{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,13]],"date-time":"2026-11-13T06:58:56Z","timestamp":1794553136396,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1691020800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001661","name":"Ruprecht-Karls-Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurocrit Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a major determinant for poor neurological outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Detection and treatment of DCI is a key component in the neurocritical care of patients with aSAH after initial aneurysm repair.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narrative review of the literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over the past 2 decades, there has been a paradigm shift away from macrovascular (angiographic) vasospasm as a main diagnostic and therapeutic target. Instead, the pathophysiology of DCI is hypothesized to derive from several proischemic pathomechanisms. Clinical examination remains the most reliable means for monitoring and treatment of DCI, but its value is limited in comatose patients. In such patients, monitoring of DCI is usually based on numerous neurophysiological and\/or radiological diagnostic modalities. Catheter angiography remains the gold standard for the detection of macrovascular spasm. Computed tomography (CT) angiography is increasingly used instead of catheter angiography because it is less invasive and may be combined with CT perfusion imaging. CT perfusion permits semiquantitative cerebral blood flow measurements, including the evaluation of the microcirculation. It may be used for prediction, early detection, and diagnosis of DCI, with yet-to-prove benefit on clinical outcome when used as a screening modality. Transcranial Doppler may be considered as an additional noninvasive screening tool for flow velocities in the middle cerebral artery, with limited accuracy in other cerebral arteries. Continuous electroencephalography enables detection of early signs of ischemia at a reversible stage prior to clinical manifestation. However, its widespread use is still limited because of the required infrastructure and expertise in data interpretation. Near-infrared spectroscopy, a noninvasive and continuous modality for evaluation of cerebral blood flow dynamics, has shown conflicting results and needs further validation. Monitoring techniques beyond neurological examinations may help in the detection of DCI, especially in comatose patients. However, these techniques are limited because of their invasive nature and\/or restriction of measurements to focal brain areas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The current literature review underscores the need for incorporating existing modalities and developing new methods to evaluate brain perfusion, brain metabolism, and overall brain function more accurately and more globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01812-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]],"date-time":"2023-08-03T12:01:42Z","timestamp":1691064102000},"page":"311-319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Diagnosis of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage and Triggers for Intervention"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-1633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amr","family":"Abdulazim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Heilig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Rinkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nima","family":"Etminan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"1812_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.597914","volume":"42","author":"MD Vergouwen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vergouwen MD, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald RL. Cerebral infarction after subarachnoid hemorrhage contributes to poor outcome by vasospasm-dependent and -independent effects. Stroke. 2011;42:924\u20139.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30668-7","volume":"389","author":"RL Macdonald","year":"2017","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Schweizer TA. Spontaneous subarachnoid haemorrhage. Lancet. 2017;389:655\u201366.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1812_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.56","volume":"31","author":"MD Vergouwen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Vergouwen MD, Etminan N, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald RL. Lower incidence of cerebral infarction correlates with improved functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31:1545\u201353.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1812_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2391","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.589275","volume":"41","author":"MD Vergouwen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vergouwen MD, Vermeulen M, van Gijn J, et al. Definition of delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage as an outcome event in clinical trials and observational studies: proposal of a multidisciplinary research group. Stroke. 2010;41:2391\u20135.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"2","key":"1812_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-011-9594-8","volume":"15","author":"CW Washington","year":"2011","unstructured":"Washington CW, Zipfel GJ. Detection and monitoring of vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia: a review and assessment of the literature. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(2):312\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-011-9594-8.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1192-5_8","volume":"115","author":"N Etminan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Etminan N, Vergouwen MD, Macdonald RL. Angiographic vasospasm versus cerebral infarction as outcome measures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2013;115:33\u201340.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"1812_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000163090.59350.5a","volume":"36","author":"AA Rabinstein","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rabinstein AA, Weigand S, Atkinson JL, Wijdicks EF. Patterns of cerebral infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2005;36:992\u20137.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.646836","volume":"43","author":"R Dhar","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dhar R, Scalfani MT, Blackburn S, Zazulia AR, Videen T, Diringer M. Relationship between angiographic vasospasm and regional hypoperfusion in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2012;43:1788\u201394.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"5","key":"1812_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318285c3db","volume":"72","author":"RJ Brown","year":"2013","unstructured":"Brown RJ, Kumar A, Dhar R, Sampson TR, Diringer MN. The relationship between delayed infarcts and angiographic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 2013;72(5):702\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/NEU.0b013e318285c3db.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1812_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3015","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.519942","volume":"39","author":"RL Macdonald","year":"2008","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Kassell NF, Mayer S, et al. Clazosentan to overcome neurological ischemia and infarction occurring after subarachnoid hemorrhage (CONSCIOUS-1): randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 dose-finding trial. Stroke. 2008;39:3015\u201321.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70108-9","volume":"10","author":"RL Macdonald","year":"2011","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial (CONSCIOUS-2). Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:618\u201325.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"1812_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7091-1192-5_7","volume":"115","author":"RL Macdonald","year":"2013","unstructured":"Macdonald RL, Higashida RT, Keller E, et al. Randomised trial of clazosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist, in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage undergoing surgical clipping (CONSCIOUS-2). Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2013;115:27\u201331.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"1812_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.7","volume":"31","author":"N Etminan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Etminan N, Vergouwen MD, Ilodigwe D, Macdonald RL. Effect of pharmaceutical treatment on vasospasm, delayed cerebral ischemia, and clinical outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2011;31:1443\u201351.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1812_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.246","volume":"10","author":"RL Macdonald","year":"2014","unstructured":"Macdonald RL. Delayed neurological deterioration after subarachnoid haemorrhage. Nat Rev Neurol. 2014;10:44\u201358.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"1812_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-307711","volume":"85","author":"KP Budohoski","year":"2014","unstructured":"Budohoski KP, Guilfoyle M, Helmy A, et al. The pathophysiology and treatment of delayed cerebral ischaemia following subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014;85:1343\u201353.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1812_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.008728","volume":"46","author":"AL de Oliveira Manoel","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Oliveira Manoel AL, Jaja BN, Germans MR, et al. The VASOGRADE: a simple grading scale for prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015;46:1826\u201331.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1288","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.001125","volume":"44","author":"NK de Rooij","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Rooij NK, Greving JP, Rinkel GJ, Frijns CJ. Early prediction of delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: development and validation of a practical risk chart. Stroke. 2013;44:1288\u201394.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.82a.14021","volume":"82","author":"AL de Oliveira Manoel","year":"2015","unstructured":"de Oliveira Manoel AL, Turkel-Parrella D, Duggal A, Murphy A, McCredie V, Marotta TR. Managing aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: it takes a team. Cleve Clin J Med. 2015;82:177\u201392.","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1812_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1227\/01.neu.0000243277.86222.6c","volume":"59","author":"JA Frontera","year":"2006","unstructured":"Frontera JA, Jan Claassen J, Schmidt M, Wartenberg KE, Richard Temes E, Sander Connolly R, Macdonald L, Mayer SA. prediction of symptomatic vasospasmafter subarachnoid hemorrhage: the modified fisher scale. Neurosurgery. 2006;59(1):21\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/01.neu.0000243277.86222.6c.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1812_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-022-01577-1","volume":"38","author":"NV Oliveira Souza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oliveira Souza NV, Rouanet C, Solla DJF, et al. The Role of VASOGRADE as a simple grading scale to predict delayed cerebral ischemia and functional outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2023;38:96\u2013104.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.674291","volume":"44","author":"NK de Rooij","year":"2013","unstructured":"de Rooij NK, Rinkel GJ, Dankbaar JW, Frijns CJ. Delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review of clinical, laboratory, and radiological predictors. Stroke. 2013;44:43\u201354.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2010.04.004","volume":"21","author":"SP Lad","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lad SP, Hegen H, Gupta G, Deisenhammer F, Steinberg GK. Proteomic biomarker discovery in cerebrospinal fluid for cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21:30\u201341.","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1812_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tacc.2011.11.006","volume":"2","author":"V Kaura","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kaura V, Bonner S. Subarachnoid haemorrhage: early clinical indicators and biomarkers. Trends Anaesthes Crit Care. 2012;2:42\u20137.","journal-title":"Trends Anaesthes Crit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000024110.82735.5A","volume":"33","author":"IC van der Schaaf","year":"2002","unstructured":"van der Schaaf IC, Ruigrok YM, Rinkel GJ, Algra A, van Gijn J. Study design and outcome measures in studies on aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2002;33:2043\u20136.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-012-9792-z","volume":"18","author":"BN Jaja","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jaja BN, Cusimano MD, Etminan N, et al. Clinical prediction models for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care. 2013;18:143\u201353.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1385\/NCC:2:2:110","volume":"2","author":"DS Rosen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rosen DS, Macdonald RL. Subarachnoid hemorrhage grading scales: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care. 2005;2:110\u20138.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2004.101.2.0255","volume":"101","author":"C Reilly","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reilly C, Amidei C, Tolentino J, Jahromi BS, Macdonald RL. Clot volume and clearance rate as independent predictors of vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2004;101:255\u201361.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1812_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.040205","volume":"54","author":"I Galea","year":"2023","unstructured":"Galea I, Bandyopadhyay S, Bulters D, et al. Haptoglobin treatment for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: review and expert consensus on clinical translation. Stroke. 2023;54:1930\u201342.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.62.9.1468","volume":"62","author":"MA Sloan","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sloan MA, Alexandrov AV, Tegeler CH, et al. Assessment: transcranial Doppler ultrasonography: report of the therapeutics and technology assessment subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2004;62:1468\u201381.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"1812_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-199906000-00039","volume":"44","author":"YY Vora","year":"1999","unstructured":"Vora YY, Suarez-Almazor M, Steinke DE, Martin ML, Max Findlay J. Role of transcranial Doppler monitoring in the diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery. 1999;44(6):1237\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1227\/00006123-199906000-00039.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1812_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.1148\/rg.331125071","volume":"33","author":"JD Kirsch","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kirsch JD, Mathur M, Johnson MH, Gowthaman G, Scoutt LM. Advances in Transcranial Doppler US: imaging ahead. Radiographics. 2013;33:E1\u201314.","journal-title":"Radiographics"},{"key":"1812_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS-07\/12\/1101","volume":"107","author":"NR Gonzalez","year":"2007","unstructured":"Gonzalez NR, Boscardin WJ, Glenn T, Vinuela F, Martin NA. Vasospasm probability index: a combination of Transcranial Doppler velocities, cerebral blood flow, and clinical risk factors to predict cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2007;107:1101\u201312.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1812_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01405268","volume":"100","author":"KF Lindegaard","year":"1989","unstructured":"Lindegaard KF, Nornes H, Bakke SJ, Sorteberg W, Nakstad P. Cerebral vasospasm diagnosis by means of angiography and blood velocity measurements. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1989;100:12\u201324.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"1812_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000112325","volume":"25","author":"SR Chaudhary","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chaudhary SR, Ko N, Dillon WP, et al. Prospective evaluation of multidetector-row CT angiography for the diagnosis of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: a comparison with digital subtraction angiography. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25:144\u201350.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1812_CR35","first-page":"1623","volume":"24","author":"S Muehlschlegel","year":"2018","unstructured":"Muehlschlegel S. Subarachnoid hemorrhage. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018;24:1623\u201357.","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"1812_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1159\/000464356","volume":"43","author":"A Abdulazim","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abdulazim A, Rubbert C, Reichelt D, et al. Dual- versus single-energy CT-angiography imaging for patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm repair. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2017;43:272\u201382.","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"1812_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.3171\/JNS.2008.109.12.1052","volume":"109","author":"JM Schmidt","year":"2008","unstructured":"Schmidt JM, Wartenberg KE, Fernandez A, et al. Frequency and clinical impact of asymptomatic cerebral infarction due to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2008;109:1052\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1812_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1097\/00006123-200112000-00010","volume":"49","author":"M Shimoda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shimoda M, Takeuchi M, Tominaga J, Oda S, Kumasaka A, Tsugane R. Asymptomatic versus symptomatic infarcts from vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage: serial magnetic resonance imaging. Neurosurgery. 2001;49(6):1341\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006123-200112000-00010.","journal-title":"Neurosurgery"},{"key":"1812_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0b013e3182587839","volume":"43","author":"ES Connolly Jr","year":"2012","unstructured":"Connolly ES Jr, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapoma JR, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012;43:1711\u201337.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-011-9605-9","volume":"15","author":"MN Diringer","year":"2011","unstructured":"Diringer MN, Bleck TP, Claude Hemphill J, et al. Critical care management of patients following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: recommendations from the neurocritical care society\u2019s multidisciplinary consensus conference. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15:211\u201340.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-04981-6_6","volume":"120","author":"K Beseoglu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Beseoglu K, Etminan N, Hanggi D. The value of perfusion computed tomography (PCT) imaging after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a review of the current data. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 2015;120:35\u20138.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir Suppl"},{"key":"1812_CR42","first-page":"26","volume":"27","author":"M Wintermark","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wintermark M, Ko NU, Smith WS, Liu S, Higashida RT, Dillon WP. Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: utility of perfusion CT and CT angiography on diagnosis and management. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:26\u201334.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1812_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.109.559013","volume":"40","author":"JW Dankbaar","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dankbaar JW, de Rooij NK, Velthuis BK, Frijns CJ, Rinkel GJ, van der Schaaf IC. Diagnosing delayed cerebral ischemia with different CT modalities in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage with clinical deterioration. Stroke. 2009;40:3493\u20138.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.675975","volume":"44","author":"N Etminan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Etminan N, Beseoglu K, Heiroth HJ, Turowski B, Steiger HJ, Hanggi D. Early perfusion computerized tomography imaging as a radiographic surrogate for delayed cerebral ischemia and functional outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2013;44:1260\u20136.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000267641.08958.1b","volume":"69","author":"M Pham","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pham M, Johnson A, Bartsch AJ, et al. CT perfusion predicts secondary cerebral infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2007;69:762\u20135.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1812_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.208","volume":"34","author":"CH Cremers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Cremers CH, van der Schaaf IC, Wensink E, et al. CT perfusion and delayed cerebral ischemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2014;34:200\u20137.","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"1812_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E7","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2006.21.3.7","volume":"21","author":"SP Lad","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lad SP, Guzman R, Kelly ME, et al. Cerebral perfusion imaging in vasospasm. Neurosurg Focus. 2006;21:E7.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"1812_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A5034","volume":"38","author":"J Ivanidze","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ivanidze J, Charalel RA, Shuryak I, et al. Effects of radiation exposure on the cost-effectiveness of CT angiography and perfusion Imaging in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38:462\u20138.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1812_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1714","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3947","volume":"35","author":"PC Sanelli","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanelli PC, Pandya A, Segal AZ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of CT angiography and perfusion imaging for delayed cerebral ischemia and vasospasm in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35:1714\u201320.","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"1812_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00701-022-05347-y","volume":"164","author":"A Abdulazim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdulazim A, Kuppers C, Hackenberg KAM, et al. Multidisciplinary and standardized management of patients with delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2022;164:2917\u201326.","journal-title":"Acta Neurochir (Wien)"},{"key":"1812_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25232","volume":"83","author":"ES Rosenthal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rosenthal ES, Biswal S, Zafar SF, et al. Continuous electroencephalography predicts delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective study of diagnostic accuracy. Ann Neurol. 2018;83:958\u201369.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1812_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WNP.0000145006.02048.3A","volume":"22","author":"J Claassen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Claassen J, Mayer SA, Hirsch LJ. Continuous EEG monitoring in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2005;22:92\u20138.","journal-title":"J Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1812_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-010-9495-2","volume":"14","author":"R Rathakrishnan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Rathakrishnan R, Gotman J, Dubeau F, Angle M. Using continuous electroencephalography in the management of delayed cerebral ischemia following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14:152\u201361.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2004.06.017","volume":"115","author":"J Claassen","year":"2004","unstructured":"Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Kreiter KT, et al. Quantitative continuous EEG for detecting delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;115:2699\u2013710.","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"1812_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e459","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013126","volume":"98","author":"HY Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen HY, Elmer J, Zafar SF, et al. Combining Transcranial Doppler and EEG data to predict delayed cerebral ischemia after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 2022;98:e459\u201369.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1812_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-014-0068-7","volume":"22","author":"D Kondziella","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kondziella D, Friberg CK, Wellwood I, Reiffurth C, Fabricius M, Dreier JP. Continuous EEG monitoring in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a systematic review. Neurocrit Care. 2015;22:450\u201361.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1385\/NCC:4:2:103","volume":"4","author":"J Claassen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Frontera JA, et al. Prognostic significance of continuous EEG monitoring in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2006;4:103\u201312.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-021-01223-2","volume":"35","author":"JJ Park","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park JJ, Kim Y, Chai CL, Jeon JP. Application of near-infrared spectroscopy for the detection of delayed cerebral ischemia in poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2021;35:767\u201374.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-008-9077-8","volume":"9","author":"AM Naidech","year":"2008","unstructured":"Naidech AM, Bendok BR, Ault ML, Bleck TP. Monitoring with the Somanetics INVOS 5100C after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2008;9:326\u201331.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.596874","volume":"42","author":"JM Schmidt","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmidt JM, Ko SB, Helbok R, et al. Cerebral perfusion pressure thresholds for brain tissue hypoxia and metabolic crisis after poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke. 2011;42:1351\u20136.","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"1812_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313766","volume":"88","author":"C Patet","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patet C, Quintard H, Zerlauth JB, et al. Bedside cerebral microdialysis monitoring of delayed cerebral hypoperfusion in comatose patients with poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2017;88:332\u20138.","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"1812_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-010-9472-9","volume":"14","author":"R Helbok","year":"2011","unstructured":"Helbok R, Madineni RC, Schmidt MJ, et al. Intracerebral monitoring of silent infarcts after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2011;14:162\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurocrit Care"},{"key":"1812_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.3171\/2020.3.JNS20375","volume":"134","author":"M Veldeman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Veldeman M, Albanna W, Weiss M, et al. Invasive neuromonitoring with an extended definition of delayed cerebral ischemia is associated with improved outcome after poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2020;134:1527\u201334.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1812_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-3019(00)00340-2","volume":"54","author":"FT Charbel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Charbel FT, Du X, Hoffman WE, Ausman JI. Brain tissue PO(2), PCO(2), and pH during cerebral vasospasm. Surg Neurol. 2000;54:432\u20137.","journal-title":"Surg Neurol"},{"key":"1812_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2000.93.2.0265","volume":"93","author":"P Vajkoczy","year":"2000","unstructured":"Vajkoczy P, Roth H, Horn P, et al. Continuous monitoring of regional cerebral blood flow: experimental and clinical validation of a novel thermal diffusion microprobe. J Neurosurg. 2000;93:265\u201374.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1812_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.3171\/jns.2003.98.6.1227","volume":"98","author":"P Vajkoczy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Vajkoczy P, Horn P, Thome C, Munch E, Schmiedek P. Regional cerebral blood flow monitoring in the diagnosis of delayed ischemia following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg. 2003;98:1227\u201334.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"1812_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Treggiari MM, Rabinstein AA, Busl KM, et al. Guidelines for the neurocritical care management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2023.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12028-023-01713-5"},{"key":"1812_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.005916","volume":"46","author":"S Rawal","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rawal S, Barnett C, John-Baptiste A, Thein HH, Krings T, Rinkel GJ. Effectiveness of diagnostic strategies in suspected delayed cerebral ischemia: a decision analysis. Stroke. 2015;46:77\u201383.","journal-title":"Stroke"}],"container-title":["Neurocritical Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-023-01812-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s12028-023-01812-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s12028-023-01812-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,29]],"date-time":"2023-09-29T14:14:36Z","timestamp":1695996876000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s12028-023-01812-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]}},"alternative-id":["1812"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12028-023-01812-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1541-6933","1556-0961"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1541-6933","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-0961","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 May 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 July 2023","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 August 2023","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"NE is Chair of the Guideline Module Working Group of the European Stroke Organization on management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"No institutional review board approval was required for this narrative review article.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}