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A possible inflammatory response in the brain tissue surrounding an ICH may exacerbate the initial injury and could be a target for treatment of subsequent secondary brain injury. The study objective was to compare levels of inflammatory mediators in the interstitial fluid of the perihemorrhagic zone (PHZ) and in seemingly normal cortex (SNX) in the acute phase after surgical evacuation of ICH, with the hypothesis being that a difference could be demonstrated between the PHZ and the SNX.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this observational study, ten patients needing surgical evacuation of supratentorial ICH received two cerebral microdialysis catheters: one in the PHZ and one in the SNX that is remote from the ICH. The microdialysate was analyzed for energy metabolites (including lactate\u00a0pyruvate ratio and glucose) and for inflammatory mediators by using a multiplex immunoassay of 27 cytokines and chemokines at 6\u201310\u00a0h, 20\u201326\u00a0h, and 44\u201350\u00a0h after surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A metabolic crisis, indicated by altered energy metabolic markers, that persisted throughout the observation period was observed in the PHZ when compared with the SNX. Proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL) 8, tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, IL-2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6 and interferon \u03b3, anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-13, IL-4, and vascular endothelial growth factor A were significantly higher in PHZ compared with SNX and were most prominent at 20\u201326\u00a0h following ICH evacuation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Higher levels of both\u00a0proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the perihemorrhagic brain tissue implies a complex role for inflammatory mediators in the secondary injury cascades following ICH surgery, suggesting a need for targeted pharmacological interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01389-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T16:17:51Z","timestamp":1638289071000},"page":"876-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intracerebral Proinflammatory Cytokine Increase in Surgically Evacuated Intracerebral Hemorrhage: A Microdialysis Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2284-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lovisa","family":"Tobieson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Gard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Ruscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Marklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1389_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308413","volume":"120","author":"VL Feigin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feigin VL, Norrving B, Mensah GA. 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