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Although inflammatory mechanisms leading to secondary neuronal injury in SAH are becoming increasingly well understood, markers of cerebral inflammation have so far not been implemented in clinical prediction models of SAH.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In this biomarker observational study, <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression levels were determined in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of 66 patients with aneurysmal SAH on days 1, 7, and 14 after the SAH event. <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> mRNA expression was determined via real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and relative expression changes were quantified in comparison with expression levels in nonhemorrhagic control CSF. Subarachnoid blood burden, as well as presence of vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), were recorded. Short and long-term clinical outcomes were assessed using the Modified Rankin Scale at discharge and 1\u00a0year after the SAH event.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>CSF <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression levels showed a significant increase over the 14-day observation period (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001, <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922.53) and correlated with intracranial hematoma burden (<jats:italic>\u03c1<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.349, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.025). In multivariate analyses, CSF <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression levels did not reach significance as independent predictors of outcome. Vasospasm on computed tomographic angiography\u00a0was associated with lower CSF <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression levels on day 7 after SAH (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200953, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.010), whereas patients with DCI showed higher CSF <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression levels on day 14 after SAH (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200921, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.009).<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p><jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression in CSF in patients with SAH follows a distinct temporal induction pattern and is dependent on intracranial hematoma burden. CSF <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression was unable to predict functional outcome. Associations of early low <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression with vasospasm and late elevated <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> expression with DCI may point to detrimental effects of late <jats:italic>HO-1<\/jats:italic> induction, warranting the need for further investigation in a larger study population.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01299-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T21:02:41Z","timestamp":1627333361000},"page":"279-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Temporal Expression Pattern of Hemoxygenase-1 Expression and Its Association with Vasospasm and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1892-6165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sibylle","family":"Frase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matti","family":"Steimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Selzner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Kaiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels Alexander","family":"Foit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wolf-Dirk","family":"Niesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2120-788X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Schallner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1299_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70126-7","volume":"8","author":"DJ Nieuwkamp","year":"2009","unstructured":"Nieuwkamp DJ, Setz LE, Algra A, Linn FH, de Rooij NK, Rinkel GJ. 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