intensive care unit complications on moderate-severe traumatic brain injury: early results of the Outcome Prognostication in Traumatic Brain Injury (OPTIMISM) Study. Neurocrit Care. 2013;18:318\u201331.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"928_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, et al. Research electronic data capture (REDCap): a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42:377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"928_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2007.9997","volume":"24","author":"Brain Trauma Foundation","year":"2007","unstructured":"Brain Trauma Foundation. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2007;24:S1\u2013106.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"key":"928_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000001432","volume":"80","author":"N Carney","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carney N, Totten AM, O\u2019Reilly C, et al. Brain trauma foundation, american association of neurological surgeons joint section on neurotrauma and critical care: guidelines for the management of severe trauma brain injury, fourth Edition. Neurosurgery. 2017;80:6\u201315.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"928_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R12","DOI":"10.1186\/cc11937","volume":"17","author":"M Darmon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Darmon M, Diconne E, Souweine B, et al. Prognostic consequences of borderline dysnatremia: pay attention to minimal serum sodium change. Crit Care. 2013;17(1):R12.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"928_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2017.08.011","volume":"131","author":"E Tsipotis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tsipotis E, Price LL, Jaber BL, et al. Hospital-associated hypernatremia spectrum and clinical outcomes in an unselected cohort. Am J Med. 2018;131(1):72\u201382.","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"928_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.1","volume":"2","author":"JA Kellum","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kellum JA, Lameire N, Aspelin P, et al. Kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) acute kidney injury work group. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2012;2:1\u2013138.","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"928_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfs160","volume":"6","author":"JA Lopes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Lopes JA, Jorge S. The RIFLE and AKIN classifications for acute kidney injury: a critical and comprehensive review. Clin Kidney J. 2013;6(1):8\u201314.","journal-title":"Clin Kidney J"},{"key":"928_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050165","volume":"5","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e165.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"928_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280214558972","volume":"26","author":"PC Austin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Austin PC, Steyerberg EW. Events per variable (EPV) and the relative performance of different strategies for estimating the out-of-sample validity of logistic regression models. Stat Methods Med Res. 2017;26:796\u2013808.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"key":"928_CR23","unstructured":"G\u00f6nen M. Analyzing Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves with SAS\u00ae. SAS Institute Inc., 2007. https:\/\/epdf.pub\/analyzing-receiver-operating-characteristic-curves-with-sasc627d717a106b83b202f0dc5f73caff182822.html."},{"key":"928_CR24","unstructured":"G\u00f6nen M. SAS macro: bootstrapping validation. Accessed 26 Nov 2019. https:\/\/www.listendata.com\/2015\/01\/model-validation-in-logistic-regression.html."},{"key":"928_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985208","volume-title":"Quantitative applications in the social sciences: multiple regression in practice","author":"WD Berry","year":"1985","unstructured":"Berry WD, Feldman S. Quantitative applications in the social sciences: multiple regression in practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications Inc.; 1985."},{"key":"928_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1499-7","volume":"20","author":"B Suetrong","year":"2016","unstructured":"Suetrong B, Pisitsak C, Boyd JH, et al. Hyperchloremia and moderate increase in serum chloride are associated with acute kidney injury in severe sepsis and septic shock patients. Crit Care. 2016;20:315.","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"key":"928_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2010.04.013","volume":"26","author":"MM Boniatti","year":"2011","unstructured":"Boniatti MM, Cardoso PR, Castilho RK, et al. Is hyperchloremia associated with mortality in critically ill patients? A prospective cohort study. J Crit Care. 2011;26:175\u20139.","journal-title":"J Crit Care"},{"key":"928_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e318293d81e","volume":"117","author":"SA McCluskey","year":"2013","unstructured":"McCluskey SA, Karkouti K, Wijeysundera D, et al. Hyperchloremia after noncardiac surgery is independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality: a propensity-matched cohort study. Anesth Analg. 2013;117:412\u201321.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"928_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110820","volume":"71","author":"CS Wilcox","year":"1983","unstructured":"Wilcox CS. Regulation of renal blood flow by plasma chloride. J Clin Invest. 1983;71:726\u201335.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"928_CR30","first-page":"636","volume":"62","author":"SR Todd","year":"2007","unstructured":"Todd SR, Malinoski D, Muller PJ, et al. Lactated Ringer\u2019s is superior to normal saline in the resuscitation of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma. 2007;62:636\u20139.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"928_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ta.0000220373.29743.69","volume":"61","author":"LN Kiraly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kiraly LN, Differding JA, Enomoto TM, et al. Resuscitation with normal saline (NS) vs. lactated ringers (LR) modulates hypercoagulability and leads to increased blood loss in an uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock swine model. J Trauma. 2006;61:57\u201364.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"928_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.13356","volume":"308","author":"NM Yunos","year":"2012","unstructured":"Yunos NM, Bellomo R, Hegarty C, et al. Association between a chloride-liberal vs chloride-restrictive intravenous fluid administration strategy and kidney injury in critically ill adults. JAMA. 2012;308:1566\u201372.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"928_CR33","first-page":"999","volume":"88","author":"EL Williams","year":"1999","unstructured":"Williams EL, Hildebrand KL, McCormick SA, et al. The effect of intravenous lactated Ringer\u2019s solution versus 0.9% sodium chloride solution on serum osmolality in human volunteers. Anesth Analg. 1999;88:999\u20131003.","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"928_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199905000-00007","volume":"90","author":"S Scheingraber","year":"1999","unstructured":"Scheingraber S, Rehm M, Sehmisch C, et al. Rapid saline infusion produces hyperchloremic acidosis in patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Anesthesiology. 1999;90:1265\u201370.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"928_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774512438980","volume":"9","author":"ST Grinnon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grinnon ST, Miller K, Marler JR, et al. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Common Data Element Project: approach and methods. Clin Trials. 2012;9(3):322\u20139.","journal-title":"Clin Trials"},{"key":"928_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-200204000-00003","volume":"30","author":"GL Clifton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Clifton GL, Miller ER, Choi SC. Fluid thresholds and outcome from severe brain injury. Crit Care Med. 2002;30:739\u201345.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"928_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-010-9345-2","volume":"13","author":"JJ Fletcher","year":"2010","unstructured":"Fletcher JJ, Bergman K, Blostein PA, et al. Fluid balance, complications, and brain tissue oxygen tension monitoring following severe traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13:47\u201356.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"928_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1097\/01.TA.0000135158.42242.B1","volume":"58","author":"E Jeremitsky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jeremitsky E, Omert LA, Dunham CM, et al. The impact of hyperglycemia on patients with severe brain injury. J Trauma. 2005;58:47\u201350.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"928_CR39","first-page":"904","volume":"68","author":"A Coester","year":"2010","unstructured":"Coester A, Neumann CR, Schmidt MI. Intensive insulin therapy in severe traumatic brain injury: a randomized trial. J Trauma. 2010;68:904\u201311.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"928_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e31818f4026","volume":"36","author":"M Oddo","year":"2008","unstructured":"Oddo M, Schmidt JM, Carrera E, et al. Impact of tight glycemic control on cerebral glucose metabolism after severe brain injury: a microdialysis study. Crit Care Med. 2008;36:3233\u20138.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"928_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182653269","volume":"40","author":"J Jacobi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobi J, Bircher N, Krinsley J, et al. Guidelines for the use of an insulin infusion for the management of hyperglycemia in critical ill patients. Crit Care Med. 2012;40:3251\u201376.","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"928_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-016-1473-3","volume":"17","author":"M Mukaka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mukaka M, White SA, Terlouw DJ, et al. Is using multiple imputation better than complete case analysis for estimating a prevalence (risk) difference in randomized controlled trials when binary outcome observations are missing? Trials. 2016;17:341.","journal-title":"Trials"},{"key":"928_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-017-0442-1","volume":"17","author":"JC Jakobsen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jakobsen JC, Gluud C, Wetterslev J, Winkel P. When and how should multiple imputation be used for handling missing data in randomised clinical trials: a practical guide with flowcharts. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17:162.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"928_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.131353","volume":"186","author":"RH Groenwold","year":"2014","unstructured":"Groenwold RH, Moons KG, Vandenbroucke JP. Randomized trials with missing outcome data: how to analyze and what to report. CMAJ. 2014;186:1153\u20137.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"928_CR45","volume-title":"The prevention and treatment of missing data in clinical trials","author":"National Research Council","year":"2010","unstructured":"National Research Council. The prevention and treatment of missing data in clinical trials. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2010."},{"key":"928_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamcollsurg.2008.04.017","volume":"207","author":"P Hadjizacharia","year":"2006","unstructured":"Hadjizacharia P, Beale EO, Inaba K, et al. Acute diabetes insipidus in severe head injury: a prospective study. J Am Coll Surg. 2006;207:477\u201384.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Surg"}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-020-00928-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-020-00928-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-020-00928-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T14:21:25Z","timestamp":1633098085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-020-00928-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["928"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-020-00928-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 February 2020","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The remaining authors have disclosed that they do not have any conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of Interest"}},{"value":"This work was performed in adherence to ethical guidelines and was approved by UMass Memorial Medical Center IRB.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval\/Informed consent"}}]}}