{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T23:15:14Z","timestamp":1781910914695,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]],"date-time":"2021-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012990","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Siena","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an extremely heterogeneous and complex pathology that requires the integration of different physiological measurements for the optimal understanding and clinical management of patients. Information derived from intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring can be coupled with information obtained from heart rate (HR) monitoring to assess the interplay between brain and heart. The goal of our study is to investigate events of simultaneous increases in HR and ICP and their relationship with patient mortality..<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>In our previous work, we introduced a novel measure of brain\u2013heart interaction termed brain\u2013heart crosstalks (<jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>np<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>), as well as two additional brain\u2013heart crosstalks indicators [mutual information (<jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$mi_{ct}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>m<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>ct<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>) and average edge overlap (<jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>)] obtained through a complex network modeling of the brain\u2013heart system. These measures are based on identification of simultaneous increase of HR and ICP. In this article, we investigated the relationship of these novel indicators with respect to mortality in a multicenter TBI cohort, as part of the Collaborative European Neurotrauma Effectiveness Research in TBI high-resolution work package.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>A total of 226 patients with TBI were included in this cohort. The data set included monitored parameters (ICP and HR), as well as laboratory, demographics, and clinical information. The number of detected brain\u2013heart crosstalks varied (mean 58, standard deviation 57). The Kruskal\u2013Wallis test comparing brain\u2013heart crosstalks measures of survivors and nonsurvivors showed statistically significant differences between the two distributions (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> values: 0.02 for <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$mi_{ct}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>m<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>ct<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula>, 0.005 for <jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>np<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> and 0.006 for <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>). An inverse correlation was found, computed using the point biserial correlation technique, between the three new measures and mortality:\u2009\u2212\u20090.13 for <jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>np<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value 0.04),\u2009\u2212\u20090.19 for <jats:italic>\u03c9<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>ct<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value 0.002969) and\u2009\u2212\u20090.09 for <jats:inline-formula><jats:alternatives><jats:tex-math>$$mi_{ct}$$<\/jats:tex-math><mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\">\n                    <mml:mrow>\n                      <mml:mi>m<\/mml:mi>\n                      <mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>i<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>ct<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:mrow>\n                      <\/mml:msub>\n                    <\/mml:mrow>\n                  <\/mml:math><\/jats:alternatives><\/jats:inline-formula> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> value 0.1396). The measures were then introduced into the logistic regression framework, along with a set of input predictors made of clinical, demographic, computed tomography (CT), and lab variables. The prediction models were obtained by dividing the original cohort into four age groups (16\u201329, 30\u201349, 50\u201365, and 65\u201385\u00a0years of age) to properly treat with the age confounding factor. The best performing models were for age groups 16\u201329, 50\u201365, and 65\u201385, with the deviance of ratio explaining more than 80% in all the three cases. The presence of an inverse relationship between brain\u2013heart crosstalks and mortality was also confirmed.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The presence of a negative relationship between mortality and brain\u2013heart crosstalks indicators suggests that a healthy brain\u2013cardiovascular interaction plays a role in TBI.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01353-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,13]],"date-time":"2021-10-13T06:35:10Z","timestamp":1634106910000},"page":"738-750","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Modeling Brain\u2013Heart Crosstalk Information in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2728-4272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna Maria","family":"Dimitri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erta","family":"Beqiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal M.","family":"Placek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Czosnyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Stocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Ercole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Smielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Li\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the CENTER-TBI Collaborators","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audny","family":"Anke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronny","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo-Michael","family":"Bellander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erta","family":"Beqiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andras","family":"Buki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuel","family":"Cabeleira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Carbonara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arturo","family":"Chieregato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Citerio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Clusmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endre","family":"Czeiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Czosnyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Depreitere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Ercole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shirin","family":"Frisvold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimund","family":"Helbok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Kondziella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars-Owe","family":"Koskinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Kowark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David K.","family":"Menon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geert","family":"Meyfroidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Moeller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Piippo-Karjalainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreea","family":"Radoi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arminas","family":"Ragauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahul","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Rhodes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saulius","family":"Rocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rolf","family":"Rossaint","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sahuquillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Sakowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Smielewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nino","family":"Stocchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Sundstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riikka","family":"Takala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomas","family":"Tamosuitis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olli","family":"Tenovuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Unterberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vajkoczy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Vargiolu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimantas","family":"Vilcinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Younsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederick A.","family":"Zeiler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"1353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X","volume":"16","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maas AIR, Menon DK, Adelson PD, Andelic N, Bell MJ, Belli A, et al. Traumatic brain injury: integrated approaches to improve prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):987\u20131048.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1353_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E75","DOI":"10.1093\/neuros\/nyy468","volume":"85","author":"J Donnelly","year":"2019","unstructured":"Donnelly J, Czosnyka M, Adams H, Cardim D, Kolias AG, Zeiler FA, et al. Twenty-five years of intracranial pressure monitoring after severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective, single-center analysis. Neurosurgery. 2019;85(1):E75\u201382.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"issue":"12","key":"1353_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30370-8","volume":"16","author":"G Quaglio","year":"2017","unstructured":"Quaglio G, Gallucci M, Brand H, Dawood A, Cobello F. Traumatic brain injury: a priority for public health policy. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(12):951\u20132.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1353_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30118-7","volume":"16","author":"N Stocchetti","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stocchetti N, Carbonara M, Citerio G, Ercole A, Skrifvars MB, Smielewski P, et al. Severe traumatic brain injury: targeted management in the intensive care unit. Lancet Neurol. 2017;16(6):452\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1353_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hawryluk GWJ, Aguilera S, Buki A, Bulger E, Citerio G, Cooper DJ, et al. A management algorithm for patients with intracranial pressure monitoring: the Seattle international severe traumatic brain injury consensus conference (SIBICC). In: Intensive care medicine [Internet]. Springer; 2019 [cited 2020 Oct 21]. p. 1783\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00134-019-05805-9.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-019-05805-9"},{"key":"1353_CR6","unstructured":"Carney N, Totten AM, Hawryluk GWJ, Bell MJ, Bratton SL, Chesnut R, et al. Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury 4th edition. 2016 [cited 2017 Dec 21]. https:\/\/braintrauma.org\/uploads\/03\/12\/Guidelines_for_Management_of_Severe_TBI_4th_Edition.pdf."},{"key":"1353_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenza G, Toschi N, Barbieri R. Uncovering brain-heart information through advanced signal and image processing [Internet]. Vol. 374, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. Royal Society of London; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 29]. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27044995\/.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2016.0020"},{"key":"1353_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silvani A, Calandra-Buonaura G, Dampney RAL, Cortelli P. Brain-heart interactions: Physiology and clinical implications [Internet]. Vol. 374, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. Royal Society of London; 2016 [cited 2020 Oct 29]. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/27044998\/.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2015.0181"},{"issue":"19","key":"1353_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2743","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4787","volume":"34","author":"L Gao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gao L, Smielewski P, Czosnyka M, Ercole A. Early asymmetric cardio-cerebral causality and outcome after severe traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(19):2743\u201352.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"2","key":"1353_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-007-9021-3","volume":"8","author":"IJ Baguley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Baguley IJ, Heriseanu RE, Cameron ID, Nott MT, Slewa-Younan S. A critical review of the pathophysiology of dysautonomia following traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 2008;8(2):293\u2013300.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1353_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitri GM, Agrawal S, Young A, Donnelly J, Liu X, Smielewski P, et al. Simultaneous transients of intracranial pressure and heart rate in traumatic brain injury: Methods of analysis. In: Acta Neurochirurgica, Supplementum [Internet]. Springer-Verlag Wien; 2018 [cited 2020 Oct 29]. p. 147\u201351. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/29492551\/.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-65798-1_31"},{"key":"1353_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitri GM, Beqiri E, Czosnyka M, Ercole A, Smielewski P, Li\u00f2 P. Analysing cardio-cerebral crosstalks in an adult cohort from CENTER-TBI. Acta neurochirurgica Supplement, in press. 2020;(1).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-59436-7_9"},{"key":"1353_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dimitri GM, Agrawal S, Young A, Donnelly J, Liu X, Smielewski P, et al. A multiplex network approach for the analysis of intracranial pressure and heart rate data in traumatic brain injured patients. Applied Network Science [Internet]. 2017 Dec 1 [cited 2020 Oct 29];2(1). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/30443583\/.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41109-017-0050-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"1353_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physrep.2014.07.001","volume":"544","author":"S Boccaletti","year":"2014","unstructured":"Boccaletti S, Bianconi G, Criado R, del Genio CI, G\u00f3mez-Garde\u00f1es J, Romance M, et al. The structure and dynamics of multilayer networks. Phys Rep. 2014;544(1):1\u2013122.","journal-title":"Phys Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"1353_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0000000000000575","volume":"76","author":"AIR Maas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Maas AIR, Menon DK, Steyerberg EW, Citerio G, Lecky F, Manley GT, et al. Collaborative European NeuroTrauma effectiveness research in traumatic brain injury (CENTER-TBI). Neurosurgery. 2015;76(1):67\u201380.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1353_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30232-7","volume":"18","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2019","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW, Wiegers E, Sewalt C, et al. Case-mix, care pathways, and outcomes in patients with traumatic brain injury in Europe from the CENTER-TBI cohort: an epidemiological study. Lancet Neurol. 2019;18:923\u201334.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1353_CR17","first-page":"1","volume":"21","author":"MM Placek","year":"2020","unstructured":"Placek MM, Khellaf A, Thiemann B, Cabeleira M, Smielewski P. Python-embedded plugin implementation in ICM+: novel tools for neuromonitoring time series analysis with examples using CENTER-TBI datasets. Acta Neurochirurgica Suppl. 2020;21(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochirurgica Suppl"},{"key":"1353_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luque B, Lacasa L, Ballesteros F, Luque J. Horizontal visibility graphs: Exact results for random time series. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlinear Soft Matter Phys [Internet]. 2009 Oct 7 [cited 2020 Oct 29];80(4). Available from: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19905386\/.","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.80.046103"},{"key":"1353_CR19","unstructured":"Tibshirani R. Regression shrinkage and selection via the Lasso [Internet]. JSTOR. [cited 2020 Oct 29]. Available from: https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2346178?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents."},{"key":"1353_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoerl AE, Kennard RW. Ridge regression: biased estimation for. Vol. 12. 1970.","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1970.10488634"},{"key":"1353_CR21","unstructured":"R: The R Project for Statistical Computing [Internet]. [cited 2020 Oct 29]. https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"1353_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2011.1995","volume":"29","author":"N Stocchetti","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stocchetti N, Patern\u00f2 R, Citerio G, Beretta L, Colombo A. Traumatic brain injury in an aging population. J Neurotrauma. 2012;29(6):1119\u201325.","journal-title":"J Neurotrauma"},{"issue":"8","key":"1353_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050165","volume":"5","author":"EW Steyerberg","year":"2008","unstructured":"Steyerberg EW, Mushkudiani N, Perel P, Butcher I, Lu J, McHugh GS, et al. Predicting outcome after traumatic brain injury: development and international validation of prognostic scores based on admission characteristics. PLoS Med. 2008;5(8):1251\u201361.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"1353_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.06.011","volume":"61","author":"NA Mushkudiani","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mushkudiani NA, Hukkelhoven CWPM, Hern\u00e1ndez AV, Murray GD, Choi SC, Maas AIR, et al. A systematic review finds methodological improvements necessary for prognostic models in determining traumatic brain injury outcomes. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):331\u201343.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-021-01353-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-021-01353-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-021-01353-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T19:27:22Z","timestamp":1652729242000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-021-01353-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]}},"alternative-id":["1353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-021-01353-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 October 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"PS and MC receive part of the licensing fees for multimodal brain monitoring software ICM+, licensed by Cambridge Enterprise Ltd, University of Cambridge, UK. There are no other conflicts of interest to declare.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflicts of Interest"}},{"value":"The CENTER-TBI use of the data has been approved officially by the CENTER-TBI committee, approval number 194 ().","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval\/informed consent"}}]}}